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2009-2010
ABSTRACT
Mobile communication is made possible by sending and receiving various signals between mobiles and cell sites. Due to high traffic, there are many cell sites which have their own equipment. Hence constant monitoring of these equipments becomes a tedious job.
The goal of this project is to design an embedded device which is used to monitor and control the equipment in the GSM cell site remotely with the help of GSM modem and mobile phone.
To implement this, a programmed microcontroller is connected to a GSM modem which would send a SMS at regular intervals of time to the concerned operator. This system continuously monitors the parameters affecting the functioning of cell site like voltage, temperature, fuel consumption and the results of this processing is sent through SMS to the concerned operator. The microcontroller which is connected to the modem using serial communication through RS232 can be used for transmission of measured parameters.
Field based service engineers and plant managers can receive and access real-time data from the plant via mobile phones or GSM modems virtually anywhere in the world. This also means that remote sites in areas where there are no reliable landlines can be monitored.
The systems can be configured to send SMS (Short Message Service) mobile text messages, highlighting changes in plant status triggered by parameters moving outside preset limits. These may simply be to warn that product is running low in a particular silo or to highlight more serious operational problems.
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 DESCRIPTION
Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) was formally initiated by European commission in the form of a directive in 1987. The system chosen used digital technology and became known as GSM cellular system.
GSM technology has become the most popular cellular telephone technology with approximately 72% of worlds cellular customers subscribing to the services. GSM technology uses TDMA to allow up to 8 users per channel. Channels are spaced 20 0 kHz apart. The basic system uses frequencies in the 900 MHz band (GSM 900). The up banded version of GSM 900 is at 1800 MHz (GSM 1800) and the US uses 1900 MHz (GSM 1900) for PCS service. GSM service when first introduced supported circuits switched data rates of up to 9.6 k Bps.
A cell site, otherwise known as a mobile phone base station is a low power radio transmitter with an antenna to transmit radio waves to mobile phones. Often distinguished by tall masts because radio waves travel in straight lines and can be interrupted or deflected by buildings or terrain. It is the location where the wireless antenna and network communications equipment is placed. A cell site consists of a transmitter/receiver, antenna tower, transmission radios and radio controllers. A cell site is operated by a Wireless Service Provider (WSP). A synonym for "cell site" is "cell tower", although many cell site antennas are mounted on buildings rather than as towers. In GSM networks, the technically correct term is Base Transceiver Station (BTS), and colloquial British English synonyms are "mobile
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phone mast" or "base station". The term "base station site" might better reflect the increasing co-location of multiple mobile operators, and therefore multiple base stations, at a single site. Depending on an operator's technology, even a site hosting just a single mobile operator may house multiple base stations, each to serve a different air interface technology (CDMA or GSM, for example). Preserved trees capes can often hide cell towers inside an artificial tree or preserved tree. These installations are generally referred to as concealed cell sites or stealth cell sites.
1.2.2 RANGE
The working range of a cell site - the range within which mobile devices can connect to it reliably is not a fixed figure. It will depend on a number of factors, including The frequency of signal in use (i.e. the underlying technology). The transmitters rated power. The transmitter's size.
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The array setup of panels may cause the transmitter to be directional or Omni-directional. It may also be limited by local geographical or regulatory factors and weather conditions. Generally, in areas where there are enough cell sites to cover a wide area, the range of each one will be set to: Ensure there is enough overlap for "handover" to/from other sites (moving the signal for a mobile device from one cell site to another, for those technologies that can handle it - e.g. making a GSM phone call while in a car or train). Ensure that the overlap area is not too large, to minimize interference problems with other sites.
A conventional base station costs about $100,000 and uses 3000 watts of power. New, more efficient ones cost around $15,000 and use 100 watts of power.
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Although cell antennas are normally attached to permanent structures, cell providers maintain a fleet of temporary cell sites. When mounted on a trailer, they are called a COW or Cell on Wheels. These usually include a base station controller and a telescoping tower with antennas attached. A generator may be included when electrical power isn't available, and an additional backhaul antenna may be mounted to link the temporary tower into the network.
COWs are often used at the site of a permanent cell site. Floods, fires, terrorism, and other disasters may destroy permanent antennas or base stations controllers, and fast dispatch of COWs can maintain vital communications during an emergency. They are also used in planned outages, such as when an antenna site is unavailable due to construction or maintenance. Finally, they are often used to augment capacity when large numbers of additional cell phone users are expected, such as at large sporting events.
Fuel cell backup power systems are added to critical cell sites or base stations to provide emergency power. In reality though, few cell sites use fuel cells and use internal combustion engine driven generator set.
A macro cell provides the largest area of coverage within a mobile network. Its antennas can be mounted on ground-based masts, rooftops or other structures and must be high enough to avoid obstruction. Macro cells provide radio coverage over varying distances, depending on the frequency used, the number of calls and the physical terrain. Typically they have a power output in tens of watts.
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Microcells provide additional coverage and capacity in areas where there are high numbers of users, urban and suburban areas, for example. The antennas for microcells are mounted at street level, are smaller than macro cell antennas and can often be disguised as building features so that they are less visually intrusive. Microcells provide radio coverage over distances typically between 300m and 1000m and have lower output powers than marocells, usually a few watts.
Pico cells provide more localized coverage. These are generally found inside buildings where coverage is poor or where there is a dense population of users such as in airport terminals, train stations and shopping centers.
Femtocell base stations allow mobile phone users to make calls inside their homes via their Internet broadband connection. Femto-cells provide small area coverage solutions operating at low transmit powers.
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AC input
Voltage Sensor
Memory
Power Supply
To all components
MUX/ADC
Temperature sensor
Block Diagram
The block diagram consist following section 1.Sensors 2.ADC 3.Microcontroller 4.GSM modem 5.PC
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1.3.1 MICROCONTROLLER SECTION A Microcontroller is memory oriented architecture. Any microcontroller basically has a microprocessor with limited number of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timer on a single chip. All the required hardware for a system is combined together on a single chip. Being a built-in-chip, it occupies less space, draws less current, and is cheaper. It has the specified computational capabilities and enhanced I/O operation capabilities.
1.3.2 GSM MODEM SECTION A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth connection, or it may be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities. GSM modems can be a quick and efficient way to get started with SMS, because a special subscription to an SMS service provider is not required. The mobile operator charges for this message sending and receiving as if it was performed directly on a mobile phone. In most parts of the world, GSM modems are a cost effective solution for receiving SMS messages, because the sender is paying for the message delivery.
1.3.3 ADC SECTION ADC (analog to digital converters) is among the most widely used devices for data acquisition. Digital computers use binary (discrete) values, but in the physical world everything is analog (continuous). Temperature, pressure (wind or liquid), humidity, and velocity are a few examples of physical quantities that we deal with everyday. A physical quantity is converted to electrical (voltage, current) signals using a device called a transducer. Transducers are also referred to as sensors. Sensors for temperature, velocity, pressure, light and many other natural quantities produce an output that is voltage (or current). Therefore, we need an ADC to translate the analog signals to digital numbers so that the microcontroller can read and process them.
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3.2 FEATURES
Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guarantee able (at +25C) Rated for full 55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Nonlinearity only 14C typical Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load
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3.4 APPLICATION
The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated-circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its temperature will be within about 0.01C of the surface temperature. This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air temperature. This is especially true for the TO-92 plastic package, where the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the surface temperature. To minimize this problem, be sure that the wiring to the LM35, as it leaves the device, is held at the same temperature as the surface of interest.
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8-channel multiplexer with address logic 0V to 5V input range with single 5V power supply Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications Standard hermetic or molded 28-pin DIP package 28-pin molded chip carrier package ADC0808 equivalent to MM74C949 ADC0809 equivalent to MM74C949-1
Resolution 8 Bits Total Unadjusted Error 12 LSB and 1 LSB Single Supply 5 VDC Low Power 15 mW Conversion Time 100 s
3.5.3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION The ADC0808, ADC0809 data acquisition component is a monolithic CMOS device with an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter, 8-channel multiplexer and microprocessor compatible control logic. The 8-bit A/D converter uses successive approximation as the conversion technique. The converter features a high impedance chopper stabilized comparator, a 256R voltage divider with analog switch tree and a successive approximation register. The 8channel multiplexer can directly access any of 8-single-ended analog signals. The device eliminates the need for external zero and full-scale adjustments. Easy interfacing to microprocessors is provided by the latched and decoded multiplexer address inputs and latched TTL TRI-STATE outputs.
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The design of the ADC0808, ADC0809 has been optimized by incorporating the most desirable aspects of several A/D conversion techniques. The ADC0808, ADC0809 offers high speed, high accuracy, minimal temperature dependence, excellent long-term accuracy and repeatability, and consumes minimal power. These features make this device ideally suited to applications from process and machine control to consumer and automotive applications.
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TABLE 3.1
With proper heat sink these LM78xx types can handle even more than 1A current. They also have Thermal overload protection, Short circuit protection.
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Couples decoupling capacitors (between 10 of and 47 uF) are required on the input (V-IN) and output (V-OUT) connected to ground. There are negative voltage regulators that work the same way. They are marked as LM79xx.
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4.2 DESCRIPTION
The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels highdensity nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and costeffective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a fivevector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset.
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Pin Description
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Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.
Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Alternate Functions MOSI (used for In-System Programming) MISO (used for In-System Programming) SCK (used for In-System Programming)
Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the
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internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the figure.
Alternate Functions RXD (serial input port) TXD (serial output port) INT0 (external interrupt 0) INT1 (external interrupt 1) T0 (timer 0 external input)
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T1 (timer 1 external input) WR (external data memory write strobe) RD (external data memory read strobe)
RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
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machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
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Serial transmission involves the sending of data one bit at a time, over a single communications line. In contrast, parallel communications require at least as many lines as there are bits in a word being transmitted (for an 8-bit word, a minimum of 8 lines are needed).Serial transmission is beneficial for long distance communications, whereas parallel is designed for short distances or when very high transmission rates are required. To allow serial communication and compatibility among data communication equipment an interfacing standard called RS232 was set by Electronics Industries Association.RS-232 is defined as the Interface between data terminal equipment and data communications equipment using serial binary data exchange. This definition defines data terminal equipment (DTE) as the computer, while data communications equipment (DCE) is the modem. A modem cable has pin-to-pin connections, and is designed to connect a DTE device to a DCE device.
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Name (V24)
Remarks
----------------------------------------------------------TxD RxD RTS CTS DTR DSR RI DCD GND 3 2 7 8 4 6 9 1 o Transmit Data i Receive Data o Request To Send i Clear To Send o Data Terminal Ready i Data Set Ready i Ring Indicator i Data Carrier Detect
5 - Signal ground
4.4.3 TRANSMITTED SIGNAL VOLTAGE LEVELS: Binary 0: +5 to +15 Vdc (called a space or on) Binary 1: -5 to -15 Vdc (called a mark or off)
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RECEIVED SIGNAL VOLTAGE LEVELS: Binary 0: +3 to +13 Vdc Binary 1: -3 to -13 Vdc
4.4 MAX232
When communicating with various micro processors one needs to convert the RS232 levels down to lower levels, typically 3.3 or 5.0 Volts. Serial RS-232 communication works with voltages -15V to +15V for high and low. On the other hand, TTL logic operates between 0V and +5V. Modern low power consumption logic operates in the range of 0V and +3.3V or even lower.
RS-232
TTL
Logic
Thus the RS-232 signal levels are far too high TTL electronics, and the negative RS-232 voltage for high cant be handled by computer logic. To receive serial data from an RS-232 interface the voltage has to be reduced. Also the low and high voltage level has to be inverted.
The MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL levels and vice versa. The MAX232 chip uses a 5V power source which is as same as the microcontroller. Hence there is no need for dual power supply. The MAX232 has two sets of drivers for transferring and receiving. The line drivers used for TxD are called T1 and T2, while the line driver used for RxD are designated as R1 and
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R2.The T1in pin is the TTL side and is connected to TxD of microcontroller, while T1out is the pin connected to RS232 side that is connected to RxD pin. R1in is the RS232 side that is connected to TxD pin of RS232 DB connector and R1out is the TTL side connected to RxD pin of the microcontroller.
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The Europeans realized this early on, and in 1982 the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study group called the Grouped Special Mobile (GSM) to study and develop a pan-European public land mobile system. The proposed system had to meet certain criteria: Good subjective speech quality Low terminal and service cost Support for international roaming Ability to support handheld terminals Support for range of new services and facilities Spectral efficiency ISDN compatibility
In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries. Although standardized in Europe, GSM is not only a European standard. Over 200 GSM
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networks (including DCS1800 and PCS1900) are operational in 110 countries around the world. In the beginning of 1994, there were 1.3 million subscribers worldwide, which had grown to more than 55 million by October 1997. With North America making a delayed entry into the GSM field with a derivative of GSM called PCS1900, GSM systems exist on every continent, and the acronym GSM now aptly stands for Global System for Mobile communications.
The developers of GSM chose an unproven (at the time) digital system, as opposed to the then-standard analog cellular systems like AMPS in the United States and TACS in the United Kingdom. They had faith that advancements in compression algorithms and digital signal processors would allow the fulfillment of the original criteria and the continual improvement of the system in terms of quality and cost. The over 8000 pages of GSM recommendations try to allow flexibility and competitive innovation among suppliers, but provide enough standardization to guarantee proper interworking between the components of the system. This is done by providing functional and interface descriptions for each of the functional entities defined in the system.
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5.5 APPLICATIONS:
One of the applications which can be considered by using GSM technology is accessing control devices which can communicate with servers and security staff through SMS messaging complete log of transaction is available at the head office.
A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and software driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. Any phone that supports the "extended AT command set" for sending/receiving SMS messages, as defined in the ETSI GSM 07.05 Specification can be supported by the Now SMS/MMS Gateway.
A dedicated GSM modem (external or PC Card) is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. This is because of some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones. For example, if you wish to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with your gateway, most GSM phones will only allow you to send MMS messgaes. This is because the mobile phone automatically processes received MMS message notifications these messages, without forwarding them via the modem interface. Similarly some mobile phones will not allow you to correctly receive SMS text messages longer than 160 bytes (known as "concatenated SMS" or "long SMS"). This is because these long messages are actually sent as separate SMS messages, and the phone attempts to reassemble the message before forwarding via the modem interface. (We've observed this latter problem utilizing the Ericsson R380, while it does not appear to be a problem with many other Ericsson models.)
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When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the computer, be sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device manufacturer. To simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will communicate with the device via this driver. If a Windows driver is not available for your modem, you can use either the "Standard" or "Generic" 19200 bps modem driver that is built into windows. A benefit of utilizing a Windows modem driver is that you can use Windows diagnostics to ensure that the modem is communicating properly with the computer.
The Now SMS/MMS gateway can simultaneously support multiple modems, provided that your computer hardware has the available communications port resources.
5.7 AT COMMANDS
AT commands are also known as Hayes AT commands. There are different views to understand the meanings of "AT". AT commands (attention commands) are instructions used to control a modem. Every command line starts with AT or at. That is why modem commands are called AT commands. Some call it "Attention Telephone", whereas others interpret it as "Attention Terminal" commands.
AT commands allow giving instructions to both mobile devices and ordinary landline telephones. The commands are sent to the phone's modem, which can be a GSM modem or PC modem. Different manufacturers may have different sets of AT commands. Fortunately,
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many AT commands are the same. Mobile device manufacturers may also give attention to operators to allow or not to allow some commands on phones.
AT commands can be used for operations that are usually done from the keypad, for instance calling a number, sending, reading, or deleting an SMS, setting the SMSC number, looking for a GPRS access point, reading and deleting phonebook data, reading the battery status, reading the signal strength, and so on. When you want to make a PC-based application to interface a mobile phone using USB, IR, or Bluetooth, these commands are needed to communicate with mobile phones.
ATE Command echo (ver. 2) Description: Determines if the DCE echoes characters received from the DTE during command state and online command state.
Set command:
ATE [<value>]
Test command:
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<value>: <value> 0 Description DCE does not echo characters during command state and online command state 1 DCE echoes characters during command state and online command state. Default value
AT+CMGR Read message (ver. 2) Description: Returns message with location value <index> from preferred message storage <mem1> to the TE. Status of the message and entire message data unit <pdu> is returned. If status of the message is received unread, status in the storage changes to received read.
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Parameters: <stat>: <stat> 0 1 2 3 16 Description Received unread message (new message) Received read message Stored unsent message. (Only applicable to SMs) Stored sent message. (Only applicable to SMs) Template message
Integer type in PDU mode (default 0), indicates the status of message in memory. <index>: <index> Integer type Description Value in the range of location numbers supported by the Associated memory <alpha>: <alpha> String type Description manufacturing specific. Should be left empty but not omitted, that is, commas should mark the place where it should be. <length>: <length> Integer type Description Value indicating in PDU mode (AT+CMGF=0), the length of the actual TP data unit in octets. The RP
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layer SMSC address octets are not counted in the length) <pdu>: <Pdu> Hexadecimal value Description In the case of SMS: GSM 04.11 SC address followed by GSM 03.40 TPDU in hexadecimal format. ME/TA converts each octet of TP data unit into two IRA character long hexadecimal number, for example, octet with integer value 42 is presented to TE as two characters 2A (IRA 50 and 65).
Description:
Set command selects memory storage <mem1>, <mem2> and <mem3> to be used for reading, writing, and so on. If chosen storage is not appropriate for the ME (but is supported by the TA), final result code +CMS ERROR: <err> is returned.
AT+CPMS=<mem1>[,<mem2>[,<mem3>]]
+CPMS: <used1>,<total1>,<used2>,<total2>,<used3>,<total3>
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Read command: AT+CPMS? Displays the current <mem1>,<used1>,<total1>, <mem2>,<used2>,<total2>,<mem3>,<used3>,<total3> values. Test command: Test command Response: +CPMS: (list of supported <mem1>s), (list of supported <mem2>s), (list of supported <mem3>s) AT+CPMS=? Shows if the command is supported.
Parameters: <mem1>: <mem1> string type Description Memory from which messages are read and deleted (commands List Messages AT+CMGL, Read Messages AT+CMGR and Delete Messages AT+CMGD) ME Phone message storage SM SIM message storage
<mem2>: <mem2> string type Description Memory to which writing and sending operations are made ( commands Send Message from
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Storage AT+CMSS and Write Message to Memory AT+CMGW) ME Phone message storage SM SIM message storage <mem3>: <mem3> string type Description Memory to which received SMs are preferred to be stored (unless forwarded directly to terminal equipment). Received CBMs (Cell Broadcast Messages) are always stored in BM (Broadcast Message storage) or some manufacturer specific storage, unless directly forwarded to terminal equipment ME Phone message storage. SM SIM message storage
<used1>,<used2>,<used3>:
Description Total number of messages currently in <mem1>, <mem2> and <mem3> respectively
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<total1>, <total2>, <total3>: <total1>, <total2>, <total3> Integer type Description Total number of messages that can be stored in <mem1>, <mem2> and <mem3> respectively
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Bluetooth can be used to wirelessly synchronize and transfer data among devices. Bluetooth can be thought of as a cable replacement technology. Typical uses include automatically synchronizing contact and calendar information among desktop, notebook and palmtop computers without connecting cables. Bluetooth can also be used to access a network or the Internet with a notebook computer by connecting wirelessly to a cellular phone.
When you use computers, entertainment systems or telephones, the various pieces and parts of the systems make up a community of electronic devices. These devices communicate with each other using a variety of wires, cables, radio signals and infrared light beams, and an even greater variety of connectors, plugs and protocols.
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There are lots of different ways that electronic devices can connect to one another. For example:
The art of connecting things is becoming more and more complex every day. We will look at a method of connecting devices, called Bluetooth, that can streamline the process. A Bluetooth connection is wireless and automatic, and it has a number of interesting features that can simplify our daily lives.
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6.2.1 DESCRIPTION The SMS message, as specified by the ETSI organization (documents GSM 03.40 and GSM 03.38), can be up to 160 characters long, where each character is 7 bits according to the 7-bit default alphabet. Eight-bit messages (max 140 characters) are usually not viewable by the phones as text messages; instead they are used for data in e.g. smart messaging (images and ringing tones).
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In PDU mode the SMS looks like: 07917283010010F5040BC87238880900F10000993092516195800AE8329BFD4697D9EC3 7 This octet sequence consists of three parts: An initial octet indicating the length of the SMSC information ("07"), the SMSC information itself ("917283010010F5"), and the
SMS_DELIVER part (specified by ETSI in GSM 03.40). Octet(s) 07 91 Description Length of the SMSC information (in this case 7 octets) Type-of-address of the SMSC Service center number (in decimal semi-octets). The length of the 72 83 01 00 10 F5 phone number is odd (11), so a trailing F has been added to form proper octets. The phone number of this service center is "+27381000015" 04 0B C8 72 38 88 09 00 F1 00 00 99 30 92 51 61 95 80 0A First octet of this SMS-DELIVER message Length of the sender number (0B hex = 11 dec) Type-of-address of the sender number Sender number (decimal semi-octets), with a trailing F TP-PID. Protocol identifier TP-DCS Data coding scheme TP-SCTS. Time stamp (semi-octets) TP-UDL. User data length, length of message
All the octets above are hexa-decimal 8-bit octets, except the Service center number, the sender number and the timestamp; they are decimal semi-octets. The message part in the end of the PDU string consists of hexa-decimal 8-bit octets, but these octets represent 7-bit data. The semi-octets are decimal, and e.g. the sender number is obtained by performing internal
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swapping within the semi-octets from "72 38 88 09 00 F1" to "27 83 88 90 00 1F". The length of the phone number is odd, so a proper octet sequence cannot be formed by this number. This is the reason why the trailing F has been added. The time stamp, when parsed, equals "99 03 29 15 16 59 08", where the 6 first characters represent date, the following 6 represents time, and the last two represents time-zone related to GMT.
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The art work is the first step towards developing the PCB. For doing an art work the circuit has to be understood first and step by step designed procedure is to be followed. The important component should be taken care first such as the addresses/data lines of the MICROCONTROLLER and EPROM. Such lines should all be placed on the same side of the PCB. The power supply lines should be on the either side of the PCB preferably to avoid any dangerous shorting while soldering.
After the artwork is done the PCB size is to be selected and the lines are drawn on to it according to the art design. This is then printed on to the board using techniques such as screen printing.
Now the holes have to be drilled at the right places to house the components in safe manner. After the holes have been drilled, then a continuity check is done to detect any shorted or open lines.
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Now the PCB is ready to be soldered on. While soldering care should be taken to avoid any shorting of lines or points since the pines on the ICs are placed very close to each other. The ADC on the PCB is kept at one side to provide isolation. The ICs are fixed on to their bases and after a last checking the power supply is given and the system is tested for proper functions.
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At any point in the operation of this system, if the value of voltage exceeds a certain threshold, an alarm is raised using the alarm module and an SMS is immediately sent to the operator through the GSM modem so that the operator can take the necessary steps to prevent mechanical failure of the system.
The power supply block at the cell site consists of the diesel generator and the battery backup. Power to the system components is provided by the commercial supply. When this supply goes down, the battery backup provides immediate power till the diesel generator gets started after which the diesel generator powers the system till the commercial supply is restored.
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CONCLUSION
PRECAUTIONS
It should be taken care that the baud rate set initially should be changed to a lower value to (9600 baud) to communicate with the board. Because, there is bit error generated at higher baud rates and may cause generation of faulty outputs. During the setup of the modem it should be noted that to send TX_IN to be high for about 0.2 sec to get the modem started. After inserting the SIM card wait for some time to initialize the SIM card. When the modem is ready the green LED on the modem starts blinking
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APPLICATIONS
The following are the applications that can be accomplished using this system:
FUEL CONSUMPTION: This is a cost effective method wherein the system periodically measures the fuel used by the equipment, which helps in knowing the amount of fuel required by the generator for longer durations. This helps in keeping a track of the fuel used, hence preventing misuse of fuel and detection of leakage.
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT: The system voltage is constantly monitored over every 10 minute interval and the report of the average over 1 hour is sent to the operator. If at any time there is a voltage fluctuation, an alarm is raised and the operator gets the report through SMS.
TEMPERATURE VARIATION: An optimum temperature should be maintained for effective functioning of the system. Any unexpected variations in temperature are reported to the operator.
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FUTURE SCOPE
1. One advancement of remote monitoring system is ability to use wireless sensors in a cell site. Sensors must be attached to each equipment that needs to be monitored. Previously sensors were connected by wires to the monitoring system. 2. This system monitors and manages the critical elements of a remote cell site bringing various data together to a central control module remotely via variety of protocols. 3. We can use a three phase supply for increasing the efficiency of the system. 4. We may propose a security alarm system along with a card identification program to monitor access to the facility. 5. The fact that changes in status are high lightened when they happen means that effective risk assessment can be made before serious problems arise.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEXT BOOKS
8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C by Mohammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Rolin D. Mckinlay. -Chapter 3, Chapter 4, Chapter 5, chapter 6. Programming in C by Balaguruswamy
WEBSITES
http://developer.sonyericsson.com/getDocument.do?docId=65054 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM http://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/RS232_standard .html http://www.gsm-modem.de/sms-text-mode.html www.atmel.com
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