The Microscope

INTRODUCTION
A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are several different types of microscopes used in light microscopy, and the four most popular types are Compound, Stereo, Digital and the Pocket or handheld microscopes. Some types are best suited for biological applications, where others are best for classroom or personal hobby use. Outside of light microscopy are the exciting developments with electron microscopes and in scanning probe microscopy.

History
The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. An early microscope was made in 1590 in Middelburg, Netherlands.[1] Two eyeglass makers are variously given credit: Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen. Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope for Galileo Galilei's compound microscope in 1625.

Types of Microscope
1. Compound Light Microscope
A compound light microscope is a microscope with more than one lens and its own light source. In this type of microscope, there are ocular lenses in the binocular eyepieces and objective lenses in a rotating nosepiece closer to the specimen. Although sometimes found as monocular with one ocular lens, the compound binocular microscope is more commonly used today. The first light microscope dates back to 1595, when Zacharias Jansen created a compound microscope that used collapsing tubes and produced magnifications up to 9X. Microscopes have come a long way since then today's strongest compound microscopes have magnifying powers of 1,000 to 2,000X. Because it contains its own light source in its base, a compound light microscope is also considered a bright field microscope. Bright field microscopy simply means that the specimen is lit from below and viewed from above. With bright field illumination, the samples contrast comes from its absorption of the light, as opposed to dark field illumination where the contrast comes from the sample scattering the light.

Magnification
In order to ascertain the total magnification when viewing an image with a compound light microscope, take the power of the objective lens which is at 4x, 10x or 40x and multiply it by the power of the eyepiece which is typically 10x. Therefore, a 10x eyepiece used with a 40X objective lens, will produce a magnification of 400X. The naked eye can now view the specimen at a magnification 400 times greater and so microscopic details are revealed. Magnification is the ability to view an object as larger. A good image is obtained when the amount of specimen detail is also increased. Magnification alone will not achieve this.

Resolution Good resolution or the resolving power of the microscope is necessary to see the valuable details comprised in an image. Resolving Power is the ability to measure the separation of images that are close together. Optical quality plays a vital role but the distance of the wavelength of light used is crucial. With a shorter wavelength, you have increased resolution.

Working Distance At low magnification your working distance is longer and so vice versa when increasing magnification. Damage to your specimen is inevitable if you are not cautious of the shorter working distance when increasing your magnification. Be especially careful with oil immersion lenses. This objective has the smallest working distance and your careful handling is important.

Bright Field Microscopy What can be viewed:

Using Stained Prepared slides you should see bacteria, chromosomes, organelles, protist or metazoans, smears, blood, negative stained bacteria and thick tissue sections. Utilizing unstained wet mounts for living preparations should enable you to see pond water, living protists or metazoans, and plant cells such as algae.

Distortion is a factor in viewing smaller specimens and the difficulty increases further without natural pigmentation to provide some contrast when viewing the specimen. An electron microscope is needed to view molecules and atoms as well as viruses. Light microscopy fails to have this capability. Viewing Heads: Monocular, Binocular, Trinocular

Monocular - only use one eyepiece when viewing the specimen. You are restricted if you want to use a CCD camera because this would occupy the eyepiece. However, monocular microscopes are light weight and are inexpensive. Binocular - with two eyepieces which proves to be more comfortable. It is the most common choice. Trinocular - has a third eyepiece tube that can be used by another person simultaneously or by a CCD camera. The trinocular option is more expensive than the other two types.

Usually the heads can be set to a 45 degree or a 30 degree angle with sliding or hinge adjustment for inter-pupillary distance. These options are based on individual preference.

Uses/Benefits One of the biggest benefits of owning a light microscope is its simplicity and its convenience. A compound light microscope is relatively small, therefore its easy to use and simple to store, and it comes with its own light source. Multiple lenses, compound light microscopes are able to reveal a great amount of detail in samples. Even an inexpensive one can reveal an incredible view of the world that would be impossible to explore with the naked eye. Disadvantages A compound light microscope allows you to view slides of items, both animate and inanimate. The microscope is compound because it uses more than one lens, which allows for greater magnification. A light projects the image through the lenses and then to your eye. Because this type of microscope is less expensive and easier to use compared with its counterpart, the electron microscope, the compound light microscope is popular. Yet, it has limitations related to resolution and magnification.

2. The Stereo Microscope

Stereo microscopes, sometimes still referred to as dissecting microscopes, give an erect, three dimensional perspective. This microscope has a low magnification power and uses two separate eyepieces with two objectives, which creates the visual effect of depth perception. The primary use of a dissecting microscope is for viewing relatively large and solid surfaces or specimens. It earned this name because it proved a very useful tool due to the observer's ability to manipulate the specimen that is being viewed with an important degree of precision. This microscope allows for detailed work such as microsurgery, watch making and circuit board inspection and manufacturing. As you will read below, stereo microscopes are designed based on two basic groups - Greenough and Common Main Objective and two basic configurations - Fixed magnification or a continuously variable zoom option.

The Types:
Stereo Fixed Microscope:The term fixed" refers to one of the microscopes used in stereo microscopy. The fixed magnification uses two objective lenses, which refer to the optical element gathering and focusing the light rays on the image. The magnification has a fixed degree and is limited to the capability of the lens. Changing to a stronger eyepiece increases the magnification.This can be useful as you cannot change to a higher or lower magnification while viewing a specimen, therefore it keeps a stable focus. Stereo Turret Microscope These types of microscopes come in a variety of mountings, one of which is a turret style. Objective turret is another term for this type of mounting and indicates that an additional objective lens can be rotated into viewing position. This easily allows the viewer to change magnifications by simply rotating the turret mounting. Stereo turret microscopes are less flexible than the zoom type but are a more economical choice. Stereo Zoom Microscope The stereo zoom microscope behaves much as its name implies and is very popular. This microscope can zoom in or out to increase or decrease the desired magnification. The available range can also be altered by changing to a stronger eyepiece. The stereo zoom microscope comes with a choice of stands:

A simple stand allows room for observation and repair of items such as watches, coins, entomology. A boom stand is for larger applications and can be mounted to the floor and have an added boom to act as a counterweight. These stands are used for commercial inspection applications such as soldering, circuit board inspection and repair and engraving. Boom stands are more expensive than simple stands.

Viewing Heads: Binocular Stereo zoom microscopes are available with either binocular or trinocular heads. The binocular indicates that there are two eyepieces mounted to the zoom microscope. Changing the focus requires turning a knob, which slides the microscope up and down. Trinocular A trinocular head means that a third eyepiece, or phototube, can be added without affecting the microscope operation. This third eyepiece allows the attachment of a camera that can be used to take still or video pictures. The trinocular option added to the stereo zoom capability is a popular choice due to this feature.

3.Digital Microscope
Advancements in technology have made the digital microscope available to students, hobbyists, researchers and manufacturers. In turn, viewable images continue to improve and advance many areas of science and the world around us.

Digital Age The basic design and principle of how a microscope works did not change much until the late 1900s. When computers became more compact and precision optical sensors were created, the standard platform microscope entered a new age.Using CCD sensors, charged coupling devices, digital microscopes no longer relied on optical lenses alone. The digital age has incorporated light sensitive pixels to capture images which when compiled by computer software allows an image to be magnified, viewed in real time motion, measured in 2D and 3D and even to display 3D images. The speed at which CCD sensors capture images can be controlled. These devices are set much in the same way a light timer is set only at faster speeds. The microscope is connected to the computer via a USB cable unless the microscope has it's own viewscreen. Also, in some cases, a microscope camera will need to be purchased separately to be set up onto the microscope in order to capture the images. Image Resolution Using this type of microscope, you can achieve a magnification of up to 1000X and enjoy all the capabilities of a compound light microscope. These images can be viewed in greater detail as the microscopes project images onto a computer screen, flat panel monitor or some other type of screen device. Images captured by these microscopes can be enlarged and the size of most images is only limited by how large the size of the viewing screen. CCD technology provides real time images, allowing living samples to be viewed continuously. Computers can also capture images and real time footage for printing, disc storage, Internet file or as a specific computer file. This allows images to be transferred via the Internet easily and efficiently. The applications of

computerized microscopes allow a technician to transfer a slides image to a physician in the same building or to one on the other side of the world in minutes.

Virtual Microscopes Computer technology and the Internet allow students from all over the world to see virtual microscopic images as if they were looking into the eyepiece themselves. Colleges and universities use these virtual instruments to provide students with practical knowledge and observe microscopic images. Virtual microscopes allow for image manipulation, stain options and some provide information on the object being viewed. By sharing virtual images, students in remote regions have access to images that may be thousands of miles away. Reducing travel expenses and improving the speed at which images can be transferred saves hours of research time and money. Digital Computer Software A digital microscope requires the use of specific computer software that allows the CCD sensors to function, capturing images then sending them to a monitor or viewing screen. Some software allows for integration that permits Internet transfers so that images in a laboratory can be transferred instantly for viewing in remote areas. The advances in computer programming have allowed microscope software to be fully automated. This saves time and improves research and development. Advantages: 1. In-depth synthesis and three-dimensional display. 2. Using a zoom lens can be easily adjusted magnification. 3. No need to observe the object decomposition, cutting, processing, handling. 4. Can be from any the direction of observation at any angle.

5. complete lighting system without the need to set the time. 6. can store the image 7. so people can observe the real-time image

4.USB Computer Microscope

A USB computer microscope is also simply known as a computer microscope or a computer-connected microscope. Using CMOS sensors, it is a microscope that plugs into a USB port on a computer or television. Instead of looking through an eyepiece, the viewer then examines the specimen via the computer's monitor or the television screen. Its essentially a webcam with a macro lens. Just look at the Veho VMS004 Deluxe USB Powered Microscope to the right. Many of these microscopes depend on ambient lighting, but some do come with built-in illumination. Basically, the USB computer microscope's lens can touch an object to see it magnified or can be used to view objects at a short distance. This allows objects to be in different states-like wet or moving. For example, you might enjoy looking at an inanimate object like a document or coin but you can also magnify human body parts or moving insects. It is certainly a fun educational tool for children. Most offer between 20X-300X magnification and are typically priced under $200.

How to use a USB computer microscope If the viewer is using the microscope with a computer, they may need to begin by loading the devices software. 1. Plug the device into any open USB port on the computer or the television. 2. Hold the microscope and lightly touch the lens to the specimen. The image should now be visible on the monitor or television screen. These microscopes should only be used to examine dry specimens. Any liquids should be examined though distance viewing. 3. Depending on the microscope, there may be focusing capabilities on the microscope, via the computer program or both. If its on the microscope, simply turn the focus wheel until the desired focus is found. Focusing in the programming may include options to adjust the brightness or the contrast of an image. Some microscopes may come with an auto-focus

feature, though this can often be disabled if the auto-focus image is unsatisfactory. Note: If the viewer is using their television to view the image, they will most likely only be able to adjust the image if their microscope comes with a focus wheel. 4. If the viewer wishes to grab an image, there should be a capture icon on the screen. If the microscope takes video images, there may also be a record icon. 5. Once an image or a video has been collected, click the save icon to save the image or video. Note: If the viewer is using their television, they will most likely be unable to save the images. Effective magnification The precise magnification is determined by the working distance between the camera and the object, and good supports are needed to control the image. Although convenient, the magnifying abilities of these instruments are often overstated; typically offering 200 magnification, this claim is based usually on 25x to 30x actual magnification which is then further magnified by the expansion of the image by display on screen. Advantages

Most of these devices are handheld, allowing the viewer to examine specimens that might not fit under a traditional microscopes lens. The images can easily be saved as pictures files, printed, or sent to others. Some devices even allow the viewer to save the images as a video clip. Saved images can be examined or further manipulated in other programs. This allows the viewer to focus in on details that may have been overlooked or to manipulate the images for artistic or entertainment purposes.

Disadvantages

Low-level magnification compared to other microscopes. Sufficient illumination of specimens can be an issue.

Always take the image resolution and format into account. This will affect the clarity of the images and the size of the files once they have been saved. Lighting should be another consideration. The amount of illumination can vary, and the microscopes lighting could be powered by the USB connection or batteries. Ensure the microscopes software is compatible with the machine on which it will be installed.

5.The Pocket Microscope

Using a pocket microscope, children, students and scientists can examine objects outdoors and indoors in great detail. Small, durable and portable, some of these microscopes are as small as an ink pen, yet provide detailed up close images of objects and larger single celled organisms. Many of these hand-held microscopes do not require batteries and will operate using natural light while producing high definition of images without blurred edges.

Portable Microscopes The ability to view an object up close, regardless of where you may be, is why pocket microscopes were developed.Unlike standard microscopes that require a solid base to sit on, portable microscopes can be held in the hand, moved over a large object and carried in a pocket. Portable microscopes and pen-sized microscopes that can have 25x to 100x magnification also use batteries and have an LED light. While some of these microscopes also have an adjustable focus. Portable-sized microscopes come in many shapes and sizes from egg shaped models to rectangular and some that have a handle for stability at any viewing angle. Many have computer capabilities, using a USB cord that provides the ability to view parts of a larger object, too big to be placed on a microscope slide, by sending the images to a computer. Portable digital microscopes are capable of storing images for later downloading into a computer, providing versatility in a small and powerful microscope.

Applications Many miniature microscopes can easily be used anywhere, including the classroom, and some provide rubberized eyepieces for comfort and safety especially when being used by young children.

 Most of these types of microscopes contain no moving parts and are the perfect way to introduce children to the hidden world around them. Applications include use by emergency medical technicians, trauma and emergency room practitioners, field study by scientists and hobbyists. Manufacturing companies find portable microscopes invaluable for finding imperfections in electrical components, metals, optics, glassware and structural defects on machinery. Quality Pocket microscopes may be compact in size but their imaging power is far from small. With focal powers equal to, and in some cases surpassing, traditional microscopes, some of these portable microscopes weigh only a few ounces, yet some provide 100x image magnification. Pen-sized microscopes operate using natural light, and with button or regular batteries. High focal miniature optics used in manufacturing can be powered by electricity and are the size of a traditional eyepiece lens. Some smaller hand-held microscopes with computer software allow images to be sent directly to a printer or computer for analysis, or by electronic transfer from a remote location to a laboratory or classroom.

MICROSCOPE BRANDS

Omano Microscopes are the popular house brand of Microscope.com. Manufactured in China since 1998, the essence of Omano Microscopes is to provide good quality optics for everyday use at an affordable price. The microscopes are manufactured under ISO 9001 guidelines, undergo rigorous QC checks in the US and, unlike many microscopes, carry a lifetime limited warranty as testament to their reliability. As a result, they have proved enduringly popular with industrial, educational, clinical and an eclectic range of other customers from NASA to Nursery schools. In 2011, Omano introduced a line of industrial magnifiers that once again redefine quality/value standards.

Dino-Lite digital USB microscopes are a relatively recent addition to the Omano product line, and have proven very popular with our customers. Compact, powerful and reliable, the Dino-Lite handheld digital microscope product line features crisp, affordable magnification from 10x up to 400x in a broad range of models. Available in USB or TV/AVI output, the DinoLite series is designed for individuals, schools, governments and wide-ranging industrial applications such as pcb inspection, quality control, law enforcement and health sciences.

Meiji Techno is a Japanese brand of high quality microscopes. Famous for its wide range of microscopes and accessories, Meiji has a strong presence in industrial and educational markets. More recently, the company has successfully broadened into advanced laboratory applications. All Meiji Techno microscopes are supported by Lifetime Limited Warranties.

Motic is a major Chinese manufacturer of compound, stereo and digital microscopes as well as digital microscope cameras.. The company is owned by Speed Fair Co., Ltd, a Hong Kong based company, which also owns National Optical and Swift Microscopes. The company now employs more than 2,500 employees and all manufacturing is certified ISO9001 and ISO14000. Motic offers an increasingly high quality range of microscopes designed for the higher

education and laboratory markets. Moticam cameras have established a loyal following for their robust design combined with value pricing. . All microscopes are checked for quality in the US and carry lifetime limited warranties.

National Optical is the sister brand to Motic and Swift Microscopes and is also owned by Hong Kong based Speed Fair Co., Ltd. With more of an educational focus on elementary through middle school, National Optical is one of the largest wholesale distributors of microscopes made in China. The company supplies compound, stereo, specialty and some digital microscopes. All microscopes are checked for quality in the US and carry lifetime limited warranties.

NAME:-PRIYANKA J. ZIMUR Class:-S.Y.B.sc-IT DIV:-B Roll No:-133 Subject-MULTIMEDIA Case study on

microscope

NAME:SIDDHESH R. ZAGADE Class:-S.Y.B.sc-IT DIV:-B Roll No:-132 Subject-MULTIMEDIA Case study on

microscope