The medical staff of Regional Medical Centre seek to find out which of the two drugs that was

administered to the 150 patients (Benicite and Maycine) produced the results of 138 patients showing signs of improvement and 21 of them suffering side effects. They also seek to know whether the new drug (Drug C) will be approved The methodology to be used is the Pearsons Chi-Squared test also known as the goodness of fit tests of independence. A test of goodness of fit establishes whether or not an observed frequency distribution differs from a frequency distribution differs from a theoretical distribution A test of independence assesses whether paired observation on two variables expressed in a contingency table are independent of each other. Procedure of the test involves the following Step 1- Calculate the Chi-sqaured test statistic which resembles a normalized sum of squared deviations between observed and theoretical frequencies Step 2- Determine the degrees of freedom of that statistic which is essentially the number of frequencies reduced by the number of parameters in the fitted distribution Step 3- Compare to the critical value of no significance from the from the distribuyion which in many cases gives a good approximation if Fishers exact test it is substantially more accurate in obtaining significance level especially with few observations. MEDICINE BENICITE MAYCINE Drug C CURE 90% 80% 85% 255% E11= R1*C1/grand Total =105*255/292=91.7 E12=105*37/292=13.3 E21=90*255/292=78.6 E22=90*37/292=11.4 E31=97*255/292=84.7 SIDE EFFECTS 15% 10% 12% 37% TOTAL 105% 90% 97% 292%

E32=97*37/292=12.3 observed expected (O-E) (O-E)2

(O-E

90

91.7

-1.7

2.89

0.000

15

13.3

1.7

2.89

0.016

80

78.6

1.4

1.96

0.000

10

11.4

1.4

1.96

0.015

85

84.7

0.3

0.09

0.000

12

12.3

0.3

0.09

0.000

X2 tab = Alpha X2=0.05 Alpha (3-1)(2-1) =0.05, 2 BENICITE 91.7*150=138 13.3*150=20 DRUG C 50*12.3%=6

SIDE EFFECT PATIENTS =6 WHICH IS LESS THAN 8 THE MAXIMUM FOR DRUG APPROVAL BENICITE 91.7*150=138 13.3*150=20 DRUG C 50*12.3%=6 SIDE EFFECT PATIENTS =6 WHICH IS LESS THAN 8 THE MAXIMUM FOR DRUG APPROVAL

From the findings we can see that Benicite has a 90% expected cure rate while a 13.3% side effects rate to the patients. While Maycin has a 78.6% and 11.4% patient improval rate and side effects rate respectively. Benicite is the more likely drug that was administered to the patients since the expected outcome reveals that 138 of the 150 patients that were administred the drug showed signs of improvement The drug Benicite is seen to be effective and should be used more freduently by the doctors and nurses at RMC. The third Drug C should be approved by RMC since it has less number of patients that exhibit side effects after the drug has been administered. MEDICINE CURE SIDE EFFECTS TOTAL

BENICITE

90%

15%

105%

MAYCINE TOTAL

80% 170

10% 25

90% 195

E11= R1*C1/grand Total

=105*170/195=91.5

E12=105*25/195=13.46 E21=90*170/195=78.46 E22=90*25/195=11.54 E31=90*170/195=78.46 E32=90*25/195=11.53 OBSERVATION 90 15 80 10 85 12 EXPECTED 91.5 13.46 78.46 11.54 78.46 11.53 O-E -1.5 1.54 1.54 -1.54 6.54 0.47 (O-E)2

(O-E