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POLIMAS

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM LAB REPORT HIGHWAY CC302


PROGRAM TITLE DKA3B DETERMINE OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT DATE SUBMITTED LECTURER 4 MARCH 2013 CIK FAIZAH BINTI ZAINAL ABIDIN EN. AHMAD TAZRI BIN AZIZ GROUP NAME NURUL JANAH BINTI ZAHARI SARAH BINTI MOHD SIDIN ASYRAF BIN RAZMAN RAJA ADNAN BIN RAJA DAUD MOHAMMAD RAHIMI BIN ROSELIN G MATRIC NO. 03DKA11F2084 03DKA11F2080 O3DKA11F2102 03DKA11F2114 03DKA11F2104

CONTENT

NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 9.

TITLE INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE THEORY APPARATUS PROCEDURE DATA CONCLUSION DISCUSSION SAFETY REFFERENCE

PAGE 1 1 1 2-3 4-6 7 7 8 8 9-10

Introduction The penetration test is an empirical test used to measure the consistency of asphalt cement. Generally, the penetration of a bituminous substance may be defined as distance in hundredths to which a standard needle penetrates the material under known conditions of time, loading and temperature. This test is used for evaluating the consistency of asphalt material before and after heating.

Objective To measure the penetration value of asphalt, this is melted and cooled and kept at a room temperature of 25C

Theory In this experiment, the sample is melted and cooled under controlled conditions. The penetration is measured with a penetrometer by means of which standard needle is applied to the sample under specific conditions. The temperature, load and time of solid bituminous are understood to be 24-26c, 100g and 5s respectively. For semi-solid bituminous, the penetration is more than the hard ones. Therefore, penetration test of bituminous materials is important and very wide, application to classify the bituminous to specific grade. Although penetration testis classified as empirical test, it is very easy and fast to be done.

Apparatus 1. Ruler.

2. Needle

3. Penetrate test

4. Bitumen

Procedure 1. Heat the sample until become fluid.

2. Pour it in the container with a depth such that when cold,the depth of sample is at least 10mm greater than the expected peneteration. 3. Allow it to cold to atmospheric pressure.

4. Clen the needle and place the weight above the needle.

5. Mount the needle on the bitumen ,such that it should just touch the surface of bitumen.

6. Then start the time taken and allow the penetration needle to penetrate freely at same time for seconds .After 5 seconds stop the penetration .

6. Result will be the grade of bitumen. 7. Take at least three reading,consume the space are not less than 10mm. 8. If the needle penetrate over 200 pen ,take at least three needle stay penetrate in container.

Result
PENETRATION (PEN) 3 192 398 206 195+201+206 3 =200

INITIAL END PENETRATION GRADE OF BITUMEN(AVERAGE PENETRATION)

1 201 396 195

2 195 396 201

PENETRATION STAGE DIFFERENT TOLERANCE (mm)

0-49 2

50-149 4

150-249 6

350 8

Calculate : End-initial = penetration 396-201 = 195 396-195 = 201 398-192 = 206

Conclusion Penetration test is a commonly adopted test on asphalt to grade the material in termsof its hardness. An 80/100 grade bitumen indicates that its penetration value liesbetween 80 & 100.Grading of asphalt helps to assess its suitability in different climaticconditions and types of construction. In Malaysia, lower penetration grades are preferredto avoid softening whereas higher penetration grades like 180/200 are used in colder regions to prevent the occurrence of excessive brittleness. High penetration grade isused in spray application works.

Discussion There should be no movement of the container while needle penetrates into sample The sample should be free from any extraneous matter The needle should be cleaned with benzene dried before penetration. Type of needle is brass. Sample prepared in a few days before the experiment and keep in clean place Clean cloth and benzene must around the penetrometer to make sureneedle can be clean during experiment

SAFETY AND PRECAUTION WARNING: HOT BITUMEN & PMBs CAN CAUSE BURNS The following precautions should be taken when handling bitumen, or PMBs: a. Eye protection, such as safety glasses and/or face shields, shall be worn when handling hot bitumen or PMBs. b. Heat-resistant gloves, with close-fitting cuffs, and other suitable protective clothing, shall be worn when handling hot bitumen or PMBs. c. There shall be no smoking while handling hot bitumen or PMBs. d. While the material is still cold, loosen the lid of the sample container (invert the can and warm the lid, if necessary), or punch a hole in the lid. e. Examine the cold sample for the presence of water. If water is thought to be present, drain most of it out, or blow with clean compressed air to evaporate the free water

Reference 1.

C. Venkatramaiah New Age International, Jan 1, 2007 2.

GOPAL AUTOR RANJAN, A. S. R AUTOR RAO New Age International, 2000 - 774 pages
3.

Kenneth N. Derucher, George Panayiotis Korfiatis, A. SamerEzeldin Prentice Hall, Apr 1, 1998 - 470 pages

4.

Priest howard Early 1990 5.

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