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DISCRETE MATHEMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS. Series Euitor KENNETH H. ROSEN APPLIED ALGEBRA CODES, CIPHERS, AND DISCRETE ALGORITHMS SECOND EDITION DAREL W. HARDY COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY FORT COLLINS. U.S.A FRED RICHMAN FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY BOCA RATON. USA CAROL L. WALKER NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY LAS CRUCES. USA EkC Ten ha penta he iyo Franc rp, Informa bess A CHAPMAN & HALL BOOK (Chapman & Hall/CRC Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC (Chapman & Hall/CRC is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business [No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-7142-9 (Hardcover) ‘This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced {in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. Ifany copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so ‘we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part ofthis book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known of hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- +ight.com (httpr//ww.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Ine. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. ‘Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Ds Fardy Dag, se ‘Applied lett code ciphers and discrete algorithms / Darel W. Hardy, Carol L. Walker. -- Snid’@g. / Fred Richman, p.cm. -- (Discrete mathematics, its applications) Includes bibliographical rterences and index ISBN 978-1-4200-71429 (hardcover alk pape) 1 Coding theory 2. Computer security.-Mathematis I. Waller, Carol LI Richman Hed Tile IV Sees (QA268.11365 2009 0037.54--de22 2009000533 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at Ittp://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crepress.com Contents Preface 1 Integers and Computer Algebra 1.1 Integers 1.2. Computer Algebra vs. Numerical Analysis 1.3. Sums and Products 1.4 Mathematical Induction 2 Codes 2.1 Binary and Hexadecimal Codes - 2.2 ASCII Code 2.3 Morse Code . 24 Braille aatat 2.5 ‘Two-out-of Five Code 2.6 Hollerith Codes 3 Buclidean Algorithm 3.1 ‘The Mod Function . : 3.2. Greatest Common Divisors 3.3 Extended Buclidean Algor 34 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithinetic 3.5 Modular Arithmetic 4 Ciphers 4.1 Cryptography . 4.2, Cryptanalysis . Be 43. Substitution and Permutation Ciphers . - 44 Block Ciphers........-..- 45. The Playfair Cipher 4.6 Unbreakable Ciphers 4.7 Enigma Machine 5 Error-Control Codes 5.1 Weights and Hamming Distance 5.2 Bar Codes Based on Two-out-of Five Code eon 15 22 24 27 32 34 101 101 106

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