Chng

10
Khi phc nh
10.1 Ch dn
Trong cc chng trc chng ta kho st cc gi thit lm mt i cc
nh hng lm suy gim cht lng nh. Chng bao gm lm mt nhiu xung
thng qua cc b lc i xng, tng tng phn thng qua cc cng c nh
sa i lc mc xm, lc ng hnh, v lc tnh Wallis. Trong cc phn
ny, chng ta khng xem xt nguyn nhn ca s suy gim cng nh liu n
c tho mn hay cha. Cc nguyn nhn khc nhau, bao gm c cc vt m
nh, i hi s pht trin cho mt kiu khc phc cc s suy gim gi l h
thng nh. H thng nh c th xy dng trn khi nim hm tn x im
(Point-Spead-Funtion - PSF), v d, tc ng trn nh ghi li ca mt im gc
ca sng trn vt th quan tm. Bin i Fourier ca PSF tr thnh hm
truyn t nh sng (Optical-Tranfer-Funtion - OTF).
Trong chng ny ta s quan tm n cc nguyn nhn lm mt s hi t
nh. Ba dng ca vt m cn c quan tm l: (1) nh khng r nt, (2) dng
vt m chuyn ng ng dng, (3) vt m do nh hng chiu sng lu qua
kh quyn. Tt c cc nguyn nhn ny gy ra cc gi tr khc nhau ca PSF
i hi ta phi gii hn phm vi cc vt m.
10.2 Cc PSF cho khc dng khc nhau ca cc vt m
Nu chng ta coi rng h thng nh l tuyn tnh, th ta c th vit

d d y x i h y x i
b
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
(10.1)
y i
b
(x,y) l nh m, h(x,y) l PSF, i(x,y) l nh nhp vo khng b suy
gim. Bi v chng ta c cho i
b
(x,y) v mun phc hi i(x,y) nn cn phi
nh gi h(x,y). Nu h(x,y) bit, th vn c th gii quyt c v qu
trnh c gi l gii chp. Bi v bit rt t v h thng m nn vic ny
c gi l gii chp m. Nu trong mt s trng hp bng cch ny hay cch khc
h c cho trc th gii php c gi l phng php tin nghim. Trong phn
ln cc trng hp cn li th h u cha bit, gii php ny thuc loi phng php
hu nghim.
PSF cho ba kiu vt m c cho di dng phng n gii quyt c cp
n phn di y.
200

3

4
B
(a)
h(x,y)

O
x
(a)
x
h(x,y)

(b)
x
h(x,y)
Hnh 10.1 (a) Phng php tm ng i tia sng.
(b) S tn x ca im nm trn v ngoi trc chnh.
10.2.1 Tiu im ca thu knh c dng trn
Hnh 10.1b minh ho mt h thng quang hc n gin trong mt
im gc cho mt hm phn tn im do s khng chnh xc ca tiu c.
Hnh 10.1a gii thiu cch xc nh ng i ca tia sng, lm sng t phng
php xc nh nh trong hnh 10.1b. Cch xc nh ng i ca tia sng t
mt im nm ngoi trc theo cc bc sau: V mt tia bt k i qua im (1)
gp thu knh ti A. V mt phng tiu (th hai) ca thu knh. V tia (3) song
song vi tia 1, i qua tm ca thu knh. Tt c cc tia nh th ny gi l tia
chnh. Tia chnh gp mt phng tia 2 ti B. Ni A v B sau ko di. y
chnh l tia khc x. Cho mt im nm trn quang trc tia sng phi i qua
tiu im th hai. Dng cch tm ng i ca tia sng qua thu knh cho ta
thy hm tn x im ca mt im nm trn quang trc rt khc so vi hm
tn x ca mt im nm ngoi quang trc. Cng cn ch rng vt th xa
thu knh s c tn x khc vi vt th gn thu knh.
201
1
2

3

4
F
2
A
B
(a)
I
1
I
2
F
2
O
2
O
1
Mn chn
nh ca im
trn trc chnh
nh ca im
ngoi trc
chnh
h(x,y)

O
x
(a)
x
h(x,y)

(b)
x
h(x,y)
o hm cc PSF c dng nh mt Gauss hai chiu:
)
2
exp(
2
1
) , (
2
2
2

r
r G

(10.2)
y l bn knh ca vt m, r l khong cch bn knh k t tm vt m.
10.2.2 Cc vt m chuyn ng ng dng
Vt m chuyn ng l kt qu ca qu trnh chp phim nh ca mt vt
th chuyn ng trong mt thi gian ln ghi li hng lot cc v tr ca
vt th. Ch rng nu thi gian chiu sng qu nh so vi chuyn ng ca
nh th vt m s khng cn quan tm n. Vt m chuyn ng cng c
th l kt qu ca chuyn ng ca camera. Ta c th to ra vt m chuyn
ng bng cch tri rng mt n v mu dc theo hng chuyn ng (xem
hnh 10.2). PSF c th to ra bng mt hnh vung gch cho trong ng
cong (a) ca hnh 10.2 khi phim ghi li mt lot cc v tr khc nhau vt th vi
cc thi gian chiu sng khc nhau. Thi gian chiu sng ln nht c cho v tr
u tin khi ca sp camera m ra ln u tin, thi gian chiu sng nh nht
c cho v tr cui cng vt th chim gi trc khi ca sp c h xung. iu
ny gip chng ta la chn hnh tam gic hoc l Gauss trong hnh 10.2 nh
nhng m hnh thc t hn cho vt m chuyn ng.
10.2.3 Vt m do nh hng ca kh quyn
Bnh thng, h s khc x ca kh quyn l hng s trong mt vng rng ln.
Trong mt s trng hp s thay i ca kh quyn c th to ra mt dy cc h
s khc x khc nhau. y l nguyn nhn gy ra cc vt m trn nh. nh ca
vt th trong v tr qua tng kh quyn bao quanh tri t l mt v d. Nu
nhng vt th ny phi quan st qua tng kh quyn, vi thi gian chp nh
lu, hon ho ca nh s b gii hn.
Hnh 10.2 M hnh nh m do chuyn ng.
202
h(x,y)
Mu n
v

O
x
(a)
x
h(x,y)
h(x,y)

(b)
x
h(x,y)
(c)
x
Mt PSF c s dng v kim tra qua thc nghim m hnh ho qu
trnh ny l:
6 / 5 2
3
2
2
) (
1
) , (
y K x K
e K y x h
+

(10.3)
y K
i
l cc hng s. cho tin li trong phn tch, 5/6 thng c thay th
bi tnh ng nht rt ra m hnh p ng xung ng cong Gauss c
dng
)
2 2
(
2
2
2
2
) , (
y x
y x
Ke y x h

+

(10.4)
y K l hng s khong cch bin ,
x
v
y
l cc h s phn tn vt m.
10.3 nh gi phm vi vt m
Trong cc bc phn tch tip theo chng ta s coi rng m hnh cho h
thng nh m l tuyn tnh bt bin, LSI, hoc t nht c th c xp x nh
mt h thng. H thng quang hc m ta c bit l knh mt c c im
l nh ca vt nhn qua knh s c t hoc khng c s bin i no. Cho cc
h thng quang hc khc bn s phi xem y l mt s xp x v p dng
mt PSF duy nht ln ton b nh, hoc chia nh thnh cc min nh hn v
cho tt c cc min ta nhn c mt PSF. Php chia nh trn nh ny cho chng
ta kt qu gn ng tt hn, khi trn tt c cc min nh ny chng ta c th
coi rng PSF s xp x vi mt hng s phn tn ti tt c cc im. D thy
rng hnh 10.1 biu din trng hp h thng mt thu knh. Trong camera ng-
i ta s dng nhiu thu knh, v chng c lp ghp lm r hn nhng
cnh m.Xem xt mt ng bin dc trong mt nh khng b m vi ln ti
v tr (x
0
,y
0
), c nh ngha nh sau:

x < x
x x
) , (
0
0

'
+

nu
nu
k
k
y x i

nu h(x,y) l PSF, th nh m c cho bi

d d i y x h y x i
b
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( (10.5)
Cho c ba kiu vt m nh trn, h(x,y) c th biu din tng qut bi m
hnh dng Gauss nh sau:
) 2 / 2 / (
2 2 2 2
) , (
y x
y x
Ke y x h
+

y K l hng s, v
x
v
y
l cc h s tn x dc theo cc hng x v y. V
th cho nn

+


d d i Ke y x i
y x
y x
b
) , ( ) , (
] 2 / ) ( 2 / ) [(
2 2 2 2
(10.5)
Ch rng cho ng bin dc c nh ngha nh trn, i(,) ch l hm ca
, chng ta c th vit
203



d i e d e K y x i
x
y x
y
b

) , ( ) , (
] 2 / ) [(
] 2 / ) [(
2 2
2 2
(10.6)
Bi v
1
2
10
2
2
2 2

e dx
x

( / )
.
chng ta c th vit
] ) ( [ 2 ) , (
0
2 2
0
2 2
2 / ) ( 2 / ) ( 2


d e k d e k K y x i
x
x
x
x
y b
x x

+ +
biu thc ny c th vit li di dng
}] ){ ( [ 2 ) , (
0
2 2 2 2
0
2 2
2 / ) ( 2 / ) ( 2 / ) ( 2


d e d e k d e k K y x i
x
x x
x
x
y b
x x x

+ +
o hm ring i
b
(x,y) theo x chng ta c

'

d e
x
K
x
y x i
x
x
y
b x
0
2 2
2 / ) ( 2
2
) , (
Dng quy tc Leibnitz cho o hm ca tch phn, c cho bi

+
) (
) (
2
2
1
1
) (
) (
2
1
2
1
) , ( ) , (
) , (
) , (
x
x
x
x
dx
d
x F
dx
d
x F d
x
x F
d x F
dx
d

sau khi ly gi tr tuyt i, chng ta c kt qu sau y:

2 2
0
2 / ) ( 2
2 |
) , (
|
x
x x
y
b
e K
x
y x i

(10.7)
t |
) , (
| ) , (
x
y x i
y x C
b

(10.8)
v
2
1
2
y
K K (10.9)
V th, chng ta c th vit biu thc (10.8) thnh
2 2
0
2 / ) (
1
) , (
x
x x
e K y x C

(10.10)
Biu thc (10.10) s biu din mt phn b Gauss dc theo hng x nu
2
1
2
1
x
K

iu ny c th xy ra nu vng di C(x,y
0
) bng 1. t c iu kin ny
chng ta cn chia tung bi khu vc di ng cong. Nu F(x) m t ng
cong chia , th chng ta c th vit:
204
2
2
2
) (
2
2
1
) (
x
x
x
x
e x F

(10.11)
trong

x
x
x xF ) (
(10.12)

x
x x
x F x ) ( ) (
2

(10.13)
Tng t c th thu c cng thc
y

bng vic thay chiu ngang.

10.4 OTF
OTF c th rt ra t bin i Fourier 2-D

+
dxdy e y x h v u H
vy ux j ) (
) , ( ) , (
Dng PSF cho bi biu thc (10.4), chng ta c th vit:
[ ]

+
+
dxdy e e K v u H
vy ux j
y x
y x ) (
2 / 2 /
2 2 2 2
) , (

hay c th vit
dy e dx e K v u H
jvy
y
jux
x
y
x

1
1
]
1

+

1
1
]
1

2
2
2
2
2
2
) , (

T (xem tham kho 3)

a
ac b
c bx ax
e
a
dx e
4
) 4 (
) (
2
2


+ +

do vy
2
) (
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 ) , (
y x
v u
y x
e K v u H


+

(10.14)
Biu thc trn cung cp dng phn tch cho OTF p dng cho cc trng hp
nh nm ngoi tiu im. Bi v OTF gim dn theo hm m, n s gim gn
v khng ti min tn s cao. iu ny dn n cc chi tit trong nh m s s
b mt sch. Trong phn ln trng hp iu ny l khng ng. Trn thc t
iu thc s xy ra l tn s cao b suy gim n mt s gii hn, ph thuc
vo nh hng ca vt m, v v vy m khng b xo sch. S nhn xt ny
gip chng ta xy dng hm truyn t pha trn thnh:
0 . 1 2 ) , (
2 / ) (
2 2 2 2
+
+
y x
v u
y x
e v u H


(10.15)
Ch rng nu
x
=
x
= 0.0, th 0 . 1 ) , ( v u H , v d, nu nh thu c hon
ton nm trong tiu im, th hm suy gim H(u,v) l lc thng ton phn.
205
10.5 Thut ton khi phc nh
Da trn cc phn tch pha trn chng ta c th xy dng mt thut ton
dng khi phc li nh nm ngoi tiu im. Thut ton ny bao gm cc bc
sau :
1. Tch bin nh (xem trong chng 5).
2. Qut nh bt u t hng N/4 v ct N/4, N N l kch thc ca nh tnh
theo s im, ti khi mt ng bin c tm thy ti cc im c to
(x
0
,y
0
). Lm nh vy chng ta trnh c cc ng bin ti mp ca nh, vi iu
kin l vt th chnh trong nh nm ti tm ca nh.
3. Tnh
x
v
y
.
4. Tnh p ng tn s ca hm b m t OTF m t phn trn.
0 . 1 2
0 . 1
) , (

2 / ) (
2 2 2 2
+

+
y x
v u
y x
e
v u H


(10.16)
5. Thit k mt b lc IIR hoc FIR dng mt trong cc k thut cho cc ch-
ng trn xp x hm truyn t cho biu thc (10.16) .Ch l nu
x
khng
bng
y
th b lc khng i xng trn.
6. p dng b lc trn nh b m khi phc li n. Nu vt m c dng l
hnh trn cho mt h thng thu knh in hnh th
x
v
y
c th thay
bng .
2 2
y x
+
(10.17)
Chng trnh C cho nh gi
x
v
y
da trn cc biu thc phn trn c
cho di y. Kt qu cui cng ca chng trnh ny l mt file cha p ng
tn s bin m bn c th dng vi cc chong trnh khc thit k b lc 2-D.
V d thit k b lc IIR bn cn c IMPULSE.EXE v IIRD.EXE theo tn ca
file ly t chng trnh ny. chy chng trnh ny bn cn tch cc ng
bin dng mt trong cc chng trnh hoc biu m t trong chng 5.
Chng trnh bt ngun t tn ca file cha nh m v m ng bin
nh. m ng bin nh l file cha nh sau khi tch ra cc ng bin.
Chng trnh 10.1 :DEBLUR.C Tnh ln ca p ng
/*ProgramlO.1 "DEBLUR.C".Calculating the magnitude response
of the deblurring function.*/
/* This program calculates the inverse magnitude response of the
extracted blurring function.Theprogram requires the file names of
the blurred imageand the edge strength image for the blurred
image.To obtain the edge strength image you can use Kirsh.exe or
Sobel.exe. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <io.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#define pi 3.1414
206
void main()
{
FILE *fptr1,*fptr2,*fptr;
char file_name1[12],file_name2[12];
unsigned char *buff;
int M,M1,z,i,j,*wv,*wh,x0,y0,sign_max;
float sum,A,*cv,*ch,mu1,mu2,pi2;
float sigmax,sigmay,sx2,sy2,u,v,du,dv;
float H[32][32],G,x;
double nsq;
char file_name[14],ch1;
clrscr();
printf
("Enter file name for blurred image before obtaining edges-->");
scanf("%s",file_name1);
fptr1=fopen(file_name1,"rb");
if(fptr1=NULL)
{
printf("File does not exist.");
exit(1);
}
printf("Enter file name for edge strength image-->");
scanf("%s",file_name2);
fptr2=fopen(file_name2,"rb");
if(fptr2=NULL)
{
printf("File does not exist.");
exit(1);
}
nsq=filelength(fileno(fptr1));
M=sqrt(nsq);
M1=M/4;
buff=(char *)malloc(M);
wv=(int *)malloc(11*sizeof(int));
wh=(int *)malloc(11*sizeof(int));
ch=(float *)malloc(11*sizeof(float));
cv-(float *)malloc(11*sizeof(float));
fseek(fptr2,(long)(M*M1),0);
for(i-M/4;i<(3*M/4);i++)
{
fread(buff,M,1,fptr2);
for(j=M/4;j<(3*M/4);j++)
{
z=(int)(buff[j]-buff[j-1]);
if(abs(z)>(int)30)
{
printf("\An edge has been detected at (%d, %d)",j,i);
x0=j; y0=i;
goto one;
}
}
}
printf("\nNo edges has been located.");
fclose(fptr2);
exit(1);
one:
207
fclose(fptr2);
fseek(fptr1,(long)(M*(y0-5)),0);
for(i=0;i<11;i++)
{
fread(buff,M,1,fptr1);
wv[i]=buff[x0];
if(i==5)
{
for(j=0;j<11;j++)
wh[j]=buff[j+x0-5];
}
}
/* Obtaining the derivatives of the image about the edge. */
for(j=1;j<11;j++)
{
ch[j]=(float)(abs((wh[j]-wh[j-1])));
cv[j]=(float)(abs((wv[j]-wv[j-1])));
}
ch[0]=ch[1];
cv[0]=cv[1];
fclose(fptr1);
printf("\nDo you wish to store horizontal and vertical difference");
printf("\n data for plotting (y or n) --->");
while(((ch1=tolower(getch()))=='y')&&(ch1=='n'));
putch(ch1);
if(ch1== 'y')
{
/* Preparing data for plotting. */
printf("\nEnter file name for storing data");
printf("\n taken along a horizontal line-->");
scanf ( "%s", file_name1);
printf("Enter file name for storing data ");
printf("\n taken along a vertical line-->");
scanf("%s " , file_name2);
fptr1=fopen(file_name1,"w");
fptr2=fopen(file_name2,"w");
fprintf(fptr1,"%d %d\n",11,2);
fprintf(fptr2, "%d %d\n",11,2);
for(i=0;i<11;i++)
{
fprintf(fptr1,"%e %e\n",(float)i,ch[i]);
fprintf(fptr2,"%e %e\n",(float)i,cv[i]);
}
fclose(fptr1);
fclose(fptr2);
}
A=(ch[0]+ch[10])/2.0;
for (i=1;i<10; i++)
A+=ch[i];
for(i=0;i<11;i++)
ch[i]/=A;
mu1=0.0;
for(i=0;i<11;i++)
mu1+=(float)i*ch[i];
sum=0.0;
for(i=0;i<11;i++)
sum+=(i-mu1)*(i-mu1)*ch[i];
208
sigmax=sqrt((double)sum);
printf("\n mul=%f sigmax=%f\n",mu1,sigmax);
A=(cv[0]+cv[10])/2.0;
for(i=1;i<10;i++)
A+=cv[i];
for(i=0;i<11;i++)
cv[i]/=A;
mu2=0.0;
for(i=0;i<11;i++)
mu2+=(float)i*cv[i];
sum=0.0;
for(i=0;i<11;i++)
sum+=(i-mu2)*(i-mu2)*cv[i];
sigmay=sqrt((double)sum);
printf("\n mu2=%f sigmay=%f\n",mu2,sigmay);
sx2=sigmax*sigmax;
sy2=sigmay*sigmay;
printf("\n Does the source of the blur imposes equal extent \n");
printf(" of blurs in both the x and y directions?(y or n)-->");
while(((ch1=getche())!='y')&&(ch1!='n'));
if(ch1=='y')
sx2=sy2=sx2+sy2;
printf("\nEnter name of file for storing magnitude- frequency");
printf("\nresponse in a form suitable for plotting-->");
scanf("%s",file_name);
fptr=fopen(file_name,"w");
u=-pi;
pi2=2.0*pi*sigmax*sigmay;;
du=dv=(2.0*pi)/32.0;
Hnh 10.3 Hm khi phc nh m.
for(i=0;i<32;i++)
{
209
v=-pi;
for(j=0;j<32;j++)
{
x=(u*u*sx2+v*v*sy2)/2.0;
if(x>=20.0)
G=(float)0.0;
else
G=(float)exp((double)(-x));
H[i][j]=1.0/(pi2*G+1.0);
v+=dv;
}
u+=du ;
}
fprintf(fptr,"%d %d\n",32,32);
fprintf(fptr,"%e ",0.0);
v=-pi;
for(i=0;i<32;i++)
{
fprintf(fptr,"%e ",v);
v+=dv;
}
fprintf(fptr,"\n");
u=-pi;
for(i=0;i<32;i++)
{
fprintf (fptr, "%e " , u) ;
for(j=0;j<32;j++)
fprintf(fptr,"%e ",H[i][j]);
fprintf(fptr, " \n ");
u+=du;
}
fclose(fptr);
printf("\nEnter file name for storing mag .
-freq . response in a");
printf ( "\nformat that can be used by IMPULSE.
C or FIRD.C ---> " );
scanf ( "%s " , file_name);
fptr=fopen(file_name,"w");
fprintf(fptr , "%d %d ", 32, 32);
for(i=0;i<32;i++)
for (j=0 ;j<32 ; j++)
fprintf(fptr,"%f ", H[i][j]);
fclose(fptr) ;
}
Bi tp 10.1
Kim tra th tc trn y vi nh "CAMEL.IMG" (hnh 7.7a) c phng to,
dng hm ni suy cht B bc ba. Kt qu c cho trong hnh 7.9 l nh hi
m. Vi yu cu nhn dng ng bin nh m ti phm vi vt m theo c hai
hng ngang v dc c th nh gi c, chng trnh trn cho ra mt ng
bin nh r nt trn c hai hng ngang v dc. Kt qu ny c th thu c khi
s dng ton t Kirsh (chng 5, chng trnh 5.3). So snh kt qu vi hnh
7.7b, 8.5, v 8.6 trong cc chng trc.
210
Hnh 10.3 ch ra hm gim m, l kt qu t bi tp ny. Vt m c
xem nh trn trong trng hp ny. Hnh 7.9 l nh kt qu ca chng trnh trn
vi
x
2.9 v
x
2.6, hoc 3.89. Hnh 10.4 a ra p ng tn s-bin
ca b lc IIR 2 2 c thit k xp x hm gim m. u tin b lc c
thit k vi phng php Shanks v sau l phng php lp ca chng 9. Kt
qu p dng b lc IIR 2-D vi nh ni trn c s ci thin ng ch so vi
nh gc. Tuy nhin, phng php lc thng thp m t trong chng 9 cho kt
qu gn vi phng php FFT hn, so vi cch tip cn ny. Cc h s thu c
ca b lc IIR trong v d ny c ghi trong bng 10.1.
By gi chng ta tng cng nh sao ho thu c qua knh thin vn c cho
trn hnh 10.5. Nguyn nhn ca vt m ny l do h s khc x thay i
theo p xut kh quyn, v cng c th l do m ng knh trong khong thi
gian di. p dng th tc ng bin trong phn ny, chng ta thu c nh ch
ra trn hnh 10.6. Mt d nh nt hn, nhng n khng cung cp cho ta nhiu
chi tit mi. Chng ta cn ch ra rng y l mt nh ca ton b sao ho vi
phn gii ch c 256 256 im nh. y l mt nh di mu, v khng
c thng tin no v nh c rt ra y m li khng rt ra c t nh gc.
Hnh 10.7 ch ra mt nh m l kt qu ca nh ca vt nm ngoi tiu c. p
dng cng th tc v dng b lc FIR 7 7 thit k s dng ca s Blackmann
chng ta thu c nh ch trn hnh 10.8.
Bng 10.1 cc h s ca b lc khi phc
-0.034139 1.000000
-0.014686 -0.650127
-0.012220 0.007701
-0.014683 -0.650224
0.991926 0.474917
-0.655115 0.005353
-0.012214 0.007699
-0.655211 0.005351
0.468586 0.005273
211
Hnh 10.4 p ng bin ca b lc 2-D IIR c xp x bi hm khi phc
nh m.
Bi tp 10.2
1. "MARS.IMG" v "YOSSRA.IMG" l cc tn file tng ng ca cc nh trong
hnh 10.5 v 10.7. Thc hin qu trnh khi phc.
lm bi tp ny chng ta cn chy cc chng trnh sau theo th t:
a. KIRSH c c ng bin r nt ca nh.
b. DEBLUR tnh hm chuyn i gim m.
c. IMPULSE thu c p ng khng gian ca hm gim m.
d. IIRD thit k b lc IIR t p ng khng gian.
e. IIRDITER tng cng b lc c thit k (dng mt hoc hai bc lp).
Bn cn phi t vit chng trnh cho bn.
2. Lp li phn 1 dng cc b lc kiu FIR.
3. p dng lc trung bnh khi phc nh "YOSSRA.IMG".
4. p dng b lc thng k Wallis vi nh "YOSSRA.IMG".`
212
Hnh 10.5 nh sao ho b m do nh hng ca kh quyn.
Hnh 10.6 Khi phc nh hnh 10.5.
213
Hnh 10.7 nh m do ngoi tiu c.
Hnh 10.8 Khi phc nh hnh 10.7.
10.6 Khi phc li nh qua php x l vng
Cc php gn ng phn trn da trn c s coi rng tt c cc vt th
trn b mt u chu mt tc ng bng nhau ca cc vt m. iu ny s
ng nu ch c mt su nh trn nh hoc tt c cc vt th cng
chuyn ng theo mt hng. Mt iu chng ta bit rt r l mt vt th
chuyn ng gn camera s c nhiu vt m hn cc vt th xa camera.
Trong trng hp vt m chuyn ng, vt th chuyn ng chm hoc cng
tc nhng li gn camera s chu nhiu tc ng m hn vt th chuyn
214
ng nhanh hoc l cng tc nhng ra xa camera. iu ny dn chng ta
quay li vi cc gi thit ban u ca chng ta (coi PSF l bt bin khong
cch), dng mt OTF duy nht cho tt c cc trng hp c th khng chp nhn
c trong mt s trng hp. khc phc vn ny chng ta s xem xt gii
thut sau y :
1. Chia nh thnh cc min ch nht hoc l vung khng chng ln nhau.
2. Trong cc min ny cn o phm vi ca vt m
x
v
y
. Trong phn no
khng c ng bin, dng
x
v
y
ca min gn nht.
3. T phm vi ca vt m tnh cc hm khi phc cho tt c cc phn.
4. Thit k mt b lc cho mi phn xp x cc hm khi phc .
5. a ra nh khi phc dng b lc theo cc bc:
a. Min u tin trn cao bn tay tri c khi phc vi b lc c iu kin
ban u l zero.
b. Cc min cn li c khi phc vi cc b lc khi phc tng ng ca
chng; d th no i chng na; iu kin ban u cc b lc ph
thuc c ly t cc phn trc. Nhp vo phn trc cn ly t nhng min
cha c khi phc v xut ra phn trc ly t nhng min khi phc.
Ch l nh coi nh l c bao quanh bi zero, iu ny s t iu
kin ban u trn b lc dng trn cc khi cao nht v tri nht.
trnh hiu ng khi, v d nh s khc nhau ca qu nhiu ca cc gi tr
hm mc xm trung bnh gia cc khi gn nhau, hm khi phc vt m s c
dng
0 . 1
0 . 1
) , (

2 / ) (
2 2 2 2
+

+
y x
v u
Ke
v u H

(10.18)
y K chn trn gi tr ca th nghim v sai s lm gim tc ng khi.
Ch l trong thut ton trn cc phn trng nhau c th dng tc ng khi nh
nht.
gii quyt vn trn bn cn pht trin ba chng trnh. Chng trnh
u tin tnh phm vi vt m,
x
v
y
cho tt c cc phn ct. Chng trnh
th hai dng thng tin ny tnh h s hi phc cho tt c cc b lc (b lc IIR
c dng). Chng trnh th ba v l chng trnh cui cng s ly kt qu
ca chng trnh th hai khi phc li nh b m.
Bi tp 10.3
1. Vit mt chng trnh tnh phn tn vt m ca cc khi nh m c th
trng ln nhau (kch thc khi chn bi ngi dng), chia nh nh s. Nhp
vo ca chng trnh ny l mt nn ng bin nh. c mt khi
khng c ng bin, dng phm vi vt m ca cc min bn cnh .
2. Vit mt chng trnh dng cc phm vi ca tt c cc khi tnh cc h s
b lc cho c hai kiu b lc FIR v IIR, da trn yu cu ca ngi s dng.
Gi tr K ca biu thc 10.8 cng c ngi s dng la chn.
3. Vit mt chng trnh dng cc b lc thit k trong phn 1 loi b cc
vt m. Gi tr nhp vo cn cho cc khi ti trn cao v bn tri ngoi ra
ca tt c cc khi c cho ring tng khi ly t pha trn v bn tri khi
nm xung quanh c x l .

kim tra gii thut trn ta dng nh " PARTY.IMG" cho hnh 10.9. Vt m
ca nh c nguyn nhn l do s chuyn ng khc hng ca cp ny cng vi
vt m do nm ngoi tiu c gy ra. Dng nh thu c khi p dng cc bc khi
phc phn 10.5 cho chng ta mt nh c cht lng tt hn. Hnh 10.10 l nh
thu c khi dng lc FIR 5 5 trn ton b nh thit k dng ca s Blackmann
215
v hm khi phc vt m dng cc gi thit v iu kin ban u cho phn
ny.
10.7 Khi phc dng nh ng dng
Phng php ny rt hiu qu khi khi phc nh b sai tiu c. Ch l nu
F(u,v) v G(u,v) l bin i Fourier ca nh m v nh khng m th
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( v u N v u F v u H v u G + (10.19)
Hnh 10.9 "PARTY.IMG" minh ho nh m do chuyn ng v ngoi tiu c.
216
Hnh 10.10 Khi phc nh "PARTY.IMG".
Nu F(u,v) c bit, th OTF, H(u,v) c th tnh c. Tuy nhin, tt c d
liu m chng ta c l G(u,v), v v th chng ta c hai chn la: hoc l loi
tr H(u,v) t G(u,v) nh cch chng ta lm phn trn hoc d on F(u,v) v
t biu thc (10.20) rt ra mt nh gi cho H(u,v). Nu bin i Fourier ca
mt nh khng m dng nh gi F(u,v) th H(u,v) c th nh gi c.
Mt k thut khi phc nh rt hiu qu pht trin bi Stockham, Cole, v
Cannon c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
1. Chia nh m thnh cc nh nh c th chng ln nhau.
2. Vi cc nh nh chng ta c:
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( v u F v u H v u G
i i
(10.21)
y ch s i l ch nh con th i. Ch l nu trong min Fourier cc
hm l phc. V vy,
) , (
) , (
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
) , (
v u j
i
v u j
j
i
i
F
H
v u
i
G
e v u F e v u H e v u G

(10.22)
3. Rt ra nh gi ca |H(u,v)| theo:
| ) , ( || ) , ( | | ) , ( | v u F v u H v u G
i i

hoc | ) , ( | ln | ) , ( | ln | ) , ( | ln v u F v u H v u G
i i
+
trung bnh trn N nh con



+
N
i
i
N
i
i
v u F
N
v u H v u G
N
1 1
| ) , ( | ln
1
| ) , ( | ln | ) , ( | ln
1
(10.23)
D thy F
i
(u,v) c th thay bng mt nh cng dng (mt nh trong cng
tiu c) nh l mt nh gi:
| ) , ( | | ) , ( | v u P v u F
i i

y P
i
k hiu cho nh con ng dng.



N
i
i
N
i
i
v u P
N
v u G
N
v u H
1 1
| ) , ( | ln
1
| ) , ( | ln
1
| ) , ( ln( (10.24)
4. Gi s ) , ( v u
H
= 0.0 cho hu ht cc OTF, v bng cch dng biu thc
(10.20) v tnh cc OTF, khi phc nh.
Mt phng php tng t nh vo Knox. Knox c quan tm n vic lm r
nhng bc nh trong thin vn. Bi v nhng i tng xung quanh tri t c
knh thin vn chp qua kh quyn, s r rng ca nhng bc nh ny b gii
hn bi s chuyn ng ca kh quyn. Bin i Fourier ca nh s ho th i
bng ) , ( v u G
i
v OTF tng ng ca n l ) , ( v u H
i
chng ta c:
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( v u F v u H v u G
i i
(10.25)
y ) , ( v u F l bin i Fourier ca nh khng chia .
217
By gi chng ta quan tm n s tng quan t ng
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
*
* *
v v u u F v u F
v v u u H v u H v v u u G v u G
i i i i
+ +
+ + + +
(10.26)
y du vit trn "*" biu th lin hp phc. Trung bnh trn nhiu nh ta
c

[ ] [ ]
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , (
1
) , ( ) , (
1
*
1 1
* *
v v u u F v u F
v u H v u H
N
v v u u G v u G
N
N
i
N
i
i
i
i
+ +
+ +


(10.27)
Ly pha v biu th pha ca ) , ( v u F nh ) , ( v u
F
, ch rng pha ca ) , ( v u H
i
l khng ng k vi s chuyn ng ca kh quyn, chng ta c th vit:
1
1
]
1

+ + + +

) , ( ) , (
1
) , ( ) , (
1
*
N
i
i
i F F
v v u u G v u G
N
phase v v u u v u
(10.28)
Bng cch t 0 ) 0 , 0 (
F
, tt c cc pha c th c tnh tun hon v hn
t cng thc (10.28), y ch yu cu nhng thng tin thu c t nh m.
Bi v, nh chng ta c ch t trc, pha mang hu ht cc thng tin (xem
chng 7) v nh, nh c th c khi phc t
) , (
) , ( ) , (
v u
F
e v u G v u F

(10.29)
Phng php xen k c a ra bi Morton v Andrews, phng php ny khng
b hn ch khi phc nh m do chuyn ng ca kh quyn, m cng c
th c s dng cho nhng dng nh m khc ni trc y. Chia nh m
thnh nhng nh nh, chng c th ph chng ln nhau, v dng i ch mc
cho nhng nh nh ny,
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( v u F v u H v u G
i i
(10.30)
to ln tch s
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
*
* *
v v u u F v u F
v v u u H v u H v v u u G v u G
i
i
i
i
+ +
+ + + +
(10.31)
Phng php hng n vic c lng H(u,v) bng cch trung bnh trn cc nh
nh. l:

+ +
+ + + +
N
i
i
i
N
i
i
i
v v u u F v u F
N
v v u u H v u H v v u u G v u G
N
0
*
1
* *
) , ( ) , (
1
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
1
(10.32)
218
hoc

+ +
+ +
+ +
N
i
i
i
N
i
i
i
v v u u F v u F
N
v u H
v v u u G v u G
N
v v u u H
1
*
1
*
*
) , ( ) , (
1
) , (
) , ( ) , (
1
) , ( (10.33)
Nu

+ +
N
i
i i
v v u u F v u F
N
1
*
) , ( ) , (
1
c th c c lng, nh nguyn mu c th
c s dng cho iu ny, v chng ta c mt s lm m i nh nht, v d vi
H(0,0) = 1, iu c ngha l lng di g(x,y) bng vi lng di f(x,y); H(u,v) c
th c tnh tun hon v hn t cng thc (10.33). Ch rng cng thc
(10.33) tnh ng thi c bin v pha ca H(u,v). Tuy nhin, qua kim
nghim cho thy n nh rt t. Mt phng php cng c pht trin bi
Morton v Andrews xem bin v pha c lp. u tin, dng phng php
Cannon tnh bin :
2 2 2
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( v u F v u H v u G
i i

(10.34)
Sau tnh tng, chng ta c

N
i
i
N
i
i
v u F
N
v u G
N
v u H
1
2
1
2
2
) , (
1
) , (
1
) , ( (10.35)
By gi xem xt n pha ca OTF, chng ta c

) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
v v u u v u
v v u u v u v v u u v u
i i
i i
F F
H H G G
+ + +
+ + + +


(10.36)
Nu cng thc (10.36) c trung bnh vi i, th

av
v u F F
av
v u G G H v u H
v u v u
v u v u v u v u
i i
i i
) , ( ) , (
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
+ +
+ + + +


(10.37)
Ch rng
H
(0,0) = 0 v biu thc cui cng trong cng thc (10.37), biu
thc mu s trong cng thc (10.35) c th c c lng t nh nguyn gc.
Morton v Andrews chng minh rng bt k nh no c bin t tng quan
c nh ngha bi
) , 1 ( ) , (
*
v u F v u F + (10.38)
iu ging nh bin t tng quan ca nh m c th c tn dng nh
mt nh nguyn mu. Mt im khc cn phi ni n l v H(u,v) c tnh
t nh nh thu c t c nh nguyn mu v nh m, n s c s mu t hn
nh m. Nu s khi phc c thc hin trc tip qua vic chia tn s, ngha
l G(u,v) bng H(u,v), th mt dng ca ni suy tuyn tnh cn c p dng trn
mu ca H(u,v) chuyn nhng s ca chng thnh nhng s ca mu trn nh
m. Bt k dng ni suy no c th c tn dng; v d, nhng dng c s
dng trong "blowing up" mt nh c cho v miu t trong chng 7, phn 7.5.2
s l quy tc thu ht ng dng ny.
219
Bin v pha ca OTF c xc nh r, nh c th c lu tr qua hoc l
lc nghch o hoc qua ng dng ca b lc bnh phng cc tiu (Wiener).
B lc Wiener thu c xut pht t hm chuyn i m s cc tiu theo hng
bnh phng cc tiu s khc nhau gia nh c lu tr, f(x,y), v nh nu
khng c nhiu v l tng v tiu c. Ta c th nhn thy chi tit v kt qu
ca b lc Wiener, v d, trong phn tham kho 1. Vic lu tr s dng b lc
Wiener c th c thc hin nh sau:
v) v)R(u, G(u, v) F(u, (10.39)
y R(u,v) c cho bi
) v , u ( ) v , u ( ) v , u ( H
) v , u ( ) v , u ( * H
) v , u ( R
n f
2
f

(10.40)
trong
f
(u,v) l mt nng lng quang ph ca nh nguyn mu v
n
(u,v)
l mt nng lng quang ph ca nhiu. Mt nng lng quang ph hay
nng lng quang ph l bin i Fourier ca tn hiu t tng quan. Ta c th
vit
2
n
2
f
) v , u ( N ) v , u (
) v , u ( F ) v , u (

Mt nng lng quang ph ca nh m c th c biu din nh sau

) v , u ( ) v , u ( ) v , u ( H ) v , u (
n f
2
g
+
(10.41)
V th cng thc (10.40) c th vit:
) v , u (
) v , u ( ) v , u ( H
) v , u ( R
g
f
*

(10.42)
Cng thc (10.42) v (10.39) c th c tn dng lu tr nh m.
Bi tp 10.4
1. Tnh v v s log ca bin t tng quan ca hai nh: "PARTY.IMG"
v "YOSSRA.IMG".
2. Tm nh nguyn mu m log bin t tng quan phn phi xp x t-
ng t nh nh m.
3. Dng mt nh nguyn mu c lng OTF, v thc hin vic lu tr qua lc
Wiener.
220