Kishori Sharan Mathur Research Scholar, Shri JJT University, Jhunjhunu 333001, Rajasthan, India kishorimathur@hotmail.

com

Limitations in Fibers
Attenuation - Absorption, Scattering Dispersion - Modal, Chromatic, PMD Nonlinear effects - SPM, XPM, FWM, SBS, SRS
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Transmission Effects
Attenuation:
Reduces power level with distance

Dispersion and nonlinear effects:

Erodes clarity with distance and speed

Noise and Jitter:

Leading to a blurred image
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Fiber Fundamentals
Attenuation Dispersion Nonlinearity Distortion It May Be a Digital Signal, but Its Analog Transmission

Transmitted Data Waveform

Waveform After 1000 Km

THE DIGITAL SIGNAL IS CARRIED USING ANALOG CARRIER SIGNAL (LASER OR LED) AND THE TRANSMISSION MEDIA IS NOT IDEAL THE DATA CARRIED OVER OPTICAL SIGNAL IS MOSTLY DIGITAL AND HIGH SPEED
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z=0 Attenuation

z=L

z=0 Dispersion

z=L

DISPERSION

PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF DISPERSION

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Chromatic Dispersion

Polarization Mode Dispersion

Dispersion is the spreading of light pulses as they travel down optical fiber; dispersion results in distortion of the signal, which limits the bandwidth of the fiber Two general types of dispersion affect DWDM systems; Chromatic dispersion (CD) and polarization mode dispersion (PMD)
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DISPERSION HIERARCHY
TOTAL DISPERSION (ps/ nm -km)

MULTIMODE DISPERSION (INTER MODAL)

CHROMATIC DISPERSION (INTRA MODAL)

WAVE GUIDE DISPERSION

MATERIAL DISPERSION

POLARIZATION MODE DISPERSION(PMD)

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DISPERSION(PULSE DISTORTION)
Limits the information carrying capacity of a fiber Measure of bandwidth,limits transmitted data rate and distance of optical pulse Pulse broadening of an optical pulse resulting in intersymbol interference at receiver end Types- Inter modal and Intra modal Inter modal Different modes travel at different rates Intra modal Pulse spread within a single mode Types-Material and wave guide dispersion Material dispersion Pulse spread caused by variation of refractive index of the fiber core material as a function of wave length Pulse spread due to finite spectral emission width of an optical source Wavelength dependent and increases with increase in spectral width of the source Wave guide dispersion SMF confines only 80% of optical energy.20% of optical power propagating in the cladding travels faster than light confined to the core resulting in pulse spread
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Chromatic Dispersion
Different wavelengths travel at different speeds Causes spreading of the light pulse

Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

Single-mode fiber supports two polarization states Fast and slow axes have different group velocities Causes spreading of the light pulse
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WHY IS DESPERSION IS A PROBLEM

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 When dispersion is too large, pulses interfere with each DISPERSION other. WHEN IS TOO LARGE PULSES
INTEREFERE WITH EACH OTHER

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DISPERSION - CONSEQUENCES

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DISPERSION AND BIT RATE

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BER is a key objective of the optical system design Goal is to get from Tx to Rx with a BER < BER threshold of the Rx BER thresholds are on data sheets Typical minimum acceptable rate is 10 -12
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BIT ERROR RATIO

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MODAL DISPERSION

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MODAL DISPERSION

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INTERMODAL DISPERSION IN MULTI MODE FIBERS

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CHROMATIC DISPERSION

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LIMITATIONS FROM CHROMATIC DISPERSION

DISPERSION CAUSES PULSE DISTORTION, PULSE "SMEARING" EFFECTS HIGHER BIT-RATES AND SHORTER PULSES ARE LESS ROBUST TO CHROMATIC DISPERSION LIMITS "HOW FAST AND HOW FAR
10 Gbps
60 Km SMF-28
t

40 Gbps 4 Km SMF-28
t

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CHROMATIC DESPERSION
Chromatic dispersion
different wavelengths propagate at different Speeds Chromatic dispesion is measured in ps/nm/Km (picoseconds of dispersion per nanometer of signal bandwidth per kilometer of distance travelled.

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CHROMATIC DISPERSION

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CD CAN BE POSITIVE (SHORTER WAVELENGTHS THAT TRAVEL FASTER) OR NEGATIVE (LONGER WAVELENGTHS THAT TRAVEL FASTER). NEGATIVE DISPERSION IS FREQUENTLY USED TO COMPENSATE FOR EXCESSIVE POSITIVE DISPERSION IN A FIBER TRANSMISSION NETWORK.
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NORMAL DISPERSION IN GLASS DELAYS THE BLUE LIGHT MORE THAN THE RED LIGHT, WHILE IN ANOMALOUS DISPERSION THE RED LIGHT IS DELAYED MORE THAN THE BLUE. ANOMALOUS DISPERSION SOMETIMES OCCURS AT LONGER WAVELENGTHS, E.G. IN SILICA (THE BASIS OF MOST OPTICAL FIBERS) FOR WAVELENGTHS LONGER THAN THE ZERODISPERSION WAVELENGTH OF 1.3 um.
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Interference

Affects single channel and DWDM systems A pulse spreads as it travels down the fiber Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) leads to performance impairments Degradation depends on: laser used (spectral width) bit-rate (temporal pulse separation) Different SM types
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Chromatic dispersion (Intra modal)

1- Material dispersion

CHROMATIC DISPERSION (INTRA MODAL)

due to the dependence of refractive index to wavelength, n()

2- Waveguide dispersion

due to the different refractive indices of the core and cladding

long wavelengths: neff~ncladding short wavelengths: neff~ncore Different neff cause different velocity
Different neff cause different velocity

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Chromatic Dispersion 3
1

CHROMATIC DISPERSION (INTRA MODAL)

Output Pulses of Different Lengths of SMF

0 .7 5

Amplitude

0 .5

0 .2 5

2 00

1 50

1 00

50

50

1 00

1 50

2 00

2 50

3 00

T im e ( ps)

Original pulse SM F 80 km SM F 100 km SM F 160 km

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CHROMATIC DISPERSION (INTRA MODAL)

SUMMED SIGNAL

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Chromatic Dispersion 5
The Bit Rate-length Product
B2 L

CHROMATIC DISPERSION (INTRA MODAL)

c 2 4D 0

Repeater-less length of optical communication systems Bit rate 2.5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s SMF 1.3 m D ~ 1 ps/nm-km L = 6,993 km L = 437 km SMF 1.55 m D ~ 17 ps/nm-km L = 294 km L = 18 km DSF 1.55 m D ~ 1 ps/nm-km L = 4,995 km L = 312 km

Doubling the bit rate (B) would reduce the repeater-less length (L) of optical communication systems by a factor of 4.
CD is the main limiting factor for repeater-less length.
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MATERIAL DISPERSION

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REDUCING MATERIAL DISPERSION

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WAVEGUIDE DISPERSION

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TUNABLE DISPERSION COMPENSATION(TDC)

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FIBER BRAGG GRATING

EXPOSING A PHOTOSENSITIVE FIBER TO AN INTENSITY PATTERN OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION WILL PRODUCE OR WRITE A FIBER BRAGG GRATING. IN ITS BASIC FORM, THE GRATING SELECTIVELY REFLECTS LIGHT AT THE BRAGG WAVELENGTH (B) SUCH THAT B = 2N, WHERE N IS THE EFFECTIVE INDEX OF REFRACTION OF THE FIBER AND IS THE PITCH OF THE GRATING IN THE FIBER. DEPENDING ON THE GRATINGS APODIZATION PROFILE, INTENSITY AND PITCH, NUMEROUS TYPES OF FUNCTIONS CAN BE DEVISED. A FIBER BRAGG GRATING CONSISTS OF A PERIODIC MODULATION OF THE INDEX OF REFRACTION ALONG THE CORE OF AN OPTICAL FIBER. THE COMPLETE MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF COMPONENTS BASED ON FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS HAS FOUR STEPS: PREPARATION OF THE PHOTOSENSITIVE OPTICAL FIBER; RECORDING THE GRATING; THERMAL ANNEALING; AND PACKAGING. FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPONENTS, NUMERICAL SIMULATION TOOLS HELP OPTIMIZE THE DESIGN PRIOR TO THESE STEPS. ALL STEPS ARE PERFORMED IN A CLEANROOM ENVIRONMENT TO ENSURE LONG-TERM RELIABILITY AND IMPROVED MANUFACTURING YIELD.
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A FIBER BRAGG GRATING CONSISTS OF A PERIODIC MODULATION OF THE INDEX OF REFRACTION ALONG THE CORE OF AN OPTICAL FIBER.

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WAVEGUIDE DISPERSION

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DISPERSION EXAMPLE

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Distance (Km) =

Specification of Transponder (ps/nm) Coefficient of Dispersion of Fiber (ps/nm*km)

A laser signal with dispersion tolerance of 3400 ps/nm

is sent across a standard SMF fiber which has a Coefficient of Dispersion of 17 ps/nm*km. It will reach 200 Km at maximum bandwidth.

Note that lower speeds will travel farther.

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Dispersion Compensating Fiber:

By joining fibers with CD of opposite signs (polarity) and suitable lengths an average dispersion close to zero can be obtained; the compensating fiber can be several kilometers and the reel can be inserted at any point in the link, at the receiver or at the transmitter

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SOLUTION FOR CHROMATIC DISPERSION COMPENSATION

DISPERSION
Dispersion
DCU

SAW TOOTH COMPENSATION

Fiber spool

Fiber spool

DCU

Total dispersion averages to ~ zero

+D -D

Length
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Dispersion Compensation DISPERSION COMPENSATION

Total Dispersion Controlled
Cumulative Dispersion (ps/nm)
+100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500

No Compensation With Compensation

Distance from Transmitter (km) Dispersion Shifted Fiber Cable

Transmitter Dispersion Compensators

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DISPERSION COMPENSATION

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ELECTRONIC DISPERSION COMPENSATION(EDC)

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Fiber FIBERparameters PARAMETERS GRAPH : DISPERSION Dispersion

20 +NZ-DSF SMF -NZ-DSF DSF DFF 0

Dispersion / ps/nm-km -->

DF 10

-10

-20 1200

1300

1400

1310 nm S band

SF = standard fiber DFF = dispersion flattened fiber DSF = dispersion shifted fiber NZ-DSF=non zero dispersion 1500 1600 1700 shifted fiber wavelength / nm -->
C band L band

Dispersion minimum of standard fiber at 1310 nm

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Chromatic dispersion in single-mode fibers CHROMATIC DISPERSION IN SM FIBERS

Nonzero dispersion-shifted

Dispersion (ps/nm-km)

Standard single-mode
+10

Reduced dispersion slope

1300

1400

1500

1600

(wavelength-nm)

Nonzero dispersion-shifted
-10 Zero dispersion shifted

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WAVE PROPAGATION EXAMPLE

electric field PROPAGATION DIRECTION

magnetic field

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POINCARE SPHERE REPRESENTATION OF POLARIZATION

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PMD

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ITU-T RECOMMENDATION PMD SHOULD BE LESS THAN 0.1 TIMES THE BIT PERIOD
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PMD

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Ey nx Ex Pulse As It Enters the Fiber ny Spreaded Pulse As It Leaves the Fiber

The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels down the fiber; this is a much weaker phenomenon than chromatic dispersion and it is of little relevance at bit rates of 10Gb/s or less
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PMD

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Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)

- caused by asymmetry and stress in the fiber core that results in birefringence - An arbitrarily polarized pulse of light entering the fiber can be resolved into two components. These polarization modes will travel at different speeds through the fiber. It leads to pulse broadening - PMD is measured in ps/(Km1/2 )

PMD is important over 40 Gbps

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Caused by ovality of core due to:

Manufacturing process Internal stress (cabling) External stress (trucks)

Only discovered in the 90s Most older fiber not characterized for PMD
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CHANGES IN POLARIZATION

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PRINCIPLE OF PMD

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Factors contributing to PMD

Solutions for PMD

Bit Rate Fiber core symmetry Environmental factors Bends/stress in fiber Imperfections in fiber

Improved fibers Regeneration Follow manufacturers recommended installation techniques for the fiber cable
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CONTROLLING PMD BY MANUFACTURING PROCESS

A patented OFS technology creates a "spin" within the fiber during the draw process. This built-in spin reduces birefringence by mixing the light between the two polarizations, which enables the fiber to exhibit ultra low PMD. In this process, an oscillating sheave imparts spin to the fiber at the base of the draw tower. The spin then propagates upward to the neck-down region where the molten glass is spun first one way and then the other. As the glass cools, the spin is "locked in" to the fiber. The angle of the spin and the rate of oscillation can be varied to impart different end-use characteristics.
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EXAMPLE OF PMD

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