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System boundary
Fuel in
Air in
Exhaust
Qt
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Ir. TRI TJAHJONO, MT/INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
mechanical efficiency ηm .
η tb = η t x η m
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Ir. TRI TJAHJONO, MT/INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
cp
heat at constant volume. The ratio γ = = 1.4 will be designated by the symbol γ .
cV
c). From the perfect gas law, it can be seen that an isothermal process will follow the
relationship
pv = cons tan t
d). It is readily shown that for perfect gas the reversible adiabatic or isentropic process will
follow the relationship
pv γ = cons tan t
e). The definition of enthalpy h is given by the expression
h = u + pv u + pv
u
which for a perfect gas, becomes
h = u + RT
f). For a perfect gas internal energy u and enthalpy h are functions of temperature only
T2 T2
∆u = ∫ c v dT ∆h = ∫ c p dT
T1 T1
g). In a compression process, if p1, V1, and T1 represent the initial conditions p2, V2, and T2 the
final conditions are given by
n −1 ( n −1) / n
T2 V1 p
= = 2
T1 V2 p1
where n is the index of compression.
For reversible adiabatic or isentropic compression n = γ.
h). For isothermal process of a perfect gas, the change in u and h is zero. Therefore, for both
flow and non-flow process
v2
Q = Wisothermal = mRT log
v1
where Q is the heat interchange and W the work done
i). The work done in a non-flow polytrophic process is given by
p1 V1 − p 2 V2 mR ( T1 − T2 )
W= =
n −1 n −1
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Ir. TRI TJAHJONO, MT/INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Q rev = ∫ Tds = ∫ c n dT
where cn = specific heat of the fluid in which subscript n refers to the property which
remains constant during the process.
k). For any general process, according to the first law of thermodynamics,
for non-flow process Q − W = ∆U
and for flow process Q − W = ∆H
l). For any cycling process
ΣW = ΣQ = Q added − Q rejected = η t x Q added
Where the symbol Σ refers to over the cycle and η t is the thermal efficiency.
ΣW
∴η t =
Q added
THE CARNOT CYCLE
(Carnot is a French Engineer)
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Ir. TRI TJAHJONO, MT/INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
During the isentropic process bc and da the heat transfer form or to the working
substance is zero. Therefore, heat transfer takes place during isothermal process ab and cd
only.
Let r = ratio of expansion Vb/Va during process ab
= ratio of compression Vc/Vd during process cd
If the ratio of expansion and compression are not equal it would be a closed cycle.
Now, consider 1 kg of working substance:
Heat supplied during process ab, q c − p a v a log e r = RT1 log e r
T1 − T2 T
= = 1− 2
T1 T1
ΔT
=
Higher temperatur
Carnot cycle on T-s diagram.
On T-s diagram the two isothermal processes ab and cd are represented by horizontal lines
and two isentropic processes bc and ad by vertical lines.
The heat supplied during the isothermal process ab is given by
q 1 = area a b s1 s 2 = T1 (s 2 − s1 )
Similarly, the heat rejected during the isothermal process cd is given by
q 2 = area c d s1 s 2 = T2 (s 2 − s1 )
Hence we have thermal efficiency of Carnot cycle
T1 ( s 2 −s1 ) − T2 ( s 2 − s1 )
η carnot =
T1 ( s 2 − s1 )
T1 − T2 T
= = 1− 2
T1 T1
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Ir. TRI TJAHJONO, MT/INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
∴ Work ratio =
( T1 − T2 )( s 2 − s1 )
T1 ( s 2 − s1 ) + c v ( T1 − T2 )
Relative work outputs of various piston engine cycles is given by mean effective
pressure (mep or pm), which is defined as the constant pressure producing the same net work
output whilst causing the piston to move through the same swept volume as in the actual cycle
W ∫ pdV
= =
Vs Vs
area of the indicator diagram
Also, p m =
length of the diagram
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