First Web Program - Client Side: Ye Wu SWE 642 Software Engineering For The World Wide Web

First Web Program Client Side Introduction to Java Servlets
Ye Wu http://www.ise.gmu.edu/~wuye/ SWE 642 Software Engineering for the World Wide Web
sources: Java for the Web with Servlets, JSP and EJB, Kurniawan, New Riders Building Web Applications with UML, Conallen, Addison-Wesley Professional Java Server Programming, Patzer, Wrox
<HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> WELCOME</TITLE> <HEAD> <BODY> <FORM ACTION=http://hermes.gmu.edu:8080/swe64201/servlet/Hello METHOD = POST> <P> NAME: <INPUT TYPE=TEXT SIZE=40 NAME=name></P> <P> <INPUT TYPE=SUBMIT VALUE=SUBMIT></P> </FORM> <BODY> </HTML>
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First Web Program Server Side (1)

import javax.servlet.*; import javax.servlet.http.*; import java.io.*; public class Hello extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException { String name = req.getParameter("name"); } res.setContentType("text/html");
First Web Program Server Side (2)

PrintWriter out = res.getWriter(); out.println("<HMTL>"); out.println("<body>"); out.println("<p> Hello " + name + "</p>"); out.println("</body>"); out.println("</html>"); out.close(); }
GET and POST Requests

A GET request is generated when the URL is entered directly
doGet () is called
GET and POST Requests (2)

Book says:
Use GET to retrieve data Use POST to change "state" on server (update file or DB) Use POST when there are a lot of data items
An HTML form can generate either a GET or a POST request

" Method=POST" or " Method=GET"
GET requests put form data on the URL as parameters

http://www /RunForm?NAME=Ye&TITLE=prof
My usual strategy:
Use POST when sending data to server Use GET when no data is sent
GET parameters are limited to 1024 bytes POST requests put form data in body of request
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Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt
GET and POST Requests (3)

If my servlet is primarily based on processing data and I use POST, I will implement a simple doGet() method as a filler:
... <BODY> <CENTER>A Title </CENTER> <HR> <P> You should run this from <A Href="http:// .html"> http:// .html</A> </BODY>
Deploy Web Applications

Context http://hermes.gmu.edu:8080/swe64201/servlet/Hello Context $CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml <Context path="/swe64201" docBase=classes/swe64201" crossContext="true" debug="8" reloadable="true" > </Context>
Deploy Web Applications

Location of the Application
http://hermes.gmu.edu:8080/swe64201/servlet/Hello $CATALINA_HOME/webapps/classes/swe64201 Where to find? WEB-INF classes web.xml
Deployment Descriptor <servlet> <servlet-name>myservlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class>MyServletExample</servlet-class> </servlet>
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Web Container
Web Container request
? ?
HTML files Server programs
HTML result
Efficient Powerful Portable

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Servlets
Servlets are small Java classes that perform a service Servlet container or engine
connects to network catches requests produces responses requests are handled by objects
Servlet Container (or Engine)

Servlet container is a plug-in for handling Java servlets A servlet container has five jobs:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Creates servlet instance Calls init() Calls service() whenever a request is made Calls destroy() before killing servlet Destroys instance
Programmers use a servlet API
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Servlet Container (2)

When a request comes to a servlet, the servlet container does one of two things:
1. If there is no active object for the servlet, the container instantiates a new object of that class, and the object handles the request If there is an active object, the container creates a Java thread to handle the request

A servlet instance runs until the container decides to destroy it: When it gets destroyed is not specified by the servlet rules Most servlet containers destroy the object N minutes after the last request N is usually 15 or 30, and can be set by the system administrator
2.
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What if the same servlet gets multiple requests? More than one execution thread may be running at the same time, using the same memory

By default, there is only one instance of a servlet class per servlet definition in the servlet container Distributable: If the application is distributable, there is one instance of a servlet class per virtual machine (typically, each VM is on a different computer in the cluster)
Client 1 Client 2
Server container servlet thread 1 servlet thread 2 Risky
Shared memory space
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Allowing Concurrency (SingleThreadModel)

Container may send multiple service requests to a single instance, using Java threads
Simply put, threads are Java's concurrency mechanism
SingleThreadModel (2)
The SingleThreadModel ensures that only one thread may execute the service() method at a time Containers may implement this in two ways:
1. Instance Pooling: A "pool" of several servlet instances are available that do not share memory 2. Request Serialization: Only one request is handled at a time 3. Combination: A pool is used, and if there more requests than servlets in the pool, they are serialized
Thus, your service methods (doGet, doPost, etc.) should be thread-safe

Loosely speaking, "thread-safe" means that if two or more requests are operating at the same time, they will not interfere with each other.
If the service methods are not thread-safe, use the

SingleThreadModel
This is resource intensive and can be slow Better to synchronize only the statements that might interfere with each other
Servlet Lifecycle
UML State Diagram
Does not exist
instantiation based on a request or at container startup
Common Servlet Containers

Instantiated
Web container in a J2EE application server

BEAs WebLogic, IBM WebSphere
initialization
release reference
Unavailable
initiation failed back to service in case of temporary unavailability (optional)
Web container built into web server

Initialized and/or ready for requests
HTTP requests end of service from clients thread
Tomcat (installed on hermes)
Web container in a separate runtime

JRun
temporary or permanent failure
Destroyed
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timeout or a container shutdown

Service
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Servlet API
javax.servlet primarily containers javax.servlet.http methods to service requests GenericServlet HttpServlet MyServlet
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Generic Servlet & HTTP Servlet

Servlets have five principal methods:
1. 2. 3. 4. init() called when servlet starts service() called to process requests destroy() called before servlet process ends getServletConfig() servlet can access information about servlet container 5. getServletInfo() servlet container can access info about servlet
Abstract class (not all methods are implemented) All methods are implemented Servlet written by a programmer
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Generic Servlet & HTTP Servlet (2)

These methods are defined by the library classes GenericServlet and HttpServlet We write servlets by extending (inheriting from) them GenericServlet does not implement service() (it is abstract) HttpServlet extends GenericServlet with:
service (HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException
1) Init ( )
Read configuration data Read initialization parameters (javax.servlet.ServletConfig) Initialize services:
Database driver Connection pool Logging service
Seldom used in simple applications
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2) Service ( )
The entry point for the servlet this is the method that is called from the servlet container Called after the initialization (Init ()) Primary purpose is to decide what type of request is coming in and then call the appropriate method
doGet () doPost ()
Types of HTTP Requests

doGet () doPost () doHead () doOptions () doDelete () doPut () doTrace()
GET POST HEAD OPTIONS DELETE PUT TRACE
same signatures as service()
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Types of HTTP Requests (2)

HttpServlet implements these methods as "stubs" that print error messages
doGet () { print ("Error, doGet() not implemented");}
3) Destroy ( )
Called by container when the servlet instance is killed The threads from the service() method are given time to terminate before destroy() is called Can be used for clean up tasks:
Un-registering a database driver Closing a connection pool Informing another application the servlet is stopping Saving state from the servlet
Implement services by overriding these methods (most commonly doGet() and doPost())
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4) getServletConfig ( )
Returns a ServletConfig object, which stores information about the servlet's configuration The ServletConfig object was passed into init()
5) getServletInfo ( )
Returns a String object that stores information about the servlet:
Author Creation date Description Usage
This string should be formatted for human readability
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Servlet Parameters -- requests

Parameters are conveniently stored in objects
String req.getParameter (String KEY) Returns value of field with the name = KEY String[ ] req.getParameterValues (String KEY) Returns all values of KEY (eg, checkboxes) Enumeration req.getParameterNames () Returns an Enumeration object with a list of all parameter names GetParameterValues.java
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Servlet Output -- responses

Standard output is sent directly back to the client browser
res.setContentType (String type) "text/html" is an HTML page PrintWriter res.getWriter() Use print() and println() to write HTML to browser
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Connection
Remotely login into hermes
Connect hermes from osf1
ssh l your_hermes_id hermes
Installation
1. ClASSPATH
Add $CATALINA_HOME/common/lib/servlet-api.jar into your CLASSPATH
Connect hermes from you own PC

Use ssh client software from ssh.com
2. Deploy your servlet

cp AAA.class $CATALINA_HOME/webapps/classes/swe64201/WEBINF/classes/
Upload files to Hermes

Use ssh client software from ssh.com Or Use sftp from osf1
ln -s $CATALINA_HOME/webapps/classes/swe64201 swe642 cp AAA.class swe642/WEB-INF/classes

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Software Packages
Ant 1.6 (http://ant.apache.org)
Set /home/faculty/wuye/apache-ant as ANT_HOME Add $ANT_HOME/bin/ into your PATH Add $ANT_HOME/lib/ant.jar into your CLASSPATH
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First Web Program - Client Side: Ye Wu SWE 642 Software Engineering For The World Wide Web

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First Web Program Client Side Introduction to Java Servlets

First Web Program Server Side (1)

First Web Program Server Side (2)

GET and POST Requests

GET and POST Requests (2)

An HTML form can generate either a GET or a POST request

GET requests put form data on the URL as parameters

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

GET and POST Requests (3)

Deploy Web Applications

Deploy Web Applications

HTML files Server programs

Efficient Powerful Portable

Servlet Container (or Engine)

Programmers use a servlet API

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Servlet Container (2)

Servlet Container (3)

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Servlet Container (4)

Servlet Container (5)

Server container servlet thread 1 servlet thread 2 Risky

Shared memory space

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Allowing Concurrency (SingleThreadModel)

Thus, your service methods (doGet, doPost, etc.) should be thread-safe

If the service methods are not thread-safe, use the

Common Servlet Containers

Web container in a J2EE application server

initiation failed back to service in case of temporary unavailability (optional)

Web container built into web server

Tomcat (installed on hermes)

Web container in a separate runtime

temporary or permanent failure

timeout or a container shutdown

Generic Servlet & HTTP Servlet

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Generic Servlet & HTTP Servlet (2)

Seldom used in simple applications

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Types of HTTP Requests

GET POST HEAD OPTIONS DELETE PUT TRACE

same signatures as service()

Types of HTTP Requests (2)

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

This string should be formatted for human readability

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Servlet Parameters -- requests

Servlet Output -- responses

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Connect hermes from you own PC

2. Deploy your servlet

Upload files to Hermes

ln -s $CATALINA_HOME/webapps/classes/swe64201 swe642 cp AAA.class swe642/WEB-INF/classes

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt

Dr. Wu and Dr. Offutt