United Arab Emirates University College of Engineering

Urea Production Plant Design

Graduation Project I Course

Graduation Project Code: XXXX(e.g. CEM1-1)

Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the B.Sc. Degree in Chemical Engineering By

Student 1 Name Student 2 Name Student 3 Name Student 1 ID Student 2 ID Student 3 ID

Project Advisor(s): Name of Advisor Examination Committee:

Examiner 1 Name Examiner 2 Name Examiner 3 Name

Second Semester 2009/2010

UAE University College of Engineering Industrial Training and Graduation Projects Unit

Contribution of Team Members*

Project Title----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Semester / Academic Year----------------------------------Date -----------------

Student #1 Tasks 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Student #2

Student #3

Student #4

Student #5

Student signature

Example

20%

30%

10%

40%

* The total percentage for each task should be 100. Project Advisor Name and Signature: _______________________________________________________________

Acknowledgments (Example [1])

We would like to express our deepest gratitude and appreciation to our project advisor Dr. Eesa Bastaki for his guidance, continuous encouragement and support to complete this work. Also, we would like to thank Dr. Mohamed AbdulHafez, Dr. Khalifa Harib and Dr. Mohammed Younis Selim for serving as members of our final examination committee. Our thanks go also to the Training and

Graduation Projects Unit, represented by the administration staff and our project coordinator Dr. Mohamed Shakeel for his helpful comments, guidance and suggestions. Finally, we wish to express our appreciation to our family members for their unlimited help and support during our study.

Executive Summary

Executive Summary is a summary of the project presented by the student. It, briefly, explains the objective of the project and its results. This sample document is a complete example of the way and method of writing graduation projects. (300 words maximum). The entire report, excluding appendices, should not exceed 60 pages. All material used from other sources must be included in the References section and all sources should be cross-referenced in the main text. A text that is an exact copy of information taken from another source should be enclosed in a pair of double quotes. Regardless of whether a text is an exact copy or not, you must cross-reference the source at the end of the paragraph that includes the text. Page 2 of this document contains an example of cross-referencing [1].

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARY MATERIAL Cover Page

Contribution of Team Members Acknowledgements Executive Summary Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Nomenclature

The following chapter titles and subheadings are provided as a template which you should base your report on. Where relevant, you should stick to the same format and wording below. Some flexibility will be accepted as long as the project report requires this modification to better communicate your work. However, similar content will be expected and the grading rubric will remain unchanged*. Please make sure you read the files "GP contents guidelines.doc"[2] and "GP report format.doc"[3]

1. INTRODUCTION Should include: Problem Statement and Purpose

Project and Design Objectives Intended Outcomes and Deliverables Summary of Design Process used (NOT required for CHME & PETE) Summary of Report Structure

2. BACKGROUND LITERATURE AND MARKET SURVEY

Should include (for CEE, MAY include) Relevant Literature Search

Target Market and their needs (NOT required for CHME & PETE) Prioritized Needs / Requirements Potential Ethical and/or Environmental Issues

*prepared by: Dr. Tamer Shaheen and modified/revised by ADHOC committee represented by members from all departments.

Intended application to UAE (Required for CHME & PETE ONLY)

3. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN (for AE, CE, EE & ME ONLY)

Should include (for CEE, May include): Problem Review Design Specifications Generation of Conceptual Alternatives Selected Alternatives and Reasoning Formal Decision-Making Process and Final Concept Selection Discussion and Perceived problems

3. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN (for PETE ONLY) Should include: Problem Review Possible alternatives and their advantages/disadvantages Generation of Conceptual Alternatives Selected Alternatives and Reasoning Formal Decision Making Process Discussion and Perceived problems

3. PROCESS SELECTION (for CHME ONLY) Should include: Problem Review Possible alternatives and their advantages/disadvantages Process selection Flowsheet preparation Required information from literature Discussion and Perceived problems

4. PRELIMINARY DESIGN
Area-Specific Preliminary Design. Chapter should include the following where relevant:

Schematics and flow sheets defining the preliminary design and its relationships Mass, momentum, force, energy, species, particle, current, etc. balances (Relevant Standards. e.g. ASTM, IEEE, etc) Other relevant engineering application(s) required for the preliminary design Safety Considerations (NOT required for CHME & PETE) Use of software packages for design (Required for CHME & PETE ONLY)

5. ECONOMICAL, ETHIC, AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES (for AE, CE, EE & ME ONLY) Preliminary Cost Estimation and Justification
Relevant Codes of Ethics and Moral Frameworks Relevant Environmental Considerations

Relevance to UAE and Region (Social, Cultural, and Political) Other Issues and Constraints (where relevant) Ethical Dilemmas and Justification of Proposed Solution

5. SAFETY, ECONOMICAL, ETHIC, AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES (for CHME ONLY) Relevant Codes of Ethics and Moral Frameworks Ethical Dilemmas and Justification of Proposed Solution Relevant Environmental Considerations Safety and HAZOP Considerations

5. SAFETY, ECONOMICAL, ETHIC, AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES (for PETE ONLY) Relevant Codes of Ethics and Moral Frameworks Relevant Environmental Considerations Safety and Economical Considerations

6. PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Tasks and Schedule Problems faced and solutions Resources Each Students Responsibilities

7. CONCLUSION AND PLAN FOR GP2 Restatement of Purpose of Report and Objectives Restatement of Proposed Deliverables Summary of how each O bjective and Deliverable has been met Summary of Final Design Solution New skills learnt Plan for GP2

REFERENCES [1] Dr. Eesa Bastaki & Dr. Abdulla Al-Amiri, "GP_Final Report Kit" V2.0. 2003 [2] Dr. Nabil Bastaki, "GP Content Guidelines" V1.1 Feb. 2010. [3] Eng. Hanan Al-Harmoudi, "GP Report Format.doc" V1.0 March 2010.

APPENDICES

List of Tables (Example [1])

Table
Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 1.3 Table 1.4 Shampoo chemical analysis Water samples analysis of EMARAT petrol filling station Water samples analysis of EPPCO petrol filling station Summary of water samples results.

Page
5 9 2 24

List of Figures (Example [1])

Figure
Fig. 2.1 Fig. 2.2 Fig. 2.3 Fig. 3.1 Schematic drawing of water recycling system for a car wash Used Water Recycling System for a car wash at EMARAT Suspended solids removal versus overflow rate Sedimentation tank dimensions

Page
12 17 40 45

10

Nomenclature (Example [1])

fluid dynamic viscosity, m2/s height from datum to liquid overflow, m dimensionless cost constant purchased equipment cost, $

11

1. INTRODUCTION
Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula CO(NH2)2, also known as carbamide. Urea is essentially the waste produced when the body metabolizes protein. It is not only produced by humans, but also by many other mammals, as well as amphibians and some fish. history

Urea widely used in the agriculture sector both as a fertilizer and animal feed additive. Fertilizer is generally defined as "material that is added to the soil to supply one or more elements required for plant growth and productiveness as well as animal feed additive"[1]. The main role of fertilizers is supply the essential nutrients required for the plant growth.

On the world basis , urea is the most popular solid nitrogen fertilizer because of its high nitrogen concentration , equal to 46 % which is highest concentration dry nitrogen fertilizer available and for it's favorable production cost[2]. It is used in solid fertilizer, liquid fertilizer, formaldehyde resins and adhesives.

Urea is the major fertilizer traded internationally. In the dry fertilizer category, urea has captured more than 65% of world trade and it use grow rapidly more than other materials .

In 2000, a total of 55 countries produced 107.4 M.t. of urea . Most of the biggest producers are located in the highly populous rice growing areas in Asia or where natural gas is readily available. For the last decade, the greatest growth took place in China in which nearly 20 M.t, while the rest of Asia produced about 11 M.t . The Middle East region together with Latin America are planning to accelerate their production over the next 5 years while West Europe is the only region that is cutting back on capacities [3].

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer.
[2] http://www.ehow.com/about_5380766_urea-fertilizer.html [3] Global Supply and Demand for Urea, K.G. Soh, Industry Association , Paris 12 International Fertilizer

In Table() shows the urea production capacities at different companies . Company Name SAFCO(Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Company ) QAFCO (Qatar Fertilizer Company ) (OMIFCO) Oman India Fertilizer Company SAOC (FERTIL) Snamprogetti Technology Technology Used Annual production capacity Over 2.6 million ton of urea 3 Million tons of urea 9 Million tons of urea 8.4 Million tons of urea

SAFCO(Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Company,) is one of the largest producer of urea in the world. Our annual production capacity is over 2.6 million ton of urea. Around 13% of total urea production is consumed in the local market and remaining 87% is exported to the International market QAFCO (Qatar Fertilizer Company) operates 4 trains of Anhydrous ammonia as liquid and 4 trains of urea , with a total production capacity of 2.2 million \ NOT DONE

13

1.2 PROPERTIES OF UREA

1.2.1 Physical properties
Urea appears to be a light brown or light yellow, odorless and hygroscopic solid. It is noncorrosive. The smell of urea is almost non-existent [4].

1.2.2 Chemical properties

Some of Chemical properties of Urea that are interest for fertilizer use are shown in Table 2 [5] :

Table 2: Chemical Properties of urea Molecular weight Nitrogen content,% Specific gravity Melting poi.nt ,c Flash Point ,c 60.06 46.6 1.335 132.7 72.7 22.6 (3)

14

Solubility in water parts per 100 parts of water by weight at 0 20 40 60 80 100 Critical relative humidity at 20 30 Specific heat 20 C, cal/g C 81% 73% 0.320 0.320 66.7 108.0 167.0 251.0 400.0 733.0

Heat of Solution in water (endothermic ) -57.8 cal/g PH 7.2 (10 % aqueous solution )

The specific heat capacity of urea at different temperate is shown in Table (3)[5].

Table 3: Specific heat capacity of urea Temperature, 0 50 100 150 Specific heat, kj/kg 1.398 1.66 1.89 2.11

1.2.3 Stability and reactivity

15

Urea is stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage. When urea reacts with calcium hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite it form the explosive nitrogen trichloride. Urea is incompatible with several compounds such as sodium nitrite, gallium perchlorate, strong oxidizing agents (permanganate, dichromate, nitrate, chlorine), phosphorus pentachloride, nitrosyl perchlorate, titanium tetrachloride and chromyl chloride [6] .

[5] http://www.epa.gov/iris/toxreviews/1022tr.pdf [6] http://www.hvchemical.com/msds/urea.htm

16