THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Composed of organs grouped together for 1 common function to produce or multiply species of the same

me kind. The purpose is to ensure the survival of the species Functions of reproductive system: 1. to produce egg and sperm cells (gametes) 2. to transport and sustain these cells 3. to nurture a developing offspring 4. to produce sex hormones Gametes are the basic units of sexual reproduction I. Male Reproductive System A. Functions: 1. Spermatogenesis process of sperm formation 2. Production of sex hormone testosterone A. controls the development, growth, and maintenance of sex organs B. causes the development of secondary sex characteristics C. stimulates the descent of the testes prior to birth 3. Performance of male sexual act A. erection B. lubrication C. emission and ejaculation B. Components: - grouped into 3 categories based on function 1. Primary sex organ the gonads (testes) 2. Secondary sex organs essential for the transport, motility and nutrients of the sperm cells; consists of 3 categories: A. sperm-transporting ducts epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra B. accessory sex glands seminal vesicle, prostate gland, cowpers gland C. copulatory organ the penis which contains erectile tissue 3. Secondary sexual characteristics features that are not essential for reproductive process, but are considered as sexual attractants. It includes body physique, body hair, and voice pitch. Parts of the male reproductive organ: 1. External organs - Confined in a specific diamond shaped region known as the perineum, consists of a urogenital triangle and anal triangle. - function to support and protect the a. Scrotum a sac or pouch like testes and maintain the temperature structure that hangs from the root of of the testes at about 35C. the penis, composed of loosed skin, superficial fascia, and muscles. - Vertical septum divides the scrotum into two right and left sacs, containing a single testis

b. Penis is the main copulatory organ of the male reproductive system. - composed of 3cylindrical columns of erectile tissue: (2) corpora cavernosa, (1) corpora spongiosa Parts of the penis: 1. Root of the penis attached portion to the abdominal wall 2. Internal organs:

2. body of the penis composed of erectile tissue 3. Glans penis cone-shaped terminal portion of the penis, consists of the following structure: corona, external urethral meatus, prepuce, frenulum

A. Male gonads (testes) a paired ovoid structure measuring 5cm in length, enclosed in a fibrous sac called tunica albuginea. Structures of the gonads: 1. Septae a partition formed inside the testes 2. Lobules compartments formed by the septae 3. Seminiferous tubules actual site of spermatogenesis; formed by two types of cell. a. spermatogenic cells includes spermatids, spermatogonia, spermatocytes b. sustentacular (sertoli) cells provide nourishment for the germinal sperm 4. Interstitial cell of leydig secretes male sex hormone- testosterone B. Spermatic ducts store and transport sperm cell from the testes to the urethra. 1. Epididymis a 20 ft long flattened coma like tightly coiled organ attached to the posterior surface of the testis; provides temporary storage site for immature sperm where they begin to gain motility and ability to fertilize. 2. Ductus (vas) deferens an 18in long fibromuscular tube that conveys sperm cells from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. 3. Ejaculatory duct a 2cm long tube formed by the union of the ampulla of the ductus deferens and duct of the seminal vesicle; receive secretions from seminal vesicle and eject into the urethra.

4. Urethra the shared terminal ducts of the reproductive and urinary systems and measures about 20cm in length. C. Accessory sex glands secrete most of the liquid portion of the semen. 1. Seminal vesicle a convulated pouch like structure about 2in in length posterior to and at the base of the urinary bladder; constitute 60% of total semen volume. - secretes alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins and semenogelin. 2. Prostate gland single, doughnut shaped gland about the size of a chestnut, inferior to the bladder and surrounds the prostatic urethra, constitute 25-30% of total semen volume and considered as a health destroyer. - secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid for sperm motility and viability 3. Cowpers gland (bulbo-urethral gland) about the size of a pea, inferior to prostate gland on either side of membranous urethra within the urogenital diaphragm. - secretes alkaline, mucus substance that protects the sperm by neutralizing acids in the urethra, and also lubricates the end of the penis and lining of the urethra which decreases the number of sperm injured during ejaculation. Definition of terms: 1. Semen literally mean seed, a milky white, sticky mixture of sperm and seminal fluid. 2. Inhibin a hormone secreted by the sertoli cell that regulates the production of sperm cell 3. Inguinal hernia a rupture or separation of a portion of the inguinal area of the abdominal wall resulting in the protrusion of a part of the small intestine due to gravity. 4. Cryptorchidism inability of the testes to descend 5. Vasectomy a principal method for sterilization of males, in which a portion of each vas deferens is removed. 6. Castration a surgical removal of the testes. II. The Female Reproductive System

Components of the female reproductive system:

1. Ovaries primary sex organ, which produce ova and female sex hormone 2. Uterine tubes (oviduct) which transport sperm to ova and transport fertilized ova to uterus 3. Uterus (womb) which nourishes and protects embryo and fetus 4. Vagina (birth canal) site of sperm deposition 5. Vulva/ pudendum collective term for external genitalia in female; have a protective function and play a role in sexual arousal 6. Mammary glands contained in the paired breasts, produce milk for the newborn baby. A. Internal Organs 1. Ovaries (Ovarium= egg receptacle) the female gonads, paired exocrine and endocrine organ, measuring about 3cm long, 2cm wide and 1cm thick - Located in the pelvic part of the abdomen, one on each side of the uterus. - Attached to the broad ligament by the mesovarium, anchored to the uterus by the ovarian ligament and attached to the pelvic wall by the suspensory ligament. Functions of the ovaries: 1. for the production, development, and expulsion of the ova 2. for the production and secretion of female sex hormones a. estrogen promote the proliferation and growth of specific cells in the body, and responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics b. progesterone concerned for the final preparation of the uterus for pregnancy and the breasts for lactation. Structures of the ovaries: 1. Germinal epithelium covers the surface of the ovary 2. Tunica albuginea a whitish capsule found deep to the germinal epithelium 3. Stroma a region of connective tissue deep to the tunica albuginea composed of outer layer the cortex and a deeper vascular layer known as the medulla. 4. Ovarian follicles found with in the cortex, consist of oocytes 5. Mature (graafian) follicle largefluid filled follicle that soon will rupture 2. Uterine Tubes a 10cm (4in) long tube that extend laterally from the uterus and positioned between the folds of the broad ligament. - it transport oocytes from the ovaries to the uterus - also known as the fallopian tubes or oviducts Parts of the uterine tube: 1. Infundibulum a funnel shaped, open ended portion of the uterine tube closed to the uterus but not attached to it; consist of a fimbriae, a fringed, finger like processes that project from the margins of the infundibulum. and expel a secondary oocytes, a process called ovulation. 6. Corpus luteum contains the remnants of an ovulated mature follicle, produces sex hormones, relaxin and Inhibin.

2. Ampulla the widest, longest portion making up 2/3 of the tube; actual site of fertilization 3. Isthmus narrowest portion, and opens into the uterus 3. Uterus a hollow, thick walled, muscular organ with the shaped of an inverted pear. -it is the normal site of menstruation, implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor. -in a non-pregnant state, the size of the uterus is 3in long, 2 in wide at its broadest and 1in thick -Attached to the lateral wall of the pelvis by two broad ligaments Anatomical regions of the uterus: 1. Fundus uppermost dome-shaped region above the entrance of the uterine tubes 2. body enlarged main portion 3. Cervix inferior constricted portion opening into the vagina4. Uterine cavity space within the fundus and body regions of the uterus a. cervical canal extends thru the cervix and opens into the vagina b. isthmus of the uterus junction of uterine cavity with the cervical canal c. uterine ostium opening of the cervical canal into the vagina

Layers of the uterine wall: 1. Perimetrium outermost layer 2. Myometrium muscular layer 3. Endometrium innermost layer a. superficial stratum functionale layer that is shed as menses during menstruation b. deeper stratum basale vascular and serves to regenerate stratum functionale after each menstruation. 4. Vagina a fibro-muscular tubular organ, about 3-4 in long and extends from the cervix of the uteus to the outside. Parts of the vagina: 1. Fornix a deep recess surrounding the projection of the cervix into the vagina 2. Vaginal orifice exterior opening 3. Hymen a thick fold of mucous membrane partially covers the orifice Layers of the vaginal wall: 1. Outer fibrous layer 2. Middle muscular layer 3. Inner mucosal layer consists of a series of a folded membrane or ridges called vaginal rugae.

B. External Genitalia:

1. Mons pubis an elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and coarse pubic hair that cushions the pubic symphysis, anterior to the vaginal and urethral openings. 2. Labia majora (labia majus) two longitudinal folds of skin from the Mons pubis that extends inferiorly and posteriorly; homologous to the scrotum and are covered by pubic hair. - it is present of adipose tissue, sebaceous and apocrine glands. 3. Labia minora (labia minus) found medial to labia majora, a smaller folds of skin which is devoid of pubic hair and fats, with a lots of sebaceous glands.

- Homologous to the penis in male, capable of enlargement. - located at the anterior junction of the labia minora; consists of the following parts: a. prepuce foreskin formed by the labia minora that covers the clitoris b. glans exposed portion of the clitoris 5. Vestibule the region between the labia minora; consists of the following parts: a. hymen b. vaginal orifice c. external urethral orifice d. Para urethral (skenes) gland homologous to prostate gland in male e. greater vestibular (bartholins) gland homologous to cowpers gland in male

4. Clitoris a small, cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves. C. Mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk Parts of the mammary glands: 1. Nipple 2. Lactiferous ducts where milk emerges 3. Areola circular pigmented area of the skin surrounding the nipple

Phases of female reproductive cycle: - Duration is 24-35 days 1. Menstrual Cycle - usually lasts 28 35 days - referred to as endometrial cycle - divided into 4 phases

a. menstrual phase or menstruation lasts for the 1st 5days (3-5 days) of the cycle. b. proliferative phase the time between menstruation and ovulation; it lasts from days 6-13 in a 28-day cycle, also known as the estrogenic phase c. postovulatory (secretory) phase the most constant in duration and lasts for 14days, from days 15-28 in a 28-day cycle; d. premenstrual phase occurs 1 day prior to menstrual flow 2. Ovarian Cycle - Consists of events at the ovary coincident with the endometrial cycle. - with 2 phases: a. follicular phase induces the proliferate phase of the menstrual cycle Ovulation extrusion of the ovum from within the ovary b. luteal phase Definition of terms: 1. Hysterectomy a surgical removal of the uterus 2. Colposcopy a procedure used to evaluate the status of the mucosa of the vagina and cervix. 3. Episiotomy a perineal cut made with surgical scissors, cut to enlarge the vaginal opening to make room for the fetus to pass. 4. Tubal ligation surgical procedure by cutting the uterine tubes.

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