CHAPTER II WIDE THRESHOLD EXPERIMENT WEIR A. Purpose and Objectives 1. Students can find the value of Cd. B.

Tools and Materials 1. A set of flume and accessories (pumps, tail gate, discharge gauges) 2. Point gauge C. stages of Research 1. Setting up the flume, water pump and the point gauge. 2. Set the channel bottom slope of 0.0047. 3. Stream discharge by opening stopkran pump with high runoff of approximately 8 cm above the Thomson discharge gauges, and measuring debitnya with kv and Ce charts that already exist. 4. Recorded water level at the upper threshold width, above the threshold and lower threshold width wide. 5. Repeating step 3 s / d 4 with variations discharge 5 times. D. Theory foundation Energy flow (see Figure 1, see experimental steady uniform flow), consists of three types, namely the potential energy (Z), the pressure energy (h) and kinetic energy (V2 / (2g)). If energy flow is calculated from the base of the channel is called the specific energy (Es). Picture of the specific energy is presented below: energy line V12/(2g) h1 V22/(2g) h2 Z h3

Figure II.1. Specific energy

From Figure 2 above, if the h1 and elevation measurement channel (threshold width) are very close then there will be no loss of energy (hf 0.0) resulting in the energy equation as follows: Es1 V h1 + 2g h1 +
2 1

Es 2

V22 = h1 + + Z 2g Q2
2 1

( bh )

2g

=h2 +

Q = b

2g( h 1 h 2 Z ) 1 1 h2 h2 1 2 ........... ( II.1 )

( bh )
2

Q2
2

2g

+ Z

(jika tampang saluran segi empat)

With h1,h2 Z b = high water level of the basic look of the channel in 1 and 2 = threshold increases the width = channel width

The equation above can be modified if the look of a high energy (h1 + v12/(2g) = H1), so the equation becomes: Q = Cd .b.h2. ( 2 g ( H 1 h2 z ) )
0.5

....................................................( II.2 )

The equation above is valid only if energy is a greater than or equal to the critical energy (Ec)2 Z plus (if the discharge has been stabilized). If less than Ecr2+Z then the flow will occur damming to collect high energy Ecr2+Z reached a constant discharge. This event on every second discharge is not constant along the flow of energy has not been collected for Ecr2+Z. Genesis is exploited by hydraulics expert to discharge measurements that passes, in case of damming the flow passing over the width of certain critical flow threshold, so that with the known high flow rates will be known. Decrease in specific energy (Es) into energy criticism (Ec) presented below:

Es Es dEs dx 0

= h+

V2 2g

Q2 =h + 2 A 2g dh Q 2 2A 3 dA dEs = (supaya Es minimum maka = 0.0) dx 2g dx dx = dh Q 2 T A3 Q2 1 = (persamaan aliran kritik) 3 dx T g gA

.................(II.3)

if the look of a rectangle A = b.h and T (width of water level = b) maka then the above equation becomes: b3h 3 Q2 = b g Q Q = = b 2 h 3g (karena aliran kritik, maka h juga hcr) b 2 h cr g
3

......... (II.4)

In the last equation above is clearly Q (discharge) is a function of water level, gravity and channel width. So if jetting criticism, if known hcr and the channel width (b) the discharge (Q) that passes can be directly known. In this condition does not depend anymore on the discharge energy slope (Sf), etc. So this is the condition used to measure the flow hydraulics expert passing. Clearly the graph that connects between the specific energy (Es) and water level (h) is presented below: h(m) Subkritik hkr v2/2g `Ekritik Es Figure II.2. The relationship between ice and h Figure 3 Superkritik

above illustrates the relationship between ice and h (water level), mathematically as follows: Es = h + (v2/(2g)).....................................................................( II 5 ) Es = h equation described the slash that divides the ice axes and angles as large h (see picture above), so the distance between the lines with Es = h ice charts (the arch) illustrates the high kinetic energy (v2/(2g)). From the figure above that the graph of the arch at the bottom point of criticism is supercritical flow conditions (sliding), a specific point by Ice water level in such a thin (small), but the large kinetic energy (speed is very high). Vice versa arch above chart illustrates the flow of criticism subkritik h (stream flow), water level is relatively large, while the low flow velocity. From Figure 2 above, if the flow is subkritik, after the base line is raised, then the water level dropped even further compared with the previous water level, but high velocity flow above the threshold width is greater than the speed of the previous water. Understanding of these events can be observed with specific energy graph as follows:

h1 h2

Subkritik

Z Es2

Superkritik Es1

Figure II.3. Specific Energy Principle

From Figure 4 that if the initial flow has a specific energy 1 (Es1), then Z did notin front of the elevated base flow channel and the rise of cause any flow occurs above the threshold of wide criticism, the specific energy above the threshold width is reduced to Es2 (remember the specific energy 1 (Es1 = Es2+Z), the graph for the flow subkritik water level becomes h2 (dan h2<h1), but the flow above the threshold more quickly than the flow before the threshold However, if the type of flow width at the upper threshold is supercritical, then the basis of the channel increased the water level above the threshold is greater than the water level before the threshold (see Figure 3). E. Stages of Analysis 1. 2. Of water level data calculated flow velocity (v) by dividing Q by the area looking (A). Calculating the value of Cd, by dividing the real Debit (debit from the door Thomson / V-notch), with the threshold width of the theoretical discharge. 3. Calculate the specific energy (Es = h + v2/(2g)) in the upstream, downstream on the threshold and threshold. 4. Calculating the energy flow (Ice), dedicated to the flow above the threshold are added Z. 5. Calculate the height above the threshold flow by theoretical (no loss of energy above threshold), by the way: Es1 = Z + h2 + (v22/(2g)) With h2 in-trial so that the left equal to right-hand side. 6. Match the water level starting to face real water, repeat steps 1 s / d 5 with varying discharge. 7. Graphs the coefficient of discharge with high water levels in upstream. threshold divided by the high threshold (Cd vs h1/Z). 8. Summing up the results of the experiment.