Aim The objective of this experiment is to become familiar with some of the electrical instruments, to learn how to make

basic electrical measurement and to gain experience by wiring a simple electrical circuit. This experiment will give us a better understanding of Ohms law and the relationship between current and voltage.

Description From this experiment, we will learn how to read the resistor colour code to get the nominal values of the resistance and check their tolerance with their measured values. Then we will examine the characteristics of DC voltage sources by plotting a graph of output voltage as a function of current and will find out the behaviour of the voltage source. At last, we will find out the resistance of the voltmeter and the effects of it in the circuit when we take a measurement.

To properly understand this experiment, it is necessary to know the basic theory of Ohms law. Ohm's Law states that the current through two points on a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points and inversely proportional to the resistance between them.

V=IR

V is the voltage drop of the resistor, measured in Volts (V). I is the electrical current flowing through the resistor, measured in Amperes (A)

R is the resistance of the resistor, measured in Ohms ()

Part 1

Resistance measurement

To measure the resistance value, the DMM is set to the ohms range and measure the resistance of all 8 resistors in the circuit and calculated nominal values of all resistors by using colour codes and compare the tolerance of each resistors. 1.1 Result The following table is the record of all measured resistance value along with the nominal values and the tolerance of each resistor.

Measured Resistance

Coded Resistance (Nominal values)

Tolerance

Ra Rb Rc Rd R1 R2 R3 R4

3360 K 984 K 217K . 996K .267 K .676K 1.492K 3.88K

3300K 1000K 220K 1K .27K .67K 1.5K 3.9K

1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%

Comments and observations From this experiment, we can see that the tolerance of each resistor is only 1% that means the resistors own resistive value is almost very close to the measured value which is practical.

Part2

DC Voltage Sources

In this section, power is supplied from the powered project board and the output voltage is measured relative to the 0V (or ground) terminal. In this circuit, it can be seen that output voltage Vo depends on the current Io according to the relationship

=I

2.1

Result Below table is the record of the reading Vo when connect the power supply voltage Vs is as close to10.0V.

Rs 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 0

Vs 10 10 10 10

Vo (Vo = -IoRs + Vs ) 10.01 10.03 10.02 10.01

Explanation Since there are no resistance in this circuit (Rs = 0) thats why no voltage drop. So, when measured Vo, we found that this is the value of Vs. Observation and comments From this experiment, according to the Ohms law, we can observe that when there will be no resistance in the circuit there will be current flow and there will be no voltage drop and thats why the value of Vo is the value of power supply voltage Vs.

2.2

Result Circuit as shown below by connecting the power supply 10V across the ends of one of the resistors RL and calculate the current Io through the resistor by Ohms law.

Below table is the record of RL, oo and Vo by using the Ohms law.

Explanation From this table, we can see that if the resistance is very high the current flow through that resister will be low.

Comment and observation According to the Ohms law, we can justify that the current flow is inversely proportional to the resistance.

2.3

Result Based on the table 2.2, below graph is the plot of Vo as the function of Io

Explanation From this graph, the voltage source remains same while the current Io is increasing because Rs = 0 and the voltage source is an ideal.

Comment and Observations Here, the voltage source behaves as an ideal voltage source because it maintains the same voltage source no matter what current is drawn from the source or what current flows into the resistors.

2.4

In this section we connect the circuit as shown below:

Result Below table is the record for Rs +RL , Vs, Vo and Io RL Rs + RL (here Rs = 1 M) 4 3 2 1 3.9 1.5 .67 .27 4.9 2.5 1.67 8.02 6.04 4.07 2.13 Vo Io = Vs/( Rs + RL) (here Vs = 10 V ) 2.04 4 5.96 7.87

Based on the table 2.4, below graph is the plot of Vo as the function of Io

Explanation From this graph, we can see that when we add extra resistance Rs in series with RL the voltage drop Vo becomes smaller along with the increase of current Io. Comment and Observations Here, the voltage source behaves as non-ideal source because it varies with current. As more and more current is drawn from the voltage source with a bigger load, its voltage will drop

2.5 From the slope and intercept of the graph of 2.4 we can find Io when Vo = 0 and the Io is 10 mA.

Part 3

Instrument Loading Effects

In this part, we will find out the large resistance Rv value of the voltmeter so that it does not load the circuit while taking a measurement. Here we connect the circuit as shown below

3.1

Result By using the ohms law, we can write the equation for the above circuit

, so

By using DMM, we can measure V0, Vs and Rs. Then we can calculate Rv by using above equation

Vo = 7.56 V Vs = 10.0 V Rs = 3.36 M so, Rv = 10.41M

Explanation Since Vo is not closer to Vs, thats why Rv is not the accurate value but it is very close and very large resistance.

Comments and observations Since the voltmeter has very large resistance, it does not load the circuit when we take a measurement.

MASSEY UNIVERSITY AT ALBANY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE

ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY REPORT

PREPARED BY MEHRIN FADIA ID 13104271