The Heart

(AS Revision)

Name:
Tutor:

Clayesmore School

The Heart
You should have revised the following work
before attempting these questions:

i.The conduction system of the heart

ii.Neural, intrinsic and hormonal control
iii. The cardiac cycle (systole/diastole) and its
link to the conduction system
iv.Heart volumes: SV, HR, Cardiac output and
values for trained/untrained hearts
v.The mechanisms for maintaining venous
return (Valves and pumps etc)
vi.How an active healthy lifestyle can prevent
CHD
vii.

There are also questions on: the blood

shunt, transport of O2

1.

Explain the conduction system of the heart.

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[3]

Clayesmore School

2.

The figure below shows the changes in heart rate of an athlete during a sub-maximal
exercise session. Describe the neural mechanisms which cause heart rate to change
during exercise.

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[4]

3.

Describe the changes that occur in the distribution of cardiac output as a performer
moves from rest to exercise. Explain how the vasomotor centre controls this
distribution.
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[4]

4.

An athlete completes a thirty minute training run.

Describe how hormonal control is used to alter heart rate during the training run.
Describe the mechanisms of venous return that ensure enough blood is returned to the
heart during the training run.
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[4]

Clayesmore School

5.

The cardiac cycle explains how the heart pumps blood to the working muscles.
Describe how the conduction system of the heart controls the cardiac cycle in the
diastole and systole stages.
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[4]

6.

Cardiac output is a determining factor during endurance activities.

Describe how cardiac output is increased during endurance activities.
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[4]

7.

Explain how the cardiac control centre (neural control) increases the heart rate.
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[4]

Clayesmore School

8.

During aerobic exercise the performer requires the heart to pump more blood to the
working muscles.
Define stroke volume and give a value for maximal stroke volume during exercise.
Explain how a performer is able to increase stroke volume during exercise.
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[5]

9.

Explain how neural control of the heart helps to maintain the supply of oxygenated
blood during exercise.
[5]

10.

Describe how the conduction system of the heart controls the cardiac cycle.
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[5]

11.

Explain how oxygen is transported in the blood to the working muscle tissues.
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Clayesmore School

Describe how more oxygen is diffused into the muscles during exercise.
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[6]

12.

Large amounts of blood need to be circulated around the body during prolonged
aerobic exercise.
(i)

Identify the mechanisms of venous return that ensure a sufficient supply of blood
is returned to the heart during exercise.
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[4]

(ii)

An increase in venous return leads to an increase in heart rate. Explain how this
is achieved by intrinsic control.
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[4]

13.

People who have a poor diet and are inactive are at risk of developing coronary heart
disease. Describe the characteristics of coronary heart disease. Explain how an active
healthy lifestyle can help prevent coronary heart disease.
[10]

14.

Health professionals believe that people who adopt an active lifestyle over a number of
years will gain many positive health benefits.
Evaluate critically the impact of endurance activities on the cardiovascular system.
[10]

15.

The figure below shows a marathon runner during a five mile training run.

Clayesmore School

11

(i)

Describe how the conduction system of the heart controls the cardiac cycle to
ensure enough blood is ejected from the heart during the training run.
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[4]

(ii)

How is oxygen exchange increased at the muscle tissues (gas diffusion) during
the training run? Why is this beneficial to performance?
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[5]

(iii)

Describe how the mechanics of breathing ensure carbon dioxide is expired

during the training run.
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[4]

1.

3 marks max
1.

Impulse initiates from SA (sino atrial) node

2.

Causes atria to contract/atrial systole

3.

Impulse received by AV (atrioventricular) node

4.

Impulse conducted down Bundle of His/purkinje fibres

5.

Impulse travels up purkinje fibres

6.

Causes ventricles to contract/ventricular systole

[3]

2.

4 marks Sub max 2 for points 1-4

1.

(chemo) chemoreceptors detect increase in (pp)CO2 or acidity or lactic acid or

lactate or decrease in (pp)O2 or pH (of the blood)

2.

(proprio) proprioceptors detect movement

3.

(baro) baroreceptors detect increase in (blood) pressure or / baroreceptors

detect stretch of the arterial or blood vessel walls

4.

(thermo) thermoreceptors or temperature receptors detect increase in blood

temperature

5.

(CCC) information sent to the cardiac control centre or CCC (in the medulla
oblongata)

6.

(sympathetic) (via the) sympathetic nervous system or SNS autonomic or

autogenic nervous system or ANS or sympathetic system or sympathetic control
= BOD

7.

(nerve) (impluses sent) down the (cardiac) accelerator nerve (to the SA node)

8.

(SA node) to stimulate the SA node / increase firing of the SA node pacemaker
Do not accept reference to adrenalin
Do not accept change on own
[4]

Clayesmore School

13

3.

4 marks max:
(Describe)
1.

More blood is distributed to the working muscles.

2.

Less blood is distributed to non-essential organs

(Explanation)
3.

Vasodilation of arteries/arterioles supplying working muscles/Vascular shunt

4.

Opening/vasoldilation of precapillary sphincters supplying working muscles

5.

Vasoconstriction of arteries/arterioles supplying non-essential organs

6.

Closing/vasoconstriction of precapillary sphincters supplying non essential organs

[4]

4.

2 marks maximum:
1.

Adrenaline/Epinephrine/Noradrenaline is released

2.

Stimulates the SA node

3.

Increases the heart rate

4.

Also increases strength of contraction/stroke volume/cardiac output/Q

2 marks maximum:
1.

(Skeletal) muscle pump/muscles contract to squeeze blood back

to the heart

2.

Valves/direct blood flow back to the heart/prevent backflow

3.

Respiratory pump/changes in pressure around abdominal cavity

squeezes/ pulls blood back to the heart

4.

Blood above the heart will return due to the effect of gravity

5.

Venoconstriction of veins returning blood to the heart

[4]

5.

4 marks max:
Diastole phase
1.

Heart is in relaxation phase

2.

This allows the atria to fill with blood

Systole phase
3.

Impulse initiates from sino atrial node (SA node)

4.

Impulse (travels across atria) causing atria to contract

5.

Impulse received by atrioventricular node (AV node)

6.

Impulse conducted down Bundle of His/purkinje fibres

7.

Impulse (travels through ventricles) causing the ventricles to contract

[4]

6.

4 marks max
1.

Increase in heart rate

2.

Increase in stroke volume

3.

Adrenaline/nor adrenaline/epinephrine released

4.

Increase in venous return/more blood returning to the heart/increase muscle pump/

increase respiratory pump/venomotor control

5.

Stretches wall of right atrium which increases firing of SA node

6.

Greater stretching of cardiac walls increase force of contraction/Starlings Law

7.

Information sent from proprioceptors/baroreceptors/ chemoreceptors/thermoreceptors

to cardiac control centre (CCC)

8.

Increase in sympathetic control/impulse sent down cardiac accelerator nerve

9.

Increase in temperature which speeds up nerve impulse

[4]

Clayesmore School

15

7.

4 marks in total
2 sub max (CCC stimulated by)
1

Prorioceptors detect movement

Baroreceptors monitor (blood) pressure

Chemoreceptors detect changes in pH/blood chemistry/oxygen tension

Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature

(CCC responds by) no sub max

5

Sends information down cardiac accelerator nerve

Autonomic control

Sympathetic control

Acts on SA node
[4]

8.

5 marks in total
2 marks max:
1 mark for definition:
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle/each ventricle in one beat.
1.

mark for value:

2.

100-220 ml/100-220cm

sub max 3
1.

Increase in venous return

2.

Due to skeletal muscle pump/respiratory pump/valves

3.

Stretches cardiac muscle/heart wall/increases end diastolic volume

4.

Leads to an increased force of contraction/increased myocardial contractility

5.

Starlings Law/Stroke volume is dependent upon venous return

6.

Chemoreceptors detect change in pH

7.

Increased sympathetic control

8.

Impulse travels down cardiac accelerator nerve

9.

The release of adrenaline

[5]

Clayesmore School

17

9.

1 mark per point max 5:

Neural control of heart

movement detected by proprioceptors in the muscles;

increase in carbon dioxide and lactic acid detected by chemoreceptors;

changes in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors;

sends information to the cardiac control centre;

in the medulla oblongata;

receptors indicate a need to increase oxygen supply/get rid of waste products;

medulla oblongata responds by increasing activity of sympathetic nerve;

decreasing activity of parasympathetic nerve;

increased stimulation of S.A. node;

resulting in increase in heart rate.

[5]

10.

5 marks, 1 mark per point

Correct phase of conduction system must link to correct phase of cardiac cycle /
Conduction system must be in correct order
1

(atrial diastole)
Atria fill with blood during atrial diastole or relaxation phase / repolarisation occur
Do not accept diastole on own, resting stage

(ventricular diastole)
(pressure builds in the atria) blood travels (passively) into the ventricles during
ventricular diastole or relaxation phase of ventricles
Do not accept diastole on own

(SA Node)
CS1
Sinoatrial node or S A node or SAN initiates or sends an impulse
Do not accept pace maker for SA node, SA nerve, heart is
myogenic = Vg

(atrial systole)
....impulse spreads across atria causing atrial systole or contraction of
both atria / atrial depolarisation
Do not accept systole on own

(remaining blood)
This causes the remaining blood in the atria to be pushed (actively) into the
ventricles

(AV node)
CS2
....impulse reaches AV or atrio ventricular node or AVN
Do not accept AV nerve

(B of H P fibres)
CS3
.... impulse distributed or continues down the bundle of His / impulse distributed
throughout or to the purkinje or purkyne fibres

(ventricular systole)
....this causes ventricular systole or depolarisation or contraction of
both ventricles (from the bottom upwards)
Do not accept systole on own
Additional Guidance
CS1: links with Contraction of the atria (points 4 & 5)
CS2 and CS3: link Contraction of the ventricles (point 8)
CS1, CS2, CS3 must be in order
[5]

11.

6 marks in total
2 marks max
1.

Attached to haemoglobin

2.

Forms oxyhaemoglobin/Hb + O2

3.

Disolved in the plasma

HbO2

(4 marks max)
4.

Gas diffuses from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

There is a high partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in blood, low PO2 in muscle

There is a decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the muscle during exercise.

Therefore there is an increased diffusion gradient

Increase in temperature encourages greater release of O2 (from haemoglobin)

Clayesmore School

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Increase in acidity/lower pH of blood allows greater release of O2 (from

haemoglobin)/Bohr effect

10

Increase in carbon dioxide in blood results in greater release of O2 (from

haemoglobin)

11

Myoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin

12

Myoglobin is used to transport more oxygen to mitochondria

[6]

12.

(ii)

(i)

4 marks in total

Valves

Skeletal muscular pump

Respiratory pump

Venoconstriction/venomotor control/smooth muscle

Gravity for blood from above heart

4 marks in total
1

Greater end diastolic volume/increased amount of blood into right atrium

Stretches wall of right atrium

Increases firing rate of SA node

Increase in temperature

Changes in electrolyte balance/sodium/potassium

[8]

13.

Level 3
8-10 marks A comprehensive answer:

detailed knowledge & understanding

effective explanation/analysis/critical evaluation and/or discussion/ development

clear and consistent practical application of knowledge

accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary

high standard of written communication

Discriminators from L2 are likely to include:

detailed description of more than one CHD condition

detailed explanation of how BAHL prevents CHD that visits a range of factors

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Level 2
5-7 marks A competent answer:

satisfactory knowledge & understanding

explanation/analysis/critical evaluation and/or discussion/ development

attempted with some success

some success in practical application of knowledge

technical and specialist vocabulary used with some accuracy

written communication generally fluent with few errors

Discriminators from L1 are likely to include:

reasonable understanding of at least one CHD condition

some explanations of how BAHL prevents CHD included

Level 1
0-4 marks A limited answer:

basic knowledge & understanding

little or no attempt to explain/analyse/critically evaluate and/or discuss/ develop

little or no attempt at practical application of knowledge;

technical and specialist vocabulary used with limited success

written communication lacks fluency and there will be errors, some of which
may be intrusive

Candidate responses are likely to include the following: (relevant responses not listed
should be acknowledged) Numbered points = knowledge / understanding Bullet
points = likely development of knowledge
Description of characteristics of CHD:
1.

(CHD is) the failure of the (coronary) arteries to supply enough oxygen to the
myocardium or heart muscle

2.

(CHD is) the deposit of fatty materials in the coronary arteries of the heart
(vascular system)

CHD Conditions
3.

4.

Angina

chest pain caused by the partial blockage of coronary artery

causes lack of oxygen to myocardium or heart tissue

Heart attack or myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest

5.

arteriosclerosis

6.

sudden and severe restriction / complete blockage of oxygen supply to

myocardium (heart tissue)

a condition where the walls of the coronary arteries become thicker or hard
or less elastic

atherosclerosis

most common cause of CHD

the accumulation of fatty deposits or cholesterol or plaque or atheroma on

walls of coronary arteries

leads to narrowing or blocking of the lumen or blood vessels

leads to stroke or heart attack or myocardial infarction

Clayesmore School

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CHD Risk Factors

7.

sedentary or inactive lifestyle

8.

smoking

9.

carbon monoxide increases HR or strain on heart

increased risk of blood clots or blockages

increased risk of damage to coronary arteries

hypertension or high blood pressure

10.

obesity

11.

12.

systolic blood pressure equal or greater than 140mmHg / diastolic blood

pressure equal or greater than 90mmHg

BMI > 30 (kg/m2)

high blood cholesterol or blood lipids / high fat or poor diet

Increased LDL cholesterol levels (compared to HDL cholesterol levels)

Blood cholesterol level greater than 6mmol/lite

high stress levels or heredity or age or diabetes

Explanation of how an active, healthy lifestyle can prevent CHD

CHD prevention
13.

14.

(frequency) individuals should be physically active on regular basis

adults 30 mins 3 5 times per week

children and young people 60 mins a day.

(intensity) should leave performer out of breath / aerobic exercise

raise heart rate into age related training zone / working at sub-maximal
level or low or medium or moderate intensity or below OBLA

E.g. rowing / running / cycling / circuit training (or other suitable example)
15.

(weight training) isometric training should be avoided

Raises blood pressure to dangerous levels

Causes increased strain on the heart / trigger heart attack or stroke

Activity factors (- moderate aerobic activity):

16.

improves efficiency of coronary circulation

17.

increases levels of High density lipoproteins / HDLs

18.

increase in HDLs associated with reduced CHD

HDLs not harmful to vascular system

HDLs break down or carry away LDLs

reduces levels of Low density lipoproteins / LDLs

19.

reduces stress levels

20.

Increases ability of the body to regulate blood pressure

less risk of angina

23.

Healthy resting systolic blood pressure 120mmHg / diastolic blood pressure

80mmHg

less risk of arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis / CHD

22.

myocardial infarction or heart attack less likely

less risk of hypertension or high blood pressure / reduces blood pressure

21.

build up on the walls of arteries

as coronary circulation improved

less body fat / maintain or manage healthy body weight

as more calories burned

Nutritional factors:
24.

a balanced diet will help prevent CHD (50-70% carbohydrate / 20-30% protein /
10-20% fat)

25.

low fat or low cholesterol diet will prevent arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis /

CHD

26.

high(saturated) fat or high cholesterol diets will increase levels of LDLs in

blood

27.

low salt intake will help prevent CHD / High salt intake can lead to CHD

28.

stop smoking

29.

reduce alcohol intake

Clayesmore School

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Question focus is lifestyle and CHD not performance.

So award one

KU for any/all reference to improved CV performance e.g.

Heart

(cardiac) hypertrophy

Increased stroke volume

Blood

Increased number of red blood cells or haemoglobin

Increased volume of blood plasma

Australia has more daylight hours than UK.

Australia has more leisure time than UK.

Blood vessels
[10]

14.

10 marks Levels marked question

L3
8-10 marks

A comprehensive answer:
detailed knowledge & understanding;
effective analysis/critical evaluation and/or
discussion/explanation/development;
clear and consistent practical application of knowledge;
accurate use of technical and specialist vocabulary;
high standard of written communication.
Discriminators from L2 are likely to include:
impact of aerobic adaptations developed well
Good knowledge of CHD
(and perhaps) an understanding of how endurance activities can protect
against coronary heart disease

L2
5-7 marks

A competent answer:
satisfactory knowledge & understanding;
analysis/critical evaluation and/or discussion/explanation/development
attempted with some success.
some success in practical application of knowledge;
technical and specialist vocabulary used with some accuracy;
written communication is generally fluent with few errors.
Discriminators from L1 are likely to include:
reference to aerobic adaptations
reference to CHD

L1
0-4 marks

Clayesmore School

A limited answer:
basic knowledge & understanding;
little or no attempt to analyse/critically evaluate and/or discuss;
27

little or no attempt at practical application of knowledge;

technical and specialist vocabulary used with limited success;
written communication lacks fluency and there will be errors, some of
which may be intrusive.

Indicative content: Candidate responses are likely to include: (relevant responses not
listed should be acknowledged)
Care must be taken not to credit reference to respiratory adaptations (except
gaseous exchange - see blood vessel section)
Numbered points = knowledge / understanding
Bullet points = likely to be development of knowledge
Endurance Activities
1.

e.g. jogging, cycling, swimming, rowing etc

2.

carried out 3 + times per week

3.

30 minutes + each time

4.

working at sub-maximal or low or medium intensity or below OBLA working at

60% or 60% to 85% of maximal heart rate / aerobic exercise

5.

(doing above) will cause aerobic adaptations of the cardiovascular system (that
benefit health and fitness) or increase efficiency of the cardiovascular system

6.

(doing above) will provide a high level of protection against CHD or will lower
chance of heart disease

Also:
7.

leading a healthy, active lifestyle will protect against CHD

8.

..and help to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system

Endurance activities and aerobic adaptations

(Heart adaptations)
9.

(myocardial or cardiac or heart) hypertrophy / increase in strength or elasticity of

the myocardium or heart

increased stroke volume or SV

e.g. from as low as 55ml to as high as 120ml at rest (guideline only)
e.g. from as low as 80ml to as high as 220ml during maximal exercise
(guideline only)

increased EDV due to greater stretch of the myocardium

decreased ESV due to more forceful contraction of myocardium

increased maximal cardiac output or max Q

e.g. from as low as 141/min to as high as 401/min (guideline only)

decreased resting heart rate

bradycardia or resting heart rate below 60bpm

Clayesmore School

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(Blood Vessel adaptations)

10.

reduction in blood pressure

11.

increased efficiency of coronary circulation

12.

capillarisation or vascularisation at alveoli and muscle cell

13.

allows for greater gaseous exchange during external or internal respiration

increased elasticity of arterial walls or better vasoconstriction or vasodilation

increased efficiency of vascular shunt mechanism

(Blood adaptations)
14.

increased blood volume

15.

increased haemoglobin density or more red blood cells

16.

increased oxygen carrying capacity in the blood

steeper diffusion gradient of oxygen between the blood and the muscles or
at the site of internal respiration

(overall)

increased : VO2 max / aerobic capacity / endurance capacity

delayed OBLA

Lack of endurance activities

17.

sedentary lifestyle or lack of endurance activities can damage the cardiovascular

system or lead to CHD or heart disease

18.

CHD is any condition that is detrimental to the efficiency of the cardiovascular

system

19.

arteriosclerosis

a condition where the walls of the coronary arteries become thicker or hard
or less elastic

this prevents vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles

less efficient vascular shunt mechanism

20.

21.

22.

23.

atherosclerosis

most common cause of CHD

the accumulation of fatty deposits or cholesterol or plaque or atheroma on

the walls of the coronary arteries

leads to a narrowing of the lumen that can be easily blocked by a blood clot

leads to stroke or heart attack or myocardial infarction

heart attack or myocardial infarction

a sudden and severe restriction or complete blockage of oxygen supply to

the heart

will usually cause permanent damage to the heart wall

angina

a pain in the chest caused by the partial blockage of a coronary artery

causes a lack of oxygen to the myocardium

further discussion of other CHD risk factors:

e.g. - hypertension or high blood pressure

systolic bp above 140mmHg and/or diastolic bp above 90mmHg

e.g. -smoking; poor diet, stress, hereditary, diabetes etc

Endurance activities and Protection against CHD

(endurance activities reduce risk of CHD because of:)
24.

reduced blood cholesterol or blood lipids

25.

reduced LDL cholesterol

26.

LDL cholesterol is high in blood lipids that build up on the walls of coronary
arteries

causes atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis

increased HDL cholesterol

HDL cholesterol is low in blood lipids

it will remove LDL cholesterol from the walls of the coronary arteries

this reduces the risk of atherosclerosis and / or arteriosclerosis

(this in turn)

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reduces the risk of angina or heart attack or myocardial infarction

less chance of fatty deposits building up on the walls of the coronary

arteries and restricting or stopping the flow of oxygen to the myocardium

27.

BUT if endurance activities are risky if carried out with CHD or by an unfit
or old or untrained or obese person

blood pressure will increase to dangerous levels

increased risk of heart attack or myocardial infarction

increased risk of chest pain due to angina

increased stress placed on the cardiovascular system

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
OBLA = onset of blood lactate accumulation
CHD = coronary heart disease
EDV = end diastolic volume
ESV = end systolic volume
Q = cardiac output
Hg = mercury
LDL = low density lipoprotein
HDL = high density lipoprotein
[10]

15.

(a)

4 marks max

Impulse initiates from SA (sino atrial) node

This causes atria to contract/atrial systole/blood ejected from

the right and left atria/atrial depolarisation

Impulse received by AV (atrioventricular) node

Impulse conducted down Bundle of His

Up the Purkinje fibres

This causes ventricles to contract/ventricular systole/blood

ejected out of right and left ventricles/ventricular depolarisation

The atria/ventricles relax to allow the heart to refill with blood.

Clayesmore School

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(ii)

5 marks max (4 marks sub max)

(How exchanged)
1

High partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in blood

Lower/decreased PO2 in muscle (cell)

Increased diffusion/concentration gradient

Increase in temperature allows increased release of oxygen from

haemoglobin/increased dissociation of oxygen

Bohr Effect/increase in acidity/increased CO2/carbonic acid/lactic

acid/lower pH of blood allows greater release of oxygen from
haemoglobin

Myoglobin is used to transport/store more oxygen (to mitochondria)

(Why beneficial) (2 marks sub max)

(iii)

Delays OBLA/delays fatigue

Increased energy production/increased intensity/increased duration

of exercise

(mechanics of breathing ) 4 marks max

1

This process becomes active

Due to internal intercostals contracting

And abdominal muscles contracting

Diaphragm relaxes/pushed up

Rib cage pulled in and down

Causing a decrease in volume of thoracic cavity

Causing an increased pressure within thoracic cavity

More air pushed out of the lungs

[13]