Chemistry deals with matter and the changes that take place in matter.

Properties of matter Composition and structure of matter Changes that matter undergoes Energy that accompanies these changes.

When multiplying and dividing, round off the answer so that it has the same number of significant figures as the quantity with the fewest significant figures. Significant zero When found between two non zero digits When found after decimal point When found after non zero digit Not significant zero When used a place indicator When used to call attention to decimal point Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Physical properties are characteristics with which we describe matter without changing its identity. Mass is the amount of matter; expressed in __ or __. Volume is the space occupied by matter; expressed in __or __. Solubility is the ability of solid to dissolve in a liquid. Miscibility is the ability of liquid to dissolve in another liquid. Hardness is the property of solid to resist compression or scratching. Malleability is the ability of metal to be flattened into sheets. Melting point is the temperature at which substance begins to change from solid to liquid. Boiling point is the temperature at which a substance begins to change from liquid to gas.

Scientific method is the systematic and logical investigation. Identify the problem Observing and gathering data Formulate hypothesis Test hypothesis Interpret data Draw conclusion Apply the conclusion

Meter is the distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a time of _______secs Basic unit of length Based on standard meter bar of platinum iridium Kilogram is standard unit of mass. Based on the mass of platinum iridium cylinder Gram is the basic unit of mass _____ part of standard kilogram Volume is the quantity derived from length. Volume

Length Weight Scientific notation of numbers: ________ Moving the point to the left, n is positive. __________________ Moving the point to the right, n is negative. __________________

Extensive property is the physical property which varies with the change in quantity or which depends on the amount. Weight, mass, volume, length, width, thickness, area, height Intrinsic property does not vary or do not depend on the amount. Color, taste, odor, hardness, density, specific gravity, boiling point, freezing point. Solid have definite sizes and shapes. Liquid have definite volume and no definite shape.

Gases have neither definite volume nor shape. Plasma is actually a gas at very high temperature but particles carry electrical charges. Vapor is a gaseous phase of substance that is a liquid under normal conditions. Density is the ratio of mass to volume. _________

Particles of dissolved material are separate molecules. Size of the particles is about __ centimeter. Particles are evenly distributed throughout and will never rise to the surface nor sink to the bottom. Dissolved material cannot be removed by filtration. It does not scatter a beam of light. Tyndall effect is the scattering of light when it is focused on a colloid. Filtration is the separation of fine solids from liquids. Decantation is the settling of heavy solids and pouring off the liquid. Distillation is the evaporation and condensation of a liquid. Crystallization is used to separate components of mixture. Fractional distillation separates crude oil by making use of boiling temperature of each component. Chemical reactions are used to separate metals from ores. Physical change is a process in which the identifying properties or the intensive properties of the substance involved remain unchanged. Phase change is a physical change wherein a substance changes from solid to liquid and then gas or vice versa. Chemical change is a process in which a new substance with new properties is formed. Evidences of chemical change Evolution of heat and light. Evolution of gas Formation of precipitate Production of mechanical energy. Production of electrical energy.

Chemical property describes the behavior of the substance by itself and with others. Homogenous matter has uniform characteristics all throughout and appears as a single phase. Heterogenous matter does not have uniform properties and has two or more phases. Substance is a homogenous material consisting of one particular kind of matter. Mixture consists of two or more kinds if matter, each of which retains its own characteristic properties. Element is the simplest substance that make up all matter. Compound is made up of two or more elements which are chemically combined. Metals have metallic luster, malleable, ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity. Non metals have dull, brittle, poor conductor of heat and electricity. Metalloids have characteristics of both metals and non metals. Indicators are substances which exhibit a specific color in presence of an acid or base. Base is bitter, slippery to touch and changes red litmus to blue. Acid tastes sour and changes blue litmus to red. Mixtures are any substances that are combined or mixed but retain their individual properties. Solution is single phase, homogenous mixture whose components are uniformly distributed throughout.

Law of mass conservation: matter is neither created nor destroyed during an ordinary chemical change; mass of a substance does not change during chemical reaction. Law of definite composition: elements combine to form a compound in ratios of simple whole numbers. Law of multiple proportions: when two elements combine to form two or more different compounds, if the amount of one

element is constant, the masses of the other element in the different compounds are in ratios of small whole numbers. Atom is the ultimate indivisible particle. Modern atomic theory Elements are made of very small particles called atoms. The atoms of particular element are alike in size, mass and structure. The atoms of different elements differ in size, mass and structure. Atoms, particles, of one element combine with those another element in forming another kind of particle called molecules of compound. Atoms are neither split nor divided during an ordinary chemical reaction; only whole atoms unite with one another. Atomic mass is the mass of an atom. Relative masses only and do not have any unit of measurement; amu. Molecular mass is the sum of masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on its chemical formula; also relative; aka as formula mass. Percentage composition

Type of chemical reactions Synthesis or combination reaction Decomposition reaction Replacement reaction Double replacement reaction

Mole is the unit of measure which applies even to the number of molecules. Any mole of atoms of any element, it will have a mass in grams numerically equivalent to the elements atomic mass.

Any mole of molecules of any compound, it will have a mass in grams numerically equivalent to the compounds formula mass or molecular mass.

Avogadros number _ mole of any element= ________ atoms _ mole of any compound= __________molecules Oxidation number is the number of electron/s that is apparently lost or gained by an atom in molecule formation. When an atom gives up or accepts electrons, it becomes a charged particle called ion. Give up electrons= positive oxidation number. Accept electrons= negative oxidation number. When atom sheds electrons, a negative oxidation number to the more electronegative form and positive oxidation number to the less electronegative. Positive ion is cation; negative ion is anion. Not all ions are derived from single atoms. Some are derived from several atoms that behave like a single atom, they are called polyatomic ions or radicals. Oxidation number of elements in their free state is __. The total oxidation number of the elements is __. Meaning total positive must be equal to negative. If we put one mole of any gas in an enclosed container, it will occupy a volume of ____ liters at standard temperature and pressure.

Molecule is the smallest unit of a substance which can exist by itself and which has all the properties of the substance.; measured in Angstrom units; from __ to __ in diameter

Diffusion is the intermingling of the particles of a material with those of another or the outward movement of molecules from their source. Kinetic molecular theory has the idea that molecules of matter are in constant motion.

 Matter consists of tiny particles called molecules. There are spaces between molecules , widest between molecules of a gas and most limited between molecules of solid. Molecules are in constant motion, greatest among molecules of gas and least among molecules of a solid. There are forces of attraction between molecules; they are strongest in a solid where the particles move at least and are closes to each other; they are weakest in a gas where the molecules move fastest and are farthest apart. Properties of gases