S25 - Getting The Most Out of Concrete - LTC2013

Session 25: Concrete Construction 1 Getting the Most Out of Concrete
Partnerships for Progress in Transportation 2013 Louisiana Transportation Conference Baton Rouge, LA
Brian Killingsworth, P.E. Senior Director, Pavement Structures February 19, 2013
What/Who is NRMCA?

National Ready Mixed Concrete Association Funded by Member Companies Mission - Serve Industry and Partners Through:

Education Certifications Operations Research & Engineering Codes & Standards Advocacy Promotion Sustainability
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
www.cement.org
www.acpa.org
www.nrmca.org
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
How to Get the Biggest Bang for the Buck

Definitions and Nomenclature Why Concrete Pavements? Design Optimization Complimentary Design Details Concrete Overlays Concrete Intersections Sustainability
WWW. NRMCA.ORG

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Pavement Long-Term Performance = Design + Drainage + Materials + Construction + Maintenance
DRAINAGE
MATERIALS
DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
MAINTENANCE
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Pavement Types

Hot-Mixed Asphalt Concrete (HMAC)/Granular Base HMAC/Granular Base/Stabilized Subgrade
Full Depth HMAC

Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP) Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)1
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (**JPCP**)

HMAC Overlay (Rehab)
Unbonded/Bonded Concrete Overlay (Rehab)

Note 1: JRCP No Longer Recommended.
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Definitions - Joints
Contraction/Sawcut
Construction
Isolation
Longitudinal
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Concrete Pavement Design

Surface Smoothness or Rideability Longitudinal Joint Transverse Joint Surface Texture
THICKNESS DESIGN
Concrete Materials
Tiebars Subgrade
Subbase
Dowel Bars (may be optional)
WWW. NRMCA.ORG

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Rigid (or Semi-Rigid) Materials

Conventional Concrete Full Depth Reclamation With Cement Roller Compacted Concrete Pervious Concrete Latex Modified Concrete
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Rigid Pavement Applications

Highways Ramps Shoulders Roadways and Streets Overlays Intersections Industrial Applications Parking Lots Bases
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Are Concrete Pavements Competitive?
YES!
When designed equivalent to the other pavement options that are being compared. When detailed appropriately (i.e. optimized).
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Design Equivalence: Pavement designs using different surface material types or combinations of materials must be designed to be equivalent, i.e. comparable in terms of:

Structural Capacity Reliability Service Life Distress Failure Conditions

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Optimized Design

Avoid Overdesign by Using Appropriate Method Refine Design Inputs to Match Requirements Evaluate Joint Spacing Maximize Maintenance (Methods & Timing) Life-Cycle Cost Analyses
WWW. NRMCA.ORG

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Optimizing Design for Cost Effectiveness
CONCRETE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
CRCP Pavements Only
Key Design Distress
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Some Pavement Design Methods
1993 AASHTO Design of Pavement Structures (DARWin) 1998 AASHTO Design of PCC Pavement Structures (Spreadsheet) AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG or DARWin M-E)
American Concrete Pavement Association (ACPA) StreetPave (version 1.3; beta 2.0)
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Optimizing Designs
Variables which can be optimized for projects:
Improved Traffic Estimates (Now & Future)

Reliability (What is the Right Factor of Safety?)
Concrete Strength (Is Higher Always Better?)

Edge Support Conditions (Does Adding Curb Help?)
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Optimizing Designs
Variables which can be optimized for projects:

Subbase (Type, Thickness & Strength, if Needed) Reinforcing Steel (Is It Really Needed?) Load Transfer Condition (Are Dowels Needed?) Joint Sealing (How Necessary Is This?)
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
When is a Subbase Needed?
Subbases Have Little Influence on Required Concrete Pavement Thickness. What Conditions Need to Exist for Subbase Use?
Heavy Loading (i.e. Trucks; ADTT > 200)

Subgrade Susceptible to Pumping/Erosion (fine-grained)
Water Available to Subgrade (infiltration or high water table)

Risk of Deep Frost Penetration & Heave
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
If Conditions Exists, What Kind of Subbase?

Granular (Crushed Stone) Treated (Asphalt or Cement) Recycled (Concrete or Asphalt) Permeable With or Without Drainage System
Project Conditions Will Dictate

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
If Conditions Exists, Are There Other Options?

Subgrade Stabilization Soil Mixing Subsurface Drainage
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Is Reinforcing Steel Required?
Reinforcing Steel Does Not Contribute to Load Carrying Capacity of Pavement (i.e. Does Not Reduce Required Pavement Thickness). Primarily Used to Keep Cracks Tight. Cause of Pavement Distress Because of Steel Corrosion. Reduce Mid-Slab Cracking By Appropriate Joint Spacing. Thus, No Steel Is Needed!
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
When Are Dowels Needed?

Heavy Truck Traffic Weak Subgrade Conditions Poor Aggregate Interlock If Used:
Concrete Thickness > 8 inches Plate Dowels for Thinner Pavements
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
When Is Joint Sealing Required?
Always Should be Considered; However,
Will the Joint Sealant be Maintained Over Time? Is There Water or Wind Blown Material Present? Is Subgrade Likely to Pump? Is There Risk of Joints Opening (i.e. Expansive Subgrade)?
If These Risks Can be Minimized, Joint Sealing is NOT Necessary.

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Optimizing Design for Cost Effectiveness
CONCRETE MIXTURE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Fly Ash Slag Cement
Silica Fume
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Fly Ash Use in Ready Mixed Concrete
ACAA 2008 Survey 72 M Tons Produced

16 M Tons in Cement and Concrete 41 M Tons Landfilled (58%)
2000 PCA Survey
>50% of all Ready Mixed Concrete had Fly Ash 15 to 40% Fly Ash is Typical High Volume Fly Ash Mixtures >40%
What happens to concrete performance with increased fly ash?

WWW. NRMCA.ORG

Properties of Fresh Concrete Water Demand Workability Bleeding and Segregation Setting Time Air Content Heat of Hydration
Fly Ash
Type F Lower Increase Lower Increase Lower Lower Type C Lower Increase Lower Inc./Lower Lower Inc./Lower Slag Cement Lower Increase Inc./Lower Increase No Impact Lower Silica Fume Increase Lower Lower No Impact Lower No Impact
WWW. NRMCA.ORG

Properties of Hardened Concrete Type F Fly Ash Type C Slag Cement Silica Fume
Early Age Strength Gain

Long Term Strength Gain Permeability/Absorption Alkali Silica Reactivity Sulfate Resistance
Lower
Increase Lower Lower Increase
No Impact
Increase Lower Lower No Impact
Inc./Lower
Increase
Freezing and Thawing
No Impact
No Impact
No Impact
No Impact
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
High Volume Fly Ash: Bleeding and Finishing
Low w/cm High Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) Concrete:
May Have Low Bleeding Possibly Slow Bleed Rate
Higher Chance of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Cementitious Admixture Interactions
Sometimes Very Delayed Setting (> 3 days), Poor Strength Development Possible
Mostly in Hot Weather
Aluminate-Sulfate Interactions
Class C Fly Ash Contributes Aluminates
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Recycled Concrete as Aggregates

Concrete Pavements Concrete Structures
Returned Concrete
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Recycled Fine Aggregates
Foundry Sands and Slags
Crushed Concrete
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
RCA for Pavements (ACPA 2009)
http://www.acpa.org/
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Effects on Fresh Properties
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Effects on Hardened Properties
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Effect on Durability
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
COMPASS: Mixture Optimization

Computer-Based Guidelines (Software Tool) For JobSpecific Optimization of Paving Concrete
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
COMPASS: Mixture Optimization
WWW. NRMCA.ORG

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Complimentary Standard Details
Standard Details That Should be Addressed:
Joints (Contraction, Construction, Expansion) Curbs, Curbs and Gutters Pavement Junction Bus Stop Pad Driveways Inlets/Manholes
WWW. NRMCA.ORG

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Why Concrete Overlays?
Can be placed on both concrete and asphalt pavements. Offers an economically sound solution with proven extended pavement life.
Easy to correct problem areas like poor drainage.

Can be Constructed Quickly.
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Thinner
Concrete Overlays
Thicker
Bonded Overlay Family
Unbonded Overlay Family
Bonded Concrete Overlay of Concrete Pavements
Bonded Concrete Overlay of Asphalt Pavements
Bonded Concrete Overlay of Composite Pavements
Unbonded Concrete Overlay of Concrete Pavements
Unbonded Concrete Overlay of Asphalt Pavements
Unbonded Concrete Overlay of Composite Pavements
Bond is integral to design
Old pavement is base

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
LOCAL ROAD OVERLAY

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Joints: 5.5 ft. X 5.5 ft. spacing

WWW. NRMCA.ORG

WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Concrete Intersections - Considerations

Typically Eliminates Rutting/Cracking Concerns Complete reconstruction or inlay? Concrete intersection construction limits Thickness Design Subgrade and subbase requirements Jointing detail Pavement profiles Concrete materials Concrete to asphalt transitions Traffic detection systems Coordination with local agencies
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Concrete Intersections - Timing
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
WWW. NRMCA.ORG

Definitions and Nomenclature Why Concrete Pavements? Design Optimization Complimentary Design Details Life Cycle Cost Analysis Concrete Overlays Sustainability
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Sustainability

Concrete streets last longer with less maintenance
Concrete streets reduce Heat Island Effect

Concrete streets are safer at night:
lighter color surface reflects more light
Concrete can be used for stormwater management Concrete is locally produced so you can buy at home and can be recycled at the end of its life
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
What is the Concrete Sustainability Hub?

http://web.mit.edu/cshub/index.html
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub: Goals
Identify Areas in Which Concrete Excels Identify Opportunities for Improvement Create Solid Technical Basis for Future Industry Development
http://web.mit.edu/cshub/index.html
WWW. NRMCA.ORG
Thank You!
http://www.nrmca.org/
Brian Killingsworth, P.E.

Senior Director, Pavement Structures National Ready Mixed Concrete Association Phone: (830) 438-2690 Mobile: (210) 508-4923 bkillingsworth@nrmca.org http://www.nrmca.org/about/Staff-Bio-BKillingsworth.asp
WWW. NRMCA.ORG

S25 - Getting The Most Out of Concrete - LTC2013

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

S25 - Getting The Most Out of Concrete - LTC2013

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Session 25: Concrete Construction 1 Getting the Most Out of Concrete

How to Get the Biggest Bang for the Buck

How to Get the Biggest Bang for the Buck

Pavement Long-Term Performance = Design + Drainage + Materials + Construction + Maintenance

Hot-Mixed Asphalt Concrete (HMAC)/Granular Base HMAC/Granular Base/Stabilized Subgrade

Full Depth HMAC

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (**JPCP**)

Unbonded/Bonded Concrete Overlay (Rehab)

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement

Concrete Pavement Design

Dowel Bars (may be optional)

How to Get the Biggest Bang for the Buck

Rigid (or Semi-Rigid) Materials

Rigid Pavement Applications

Are Concrete Pavements Competitive?

Are Concrete Pavements Competitive?

Structural Capacity Reliability Service Life Distress Failure Conditions

Are Concrete Pavements Competitive?

How to Get the Biggest Bang for the Buck

Optimizing Design for Cost Effectiveness

CONCRETE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

CRCP Pavements Only

Key Design Distress

Some Pavement Design Methods

Variables which can be optimized for projects:

Improved Traffic Estimates (Now & Future)

Concrete Strength (Is Higher Always Better?)

Variables which can be optimized for projects:

When is a Subbase Needed?

Heavy Loading (i.e. Trucks; ADTT > 200)

Water Available to Subgrade (infiltration or high water table)

When is a Subbase Needed?

If Conditions Exists, What Kind of Subbase?

Project Conditions Will Dictate

When is a Subbase Needed?

If Conditions Exists, Are There Other Options?

Subgrade Stabilization Soil Mixing Subsurface Drainage

Is Reinforcing Steel Required?

When Are Dowels Needed?

Concrete Thickness > 8 inches Plate Dowels for Thinner Pavements

When Is Joint Sealing Required?

Always Should be Considered; However,

If These Risks Can be Minimized, Joint Sealing is NOT Necessary.

Optimizing Design for Cost Effectiveness

CONCRETE MIXTURE DESIGN OPTIMIZATION

Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Fly Ash Slag Cement

Fly Ash Use in Ready Mixed Concrete

ACAA 2008 Survey 72 M Tons Produced

16 M Tons in Cement and Concrete 41 M Tons Landfilled (58%)

2000 PCA Survey

What happens to concrete performance with increased fly ash?

Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Supplementary Cementitious Materials

Early Age Strength Gain

Freezing and Thawing

High Volume Fly Ash: Bleeding and Finishing

Low w/cm High Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) Concrete:

May Have Low Bleeding Possibly Slow Bleed Rate

Higher Chance of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking

Cementitious Admixture Interactions

Mostly in Hot Weather

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)