Chapter 13 Terms: 1.

Corrupt Bargain: Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824. 2. Spoils system: Rewarded supporters with good positions in office. The spoils system was built up by gifts from expectant party members, and the system secured such a tenacious hold that it took more than 50 years before its grip was even loosened. 3. Tariff of Abominations: Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures. 4. Compromise Tariff of 1833: Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it proved that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels. 5. Force Bill: Bill passed by Congress alongside the Compromise Tariff that authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect tariffs. 6. Indian Removal Act: Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces often after prolonged legal or military battles. 7. Trail of Tears: Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokees died on the journey. 8. Black Hawk War: Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act. 9. Bank War: Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of Western farmers. 10. Anti-Masonic party: First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influenced Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants. 11. Pet banks: Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833. 12. Specie Circular: U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with hard, or metallic, currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West. 13. Panic of 1837: Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jacksons efforts to curb overspeculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the Divorce Bill, which tracting the credit supply.

14. Alamo: Fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. Remember the Alamo became a battle cry in support of Texan independence. 15. Goliad: Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence. 16. Battle of San Jacinto: Resulted in the capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texass Southwestern border. People: 1. John Quincy Adams: achieved high office by commanding respect rather than by boasting great popularity. Like his father, however, he was able but somewhat wooden and lacked the peoples touch (which Jackson notably had). During his administration, he only removed 12 public servants from the federal payroll, thus refusing to kick out efficient officeholders in favor of his own, possibly less efficient, supporters. In his first annual message, Adams urged Congress on the construction of roads and canals, proposed a national university, and advocated support for an astronomical observatory. With land, Adams tried to curb over-speculation of land, much to Westerners anger even though he was doing it for their own good, and with the Cherokee Indians, he tried to deal fairly with them although the state of Georgia successfully resisted federal attempts to help the Cherokees. 2. Andrew Jackson: When he became president, Andrew Jackson had already battled dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, and lead poisoning from two bullets lodged somewhere in his body. He personified the new West: rough, a jack-of-all-trades, a genuine folk hero. Born in the backwoods of the Carolinas, Jackson had been early orphaned, was interested in cockfighting as a kid, and wasnt really good with reading and writing, sometimes misspelling the same word twice in one letter. He went to Tennessee, where he became a judge and a congressman, and his passions were so profound that he could choke up on the floor. A man with a violent temper, he got into many duels, fights, stabbings, etc. He was a Western aristocrat, having owned many slaves, and lived in a fine mansion, the Hermitage, and he shared many of the prejudices of the masses. He was called Old Hickory by his troops because of his toughness. He was antifederalist, believing that the federal government was for the privileged only, although he maintained the sacredness of the Union and the federal power over the states. Still, he welcomed the western democracy. Jackson commanded fear and respect from his subordinates, and ignored the Supreme Court on several occasions; he also used the veto 12 times (compared to a combined 10 times by his predecessors) and on his inauguration, he let commoners come into the White House. 3. Denmark Vesey: In the South during the time of the Tariff of Abominations, Denmark Vesey, a free Black, led an ominous slave rebellion in Charleston. This raised fears by Southern whites and led to a tightening of control over slaves. 4. John C. Calhoun: Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun reversed their positions from 1816, with Webster supporting the tariff and Calhoun being against it. He secretly wrote The South

5. 6. 7. 8.

9.

10.

11.

12. 13. 14.

Carolina Exposition in 1828, boldly denouncing the recent tariff and calling for nullification of the tariff by all states. Black Hawk: Clashed with in Illinois and Wisconsin with American forces, resulting in the Black Hawk War. Nicholas Biddle: Led the B.U. S. He cleverly lent U.S. funds to friends, and often used the money of the B.U.S. to bribe people, like the press. Daniel Webster: Supported the Tariff of 1828 Henry Clay: One of four towering candidates in the election of 1824. To compromise and prevent Jackson from crushing S.C. and becoming more popular, Henry Clay, proposed a compromise bill that would gradually reduce the Tariff of 1832 by about 10% over a period of eight years, so that by 1842 the rates would be down to 20% to 25%. In 1832, Henry Clay, in a strategy to bring Jacksons popularity down so that he could defeat him for presidency, rammed a bill for the re-chartering of the BUSfour years early. Martin Van Buren: The Whigs suffered from disorganization. They tried to offer a "favorite son" candidate from each section of the countrytheir hopes were that no one would win a majority of electoral votes, the election would thus be thrown to the House of Representatives, and they could win there. Their scheme failed, and van Buren won. Van Buren was the first president to have been born in America, but he lacked the support of many Democrats and Jacksons popularity. In the election of 1840, the popular election was close, but Harrison blew Van Buren away in the Electoral College. Stephen Austin: Americans continued to covet Texas, and in 1823, after Mexico had gained independence from Spain, Stephen Austin had made an agreement with the Mexican government to bring about 300 families into a huge tract of granted land to settle. In 1833, Stephen Austin went to Mexico City to clear up differences and was jailed for 8 months. Sam Houston: The Texans (among them Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie) resented the foreign government, but they were led by Sam Houston. Led his army eastward for 37 days then turned on the Mexicans, taking advantage of their siesta hour, wiping them out, and capturing Santa Anna. Santa Anna: In 1835, dictator Santa Anna started to raise an army to suppress the Texans; the next year, they declared their independence. Captured by Sam Houstons army. William Henry Harrison: In 1840, William Harrison was nominated due to his being issueless and enemyless, with John Tyler as his running mate. He had only been popular from Tippecanoe (1811) and the Battle of the Thames (1813). The popular vote was close, but he beat van Buren by a landslide in the Electoral College.