COMPUTERS AND STRUCTURES, INC.

, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA DECEMBER 2001

COMPOSITE BEAM DESIGN AISC-ASD89

Technical Note

Allowable Bending Stresses General

This Technical Note describes how the program determines the allowable bending stresses using the AISC-ASD89 specification for composite beams. The methodologies for determining the allowable bending stress for both the steel beam alone and the composite beam are described. Important note concerning cover plates: This section describes how the allowable bending stresses are determined for steel beams. When a cover plate is present, the program determines the allowable stresses for the beam as if the cover plate were not present, except as noted in Note 3 for Table 1. Based on the allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam bottom flange, Fb-bbf, which the program determines as described in this Technical Note, the allowable bending stress at the bottom of the cover plate, Fb-bcp is taken as shown in Equation 1.

Fy cp Fb-bcp = Fb bbf Fy
where, Fb-bbf

Eqn. 1

= Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the beam bottom flange, ksi. = Allowable bending stress at the bottom of the cover plate, ksi. = Yield stress of beam, ksi. = Yield stress of cover plate, ksi.

Fb-bcp

Fy Fycp

General

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Allowable Bending Stresses

Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone

This section documents the allowable bending stresses that the program uses when the steel beam alone (noncomposite) resists the bending. Allowable bending stresses are provided for both compression and tension. Note: Allowable stresses for composite beams are described in the section entitled Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive Bending in the Composite Beam later in this Technical Note. The allowable bending stress for the steel beam alone depends on the type of beam section, whether the compression flange and the web are compact or noncompact, the yield stress of the beam and the unsupported length of the compression flange, Lb. Table 1 identifies the equations that are used to calculate the allowable bending stress of the steel beam alone for various conditions. Table 1 is based on the requirements of Chapter F, Section F1 in the AISCASD89 specification. The compact and noncompact requirements that the programe uses for the flanges, web and the cover plate (if it exists and is in compression) are presented in Technical Note Width-to-Thickness Checks Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89. In the Flange and Cover Plate column of Table 1, if the flange or the cover plate is noncompact, the column entry is noncompact. Both the flange and the cover plate must be compact for the entry to be compact.

Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Allowable Bending Stresses

Table 1 Equations Used by the Program for Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone
Flange and Cover Plate compact compact compact Rolled I-shaped or channel section noncompact from the program database noncompact noncompact compact or noncompact compact compact User defined (welded) section that is I-shaped or a channel compact noncompact noncompact compact or noncompact Table Descriptive Notes: 1. 2. 3. See Equation 2 for Lc. Equations 7 and 8 do not apply to channels. For I-shaped beams, Equation 9 does not apply if the area of the compression flange is less than the area of the tension flange. For this check the area of the cover plate is included as part of the flange area. Unsupported Length of Compression Flange1 Lc Lc Lc Lc Lc Lc > Lc Lc Lc Lc Lc Lc > Lc Equation(s) for Fb, the Allowable Bending Stress 3 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 4 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 6 for tension; larger of 7 or 8, as applicable and 9 for compression2 3 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 5 in tension or compression 6 in tension or compression 6 for tension; larger of 7 or 8, as applicable and 9 for compression2, 3

Type of Beam Section

Web compact compact noncompact compact compact noncompact compact or noncompact compact compact noncompact compact or noncompact compact or noncompact compact or noncompact

Beam Fy 65 ksi > 65 ksi No limit 65 ksi > 65 ksi No limit No limit 65 ksi > 65 ksi No limit 65 ksi > 65 ksi No limit

Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Allowable Bending Stresses

In the fifth column of Table 1, the unsupported length of the compression flange is compared to Lc. The length Lc is defined in Equation 2.

L c = smaller of

76b f Fy

and

20000 (d A f )Fy

Eqn. 2

The Af and bf terms in Equation 2 are the area and width of the beam compression flange (not including cover plate even if it exists), respectively. These terms are never based on the cover plate dimensions. The Fy term is the yield stress of the beam (not cover plate) The equations referred to in the last column of Table 1 are listed below.

Fb = 0.66 Fy b Fb = Fy 0.79 0.002 f 2t f b Fb = Fy 0.79 0.002 f 2t f

where

Eqn. 3

Fy Fy kc

Eqn. 4

Eqn. 5

kc =

(h t w )0.46

4.05

, for h/tw > 70, otherwise kc = 1

Eqn. 5a

Fb = 0.60 Fy

Eqn. 6

In Equation 6, the program takes Fy as the yield stress of the compression flange for hybrid beams.

When

102 * 10 3 C b 510 * 10 3 C b l Fy rT Fy

2 2 Fy (l rT ) Fy 0.60Fy Fb = 3 1,530 * 10 3 C b

Eqn. 7

Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Allowable Bending Stresses

When Fb =

l 510 * 103 Cb > rT Fy

170 * 103 Cb

Eqn. 8

(l rT )2

0.60Fy

Fb =

12 * 103 Cb 0.60Fy (ld A f )

Eqn. 9

In Equations 7 and 8, the l term in l/rT is the unbraced length of the compression flange. The rT term is based on the compression flange of the beam. This is significant when the dimensions of the top and bottom flanges are different. For rolled sections, the rT term is taken from the program database. For userdefined (welded) sections, the rT term is calculated using Equation 10a or 10b. Equation 10a applies for positive bending and Equation 10b applies for negative bending. If it exists, the cover plate is ignored when calculating rT. For positive bending:

b3 f top t f top rT = 12

(d y bare

t f top ) t 3 w
Eqn. 10a

b f top t f top +
For negative bending:

36 (d y bare t f top ) t w 3

rT =

(y t f bot ) t 3 b3 f bot t f bot w + bare 12 36 (y t f bot ) t w b f bot t f bot + bare 3

Eqn. 10b

The Cb term in Equations 7, 8 and 9 is defined in "Bracing (C) Tab and Bracing Tab" in Technical Note Overwrites Composite Beam Design AISC-ASC89. In Equation 9 Af is the area of the compression flange (not including the cover plate even if it exists).

Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Allowable Bending Stresses

The derivation of ybare is provided in "Properties of Steel Beam (Plus Cover Plate) Alone" in Technical Note Transformed Section Moment of Inertia Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89.

Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive Bending in the Composite Beam

Note: Allowable stresses when composite connection is not considered is described earlier in this Technical Note in the section entitled Allowable Bending Stress for Steel Beam Alone. Figure 1 shows a typical composite beam. When there is positive bending in the beam there is compression at the top of the concrete and tension at the bottom of the beam. For positive bending in a composite beam, the program checks the stresses at the following locations: Compression stress at the top of the concrete. This stress is limited to 0.45 f c' . Tension or compression at the top of the top flange of the beam. See Table 2 for the allowable stress. Tension or compression at the bottom of the bottom flange of the beam. In practice, it is unlikely that the bottom flange of the beam will ever be in compression for positive bending. It would require an extremely large cover plate, beyond the bounds of practicality. See Table 2 for the allowable stress. Tension at the bottom of the cover plate. See Table 2 and the section entitled General at the beginning of this Technical Note for the allowable stress.

Table 2 defines the equations that are used to calculate the allowable bending stress for the steel beam portion of a composite beam section for various conditions. The equation used depends on whether the beam web is compact and whether the yield stress is less than or equal to 65 ksi.

Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive Bending in the Composite Beam

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Composite Beam Design AISC-ASD89

Allowable Bending Stresses

Concrete slab

Metal deck

Steel beam

Cover plate

bcp

Figure 1 Composite Beam

Table 2:

Equations the Program Uses to Calculate the Allowable Bending Stress in the Steel Beam Portion of a Composite Beam
Web compact noncompact compact or noncompact Beam Fy 65 ksi 65 ksi > 65 ksi Equations Used for Allowable Stresses Compression Tension 11 12 12 11 12 12

Type of Beam Section Any composite beam

Fb = 0.66 Fy Fb = 0.60 Fy

tcp

hr

tc

Eqn.11 Eqn. 12

Allowable Bending Stresses for Positive Bending in the Composite Beam

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