Id: hw2.tex,v 1.

4 2009/02/09 04:31:40 ike Exp

1 Fall, 2010 September 9, 2010

MIT 2.111/8.411/6.898/18.435 Quantum Information Science I Sam Ocko

Problem Set #1 Solutions

1. (a) The eigenvectors of 1 0 0 1

0 I are

1 0 , 0 1 Both of which have eigenvalue 1. (b) The eigenvectors of 0 1 1 0

1 x X are 1 1 , 2 1 Having eigenvalues 1 and -1. (c) The eigenvectors of

1 1 2 1

2 y Y are 1 1 , 2 i Having eigenvalues 1 and -1. (d) The eigenvectors of

0 i i 0

1 1 2 i

3 z Z

1 0 0 1

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are 1 0 , 0 1 Having eigenvalues 1 and -1. 2. The eigenvectors of the matrix

1 0 0 0 are

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

0 0 0 1

1 0 0 , 0 Having eigenvalues 1, 1, 1, -1 3. (a) v v = 1 (b) v w = 0 (c)

0 0 1 1 0 , 0 , 2 1 0 1

0 1 1 , 2 1 0

vv = (d) v Xw = 1

1 0 0 0

4. (a) Let v be any normalized eigenvector of M with eigenvalue . vv = 1, M v = v = v v = v M v = v M v (b) v M v = v M v

= v M v

= =

Therefore, is real-valued, and all eigenvalues of M are real.

= v M v

= v M v

Therefore, v M v is real-valued for all vectors v

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5. U = eiM =
k

(iM )k k!

We then can say

U =
k

(iM )k k!

=
k

(iM ) k!

=
k

(iM ) k!

U U =
j,k

(iM ) (iM ) j! k!

Collecting terms, we obtain

U U =
N =0 k=0

(iM ) k!

N k

(iM ) = k!

(iM )N
N =0 k=0

i2k = k !(N k )!

(iM )N
N =0 k=0

(1)k k !(N k )!

When N > 0, we can use the Binomial Theorem to say:

k=0

(1)k 1 = (1 1)N = 0 k !(N k )! N!

therefore U U = (iM )0 = I Alternate Proof An alternate proof relies on the fact that the eigenvectors of a Hermitian matrix are orthogonal. When M has eigenvectors vj , eigenvalues j we can write

M=

vj j vj , U = eiM = j

vj eij vj

U U =
j

vj eij vj k

vk eik vk =I

MIT 2.111/8.411/6.898/18.435 Quantum Information Science I Prof. Isaac Chuang

Fall, 2010 September 9, 2010

Problem Set #1
Due: Thursday, September 17, 2010

1. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Pauli matrices Give the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of these four matrices: 0 I 1 0 0 1 1 x X 0 1 1 0

2 y Y

0 i i 0

3 z Z

1 0 0 1

2. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a 44 matrix Give the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this matrix: 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 3. Inner products For matrix M , let M = (M T ) , where M T is the transpose of M , and is denotes the complex conjugate of M . We call M the adjoint of M . Let 1 0 and w = v= 0 1 (a) (b) (c) (d) What What What What is is is is v v? v w? vv ? v Xw?

4. Hermitian matrices A matrix M is Hermitian if M = M . Let M be Hermitian. (a) Prove that all of its eigenvalues are real. (b) Prove that v M v is real, for all vectors v . When v M v > 0, we say that M > 0. 5. Unitary matrices Let M be Hermitian, and dene U = eiM =
k

(iM )k k!

Prove that U U = I , where I is the identity matrix.