1.

(i)

H
C

H
two lone pairs on oxygen (1); two crosses and two dots between C and O (1); dot and cross between each C and H (1); must look like pairs too many electrons on C atom cons second mark allow other variations of dots/crosses eg squares/triangles etc. note: expected answer on left does not show difference clearly nd rd enough to score 2 and 3 marking points.
3

(ii)

bond angle between 118 122 (1); 3 sets (AW) of electrons (1); around C atom (1); repel as far as possible/minimise electronic energy / repulsion (1); planar/flat molecule (1); Please tick marks awarded allow regions/areas of (high) of electron density allow reference to central atom do not allow atoms repel but allow bonds repel.... (already penalised on second marking point unless clear that bonds refer to pairs of electrons in which case both points scored) ignore triangular / trigonal con pyramidal structure (diagram or words)
5

[8]

2.

(a)

Delocalised electrons (1) First two points can be on diagram or labels minimum of five cations shown (can touch)

Regular array of cations / positive ions / residues (1) allow positive atoms do not allow positive nucleus or positive metal Labels but any used must be correct (1)
3

City and Islington college

(b)

x x

xx

x x

xx

x x

x x

correct pairs on Be (1) 3 pairs on Cl (1) do not allow ionic structure

2

(c)

melting point (is different) (1) (melting point) is higher in ionic compounds (1) do not allow references to ionic solids / covalent gases liquids allow boiling point nd Must be a comparison for 2 mark AND Any one of: ionic compounds conduct electricity when in solution / molten (1) OR ionic compounds (generally) water soluble / ora / AW (1) Incorrect chemical explanation con 2 mark eg reference to bond strengths do not allow just conduct electricity allow ORA throughout
3
nd

[8]

3.

(i) four electrons between left O and S (1); O S O lone pairs (ecf) on S and Os (1) dative pair from S to right O (1) (ii) (three) sets of electrons (NOT bonds) (AW)round sulphur/central atom (1) repel (electrons) (1)as far as poss/minimize electronic energy/repulsion (1)

3 3
[6]

4. (ii)

(i)

(H2S) lone pair (two dots) (1); (NH3)lone pair (same symbol) (1);

3 3

OCS (two dots /two crosses) (1) H2S(bent); NH3 (trigonal pyramid); OCS (linear) (one mark each) (3) NB two labelled the same is CON (iii) (Wedge bond) sticking out in front of (paper)/towards (1); dashed behind paper(1)AW (NB if reversed or idea 3D = 1mark)
[8]

5.

(i)
2

City and Islington college

H
+

C
+

+ +

+ +

H
2 2
[4]

H H shared pairs (1); can be side by side eg + lone pairs (can be same or different symbols) (1)

(ii)

A 109 2 (1); B 107 110 (1) degree sign need not be shown.

6. (ii)

(i)

Dative / co-ordinate (1)

6 electrons between atoms (1); correct electrons and arrangement between atoms (1);one lone pair / two electrons on each not between atoms (1) (iii) Theory: electron pairs / groups / regions around central atom / carbon (1); Electrons repel (1); get as far away possible / minimize repulsion / energy (1); Application to OCS: two double bonds / regions of electron density (1); molecule / CO2 linear / bond angle 180 (1); (diagram can score both) 5
[9]

City and Islington college