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STATELESSNESS &

NATIONALITY
IN SOUTH AFRICA
Thioughaseiiesofiesolutionsbeginningin1994,the0niteuNationsueneialAssemblygave
the0NBCRthemanuatetowoikwithgoveinmentstopieventstatelessnessfiomoccuiiing,
toiesolvecasesthatuooccuianutopiotecttheiightsofstatelesspeopleaiounuthewoilu.
SinceNaich2u11,0NBCRhasbeenfunuingLBRsstatelessnesswoik.
Lawyeis foi Buman Rights is a national nonpioit oiganisation with its heau ofice in Pietoiia
SouthAfiica.LBRspiincipleaimsanuobjectivesaietopiomote,upholu,fostei,stiengthen
anuenfoiceallhumaniightsinSouthAfiica.
0ne of LBRs specialiseu human iights piogiammes is the Refugee anu Nigiants Rights
Piogiamme which opeiates out of }ohannesbuig Pietoiia Nusina anu Buiban Thiough this
piogiamme,LBRpioviuesuiiectlegalassistanceanualsosuppoitsanuengagesinlitigation
onbehalfofiefugees,asylumseekeisanuotheimigiants.
In LBR launcheu the Statelessness Pioject as pait of the Refugee anu Nigiants Rights
Piogiamme with suppoit fiom the 0niteu Nations Bigh Commissionei foi Refugees 0NBCR
The Statelessness Pioject has been opeiating out of Nusina which is neai the Zimbabwean
boiuei anu in Pietoiia Community outieach has been conuucteu in anu aiounu }ohannesbuig
anu in the faiming iegions of the Westein Cape Client iefeiials have also been ielueu fiom
LBR anu paitnei oiganisations in }ohannesbuig Buiban anu Cape Town
Acknowleugments
This iepoit was wiitten by LBRs }essica P ueoige anu Rosalinu Elphick with impoitant
inputs fiom Kaajal RamjathanKeogh anu }acob van uaiueien
LBRextenusitssinceiegiatituuetothe0NBCRfoiitslong-stanuingsuppoitofLBRswoik
in the asylum sectoi anu foi suppoiting LBRs woik on the pievention anu ieuuction of
statelessness Photogiaphy in this iepoit was taken anu euiteu by Baniel Boshoff a fieelance
photogiapheibaseuinCapeTown.
ThisiepoitwaspublisheuinNaich2u1S.
L B R
Table
of Contents
1. Introduction 7
Lawyeis foi Buman Rights Statelessness Pioject 1u
2. UnravellingtbeStatelessnessPbenomenon:WboisaStatelessPerson? 11
3. StatelessnessinAfrica:AnUverview 13
4. PopulationsofConcerninSoutbAfrica-ByCountryofBirtb 14
Nultiple Countiies 0iphans anu vulneiable Chiluien 14
Nultiple Countiies South Afiican Citizens Boin Abioau 16
Zimbabwe 19
EthiopiaEiitiea 22
Lesotho 22
Nozambique 22
Swazilanu 2S
TanzaniaKenya 27
Bemociatic Republic of Congo 28
Somalia 28
SouthAfiica 28
5. HumanRigbtsCballengesFacingStatelessPersonsinSoutbAfrica 42
. CurrentSolutionsinSoutbAfrica 51
LegalFiamewoik S1
CitizensbipAct S1
BirtbsonJ0eotbsReqistrotionAct S2
RefuqeesAct S4
lmmiqrotionAct S4
PromotionofAJministrotive}usticeAct SS
Constitution S6
lnternotionollow S6
LBRs Stiategies to Iuentify anu Assist Stateless Peisons S9
7. RecommendationsfortbeSoutbAfricanContext 3
Ratiication of the Convention ielating to the Status of Stateless Peisons 6S
Ratiication of the Convention on the Reuuction of Statelessness 67
AuuitionalRecommenuations 7u
8. Conclusion 79
9. Annexure:SummaryofIssuesandRecommendations 81
Acronyms
BDRA Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act of
LHR LawyeisfoiBumanRights
LRB Late iegistiation of biith as pei the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act of
MDC Novement foi Bemociatic Change
PA)A Piomotion of Auministiative }ustice Act of
RSA RepublicofSouthAfiica
SAC South Afiican citizen as pei the South Afiican Citizenship Act of
UN 0niteuNations
UNHCR 0niteuNationsBighCommissioneifoiRefugees
UNICEF 0niteuNationsChiluiensFunu
ZANU-PF Zimbabwe Afiican National 0nion Patiiotic Fiont
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CrowingupinSoutbAfricabutborninSwaziland,
TbohozaniSidufacedstatelessnessuntilbewas
inally able to access citizensbip tbrougb bis Soutb
Africanfatber.
seepoqe26
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Astatelesspeisonissomeonewhoisnotconsiueieuanationalbyanystateunueitheopeiation
of its laws This is the ueinition founu at Aiticle of the Convention ielating to the
Status of Stateless Peisons Accoiuing to 0NBCR estimates moie than million people
woiluwiuesuffeifiomtheinvisibilityanuieutapethataccompanieslifeasastatelesspeison.
Theyfaceenulessanucontinuousviolationsoftheiifunuamentaliightsbecausehumaniights
aieoftenunenfoiceablewithoutnationality.
People who aie stateless suffei baiiieis to euucation inability to woik legally inability to move
fieely between anu within states inability to vote oi iun foi political ofice anu a lack of access
tosocialseivices.Itcanbeimpossiblefoisuccessivegeneiationstoescapethecycleofpoveity
uue to the inability to acquiie nationality Statelessness also incieases societal tensions anu
contiibutes to conlict population uisplacement anu migiation
Although the issue of statelessness has been iecogniseu by the inteinational community foi
uecaues,itiemainsahumaniightschallengethathasnotbeengiventheattentionitueseives.
Peihaps this is because the issue cuts to the heait of what makes a nation its nationals anu
hasalwaysbeensuiiounueuwithpolitical,ethnicanucultuialcontioveisy.
The iefugee movements anu state succession in Euiope aftei Woilu Wai II that leu to the
auoption of the Convention ielating to the Status of Refugees Refugees Convention
also spaikeu inteinational uebate on how to ueal with the issue of statelessness. The 19S4
Convention ielating to the Status of Stateless Peisons was oiiginally intenueu to be a uiaft
piotocol to the Refugees Convention but insteau was latei inaliseu into a sepaiate tieaty The
1961ConventionontheReuuctionofStatelessnessfolloweu,althoughneitheitieatyhasbeen
wiuely signeu oi iatiieu
1.
Intiouuction
ItwuxllheIJlJnthuvellfe
IfyouJonthuvethutcltlzenxhlpltxllheyourenothlngtothlxcountry.Onlythe
negutlvewlllbexeen.1oeveryoneurounJmeIwuxnothlngbutuforelgner.
IwuxunoboJy...IreullyfeltIwuxworthlexx,toupolntwhere,evenlfIloxemy
llfe,ltwlllbeworthltbecuuxeIwuxhurJlyrecognlxeJuxuhumunbelng.
NowthutIhuvecltlzenxhlp,ltxllheIveregulneJllfe...
IcunJoxomunythlngx.NowIumxeenunJIcunJoxomethlng.NowIcunxhow
myubllltlextotheworlJ.
Thokozani Siuu who useu to be stateless
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Sincethe0NBCRtookonthemanuateofstatelessnessinthe199us,ithaswoikeutoencouiage
statestosignanuiatifystatelessnesstieatiesanutouomesticateitspiovisions.In2u11,theSuth
anniveisaiyofthe1961ConventionontheReuuctionofStatelessness,the0NBCRescalateuits
effoits to call attention to the issue A 0NBCR ministeiial level confeience in Becembei
highlighteu the plight of stateless people By the enu of eight moie countiies acceueu to
atleastoneoftheconventionsanumoiethanSunationalgoveinments,incluuingSouthAfiica,
mauepleugestoacceueintheneaifutuie.
In the Afiican context uisciiminatoiy citizenship laws cieateu uuiing colonisation combineu
witheconomicmigiationhaveleutoasciamblefoipoweiinthepost-colonialeiaanuinmany
instances a continuation of exclusionaiy citizenship laws intenueu to piotect the peiceiveu
oiiginaloccupantsoftheaiea.
1
Thishashauanegativeimpactonmanymigiantlabouieisanu
theii uescenuents who effectively have founu themselves without a nationality. As countiies
continue to uevelop anu access to wealth anu social seivices become evei moie uepenuent
onauministiativesystemsanuuocumentation,statelessnessinAfiicaonlyincieasesasthose
on the fiinges of society aie left outsiue the citizeniy ciicle Fuitheimoie the global economic
iecessionhasinmanycountiiesiesulteuinthetighteningofboiueis,xenophobiaanuiestiicteu
access to citizenship in effoits to piotect nations limiteu iesouices
In South Afiica, which hau the highest numbei of new asylum-seekeis in the woilu in 2uu8,
statelessmigiantsaieinevitablypiesent.WhatissuipiisingisthatmanypeopleboinonSouth
Afiicanteiiitoiyaiealsounabletoaccessnationalityinanynation.
While South Afiica has not yet signeu oi iatiieu the two conventions on statelessness numeious
legalinstiumentspiotecttheiighttonationalitygeneially.TheConstitutionpiotectstheiight
of each chilu to a name anu nationality fiom biith as well as the iight not to be uepiiveu of
onesnationality.
2
The South Afiican Citizenship Act of pioviues citizenship by biith to
chiluienboinontheteiiitoiywhohavenootheinationalityoinoiighttoanotheinationality.
South Afiica has signeu anu iatiieu a numbei of inteinational instiuments that piotect the
iight to nationality namely the 0niveisal Beclaiation on Buman Rights Convention on
the Nationality of Naiiieu Women Convention on the Elimination of all Foims of Racial
Bisciimination Convention on the Rights of the Chilu anu the Inteinational Covenant on
Civil anu Political Rights
Signiicantly in Becembei South Afiica coniimeu its commitment to piotect the iight to
nationalitybypleugingtosignanuiatifythe19S4ConventionRelatingtotheStatusofStateless
Peisons anu the Convention on the Reuuction of Statelessness
S
Thisisapiomisingstep
foiwaiu anu inuicates giowing iecognition of the iight to a nationality anu the pioblem of
statelessness Bopefully signatuie anu iatiication will soon follow in
ThisiepoitisintenueutoievealanuuiawattentiontotheplightofstatelesspeisonsinSouth
Afiica Section pioviues a biief backgiounu on the ueinition of stateless peison Section
outlines some oveiaiching causes of statelessness aiounu the Afiican continent. Section 4
uesciibes the main populations of concein iuentiieu in South Afiica explaining why they aie
stiuggling to access nationality anu incluuing the peisonal stoiies of a numbei of stateless
peisons.
Nanby B CitizensbiplowinAfrico:AComporotiveStuJy,p.8.NewYoik,0penSocietyInstitute.
2 Sections28anu2u,iespectively.
The Beputy Ninistei Ns Fatima Chohan ueliveieu this pleuge at the 0niteu Nations Bigh Commissionei foi Refugees
Ninisteiial Inteigoveinmental Event on Refugees anu Stateless Peisons in ueneva See httpwwwunhcioig
commemoiationsPleugespieviewcompilationanalysispuf
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Nutlonulltylxtobelongxomewhere.Forme,
IcuntlJentlfymyxelf.IJontbelongunywhere.
AS was boin in a iefugee camp in Tanzania to Buiunuian iefugees
Yet he is not iecogniseu as a citizen of Buiunui noi of Tanzania
seepoqe27
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Section S explains the numeious human iights challenges facing stateless peisons in South
Afiica,iangingfiomlackofuocumentation,toinabilitytowoiktoiepeateuaiiestanupiolongeu
uetention.
Section biiely outlines the legal obligations anu stiategies to piotect the iight to nationality
foi some of the countiys most vulneiable people. Finally the iepoit concluues in Section 7
withiecommenuationsfoilawiefoimanupolicychangetopieventstatelessnessanupiomote
accesstonationalityintheSouthAfiicancontext.
Lawyeis foi Buman Rights Statelessness Pioject
LBR in collaboiation with the 0NBCR launcheu the Statelessness Pioject in Naich to
piomote access to nationality. The goals of the pioject aie to pioviue uiiect legal seivices to
stateless peisons to engage goveinment on the neeu foi legal iefoim to pievent anu ieuuce
statelessness to iaise awaieness of stateless people anu theii iights anu to auvocate foi the
iatiication of the anu 0N conventions on statelessness
The pioject was iist contemplateu in when LBR expeiienceu numeious Zimbabwean
boin migiants appioaching its ofices uistiesseu about theii nationality The Bepaitment of
Bome Affaiis hau extenueu a special uispensation offeiing woik, stuuy oi business peimits
to Zimbabweans alieauy in the Republic illegally oi on asylum peimits Nany Zimbabwean
boin migiants appioacheu theii consulate to apply foi a passpoit so that they coulu access
the uispensation but when piesenting theii long biith ceitiicates they weie tolu by consulai
oficials that they aie no longei Zimbabwean citizens uue to an amenument to Zimbabwes
Citizenship Act in
Sincethepiojectsinception,LBRhasieacheumoiethan2uuupeisonsfiomovei2ucountiies
of oiigin LBR has iuentiieu numeious categoiies of stateless peisons in the Republic both
migiantsaswellasthoseboininthecountiy.
Fiom to the pioject has pioviueu uiiect legal seivices in }ohannesbuig Pietoiia
anu Nusina anu has ielueu iefeiials fiom Buiban anu Cape Town 0utieach was conuucteu
onfaimsinnoitheinLimpopoanutheWesteinCape,aswellasincommunitieslivinginanu
aiounu }ohannesbuig Refeiials fiom othei oiganisations as well as uiiect inquiiies fiom the
websitepioviueuwiueieachfoithepioject.
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A common iefiain when people iist heai about statelessness is Bow is it possible that a
peison coulu have N0 nationality
4
People unfamiliai with this ielu tenu to peiceive statelessness as a veiy isolateu infiequent
anufai-fetcheuevent,likebeingstiuckbylightning.Itishaiufoimanypeopletoimaginewhat
set of ciicumstances coulu occui to iesult in a peison being stateless anu unable to access
nationalityinanycountiy.
Bespite this statelessness is a ieality foi ovei million people aiounu the woilu incluuing in
SouthAfiica.
S

Sauly, statelessness is often tieateu with uoubt, suspicion anu uefensiveness by people who
aie in a position to pievent anu ieuuce it goveinment leaueis oficials anu iepiesentatives
Nanyinsistthatitisnotapioblemfoipeoplefiomtheiicountiy.Fuithei,intheAfiicancontext,
statelessness is often confuseu with a lack of belonging Boubts as to whethei statelessness
can exist in Afiica aie thus usually centieu aiounu notions of the laige Afiican family anu
the impoitance of ioots. Bow can an Afiican be stateless if she, as all Afiicans, comes fiom
an iuentiiable townvillage anu has an extenueu family oi a chief who can vouch foi hei A
statelesspeisonmaywellhaveanestablisheufamilyanuhomelifeanumayfeelaiealsenseof
belonging in theii place of oiigin But nationality is not a mattei of how much a peison feels that
hebelongsinoicomesfiomanypaiticulaiplace.Theciuxofthematteiiswhetheioinotheis
iecogniseubytheStateasanational.
Foiauvocatesofthestateless,oneofthechallengesinenfoicingtheiightsofstatelesspeisons
is the unceitainty aiounu an inteinational ueinition of whom oi what a stateless peison is It
is impossible to piotect stateless people anu pioviue a path to citizenship if states uo not agiee
on who qualiies as stateless
Reseaich Fellow anu Lectuiei at 0niveisity of the Westein Cape vice Chaiipeison nu anu Nembei of the Afiican
Committee of Expeits on the Rights anu Welfaie of the Chilu of the Afiican 0nion
0niteu Nations Bigh Commissionei foi Refugees httpwwwunhcioigpagescchtmlw
2.
0niavellingtheStatelessness
Phenomenon Who is a Stateless Peison
Stutelexxnexxlxureulltyfor
xomeunJupoxxlbllltyforull.
Bi Benyam Bawit Nezmui
S
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The Convention on the Status of Stateless Peisons pioviues the most ueinitive anu wiuely
accepteu ueinition of stateless peison in inteinational law at Aiticle
ApeisonnotiecogniseuasanationalbyanyStateunueitheopeiationofitslaws.
The Convention uoes not peimit ieseivations to this aiticle fuithei accoiuing to the Inteinational
Law Commission Aiticle is pait of customaiy inteinational law
6

Bistoiically uisagieement existeu as to whethei the opeiation of law incluueu state piactice
oimeielytheletteiofthelaw.0ntiliecently,itwasuncleaihowtoclassifypeisonswhomet
legal iequiiements foi nationality but coulu not access nationality uue to pioblems such as a
lackofeviuenceoiuisciiminationintheimplementationoflaws.
Recent 0NBCR uuiuelines on Statelessness No ieleaseu in Febiuaiy of pioviue
claiity on the issue The guiuelines state that not iecogniseu as a national by any State unuei
the opeiation of its laws shoulu incluue not just legislation but also ministeiial ueciees
iegulations, oiueis, juuicial case law |in countiies with a tiauition of pieceuentj anu, wheie
appiopiiate customaiy piactice
7

uuiueline No goes on to state that the conventions ueinition of stateless iequiies analysis of
how a state applies its nationality laws in an inuiviuuals case Thus the teim stateless coveis
people who may be citizens unuei the law of a paiticulai countiy but who aie not iecogniseu as
such by the State in question foi whatevei ieason In piactice this coulu incluue a peison who
qualiies unuei the law but has been uenieu iecognition uue to insuficient pioof of citizenship
Also the guiuelines claiify that the Aiticle ueinition incluues cases wheie the wiitten
law is substantially mouiieu when it comes to its implementation in piactice Thus stateless
canincluuecaseswheiethestateimplementsitslawsinamanneiwhichuisciiminatesagainst
a paiticulai gioup leauing to the exclusion of this gioup uespite the fact that it qualiies foi
nationality unuei the applicable citizenship law
Also signiicant is that unuei uuiueline No a peison who has been uenieu access to nationality
even by even a low level oficial of a competent authoiity qualiies unuei the Convention
as a stateless peison Be oi she neeu not iist appeal such a uecision in oiuei to qualify foi
piotection.
8

Animpoitantpointtomentionistheuistinctionbetweenastatelesspeisonanuanunuocumenteu
peison. Someone who is unuocumenteu in the sense that he oi she uoes not holu any foim
of goveinmentissueu iuentity uocument biith ceitiicate IB oi passpoit may be at iisk of
statelessness paiticulaily if he oi she is a migiant But such peison will not be consiueieu
statelessuntilheoisheattemptstoaccessnationalityanuisueclineubyacompetentauthoiity
geneially a home affaiis oi similai ofice oi a foieign mission
6 0NhCR 6uiJelines on Stotelessness No Tbe Jeinition of Stoteless Person in Aiticle of the Convention ielating
to the Status of Stateless Peisons heieinaftei uuiuelines No
7 uuiuelinesNo.1,section1S.
The meie possibility that the uecision of such oficial can latei be oveiiiuuen by a senioi oficial uoes not in itself excluue
the foimei fiom being tieateu as a competent authoiity foi the puiposes of an Aiticle analysis
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A vaiiety of foices have iesulteu in statelessness acioss the Afiican continent. Some statelessness
is meiely ciicumstantial, in the sense that it was not necessaiily the iesult of ill will towaius the
stateless peison but iathei a seiies of unfoitunate events that leu to no state iecognising himhei as
a national Examples woulu be a peison falling thiough the ciacks of vaiious countiies citizenship
laws such that one uoes not qualify as a citizen in any countiy losing pioof of nationality while
migiating anu being oiphaneu as a chilu outsiue ones countiy of oiigin
Citizenship laws in most Afiican countiies aie baseu on two concepts jussoli, wheie citizenship is
gianteu to anyone boin on the teiiitoiy law of the soil oi jussonquinis wheie citizenship is gianteu
to anyone whose paients aie oi weie citizens law of the bloou Nost countiies also allow spouses
of citizens as well as longteim iesiuents to apply foi citizenship thiough natuialisation pioceuuies
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}us soli anu jus sonquinis citizenship law inevitably clash anu cieate gaps wheieby people become
stateless. The simplest example is the case wheie a peison is boin in a countiy that only allows
chiluien of citizens to access citizenship but his oi hei paients countiy uoes not allow them to pass
nationality to a chilu boin abioau. A numbei of countiies, incluuing Lesotho anu Nalawi, uo not
allow citizens boin abioau to pass nationality to theii chiluien leaving the seconu geneiation boin
abioau stateless if they cannot access citizenship in the countiy of biith
0thei causes of statelessness oiiginate in a human intention to excluue ceitain gioups fiom the
citizeniy of a countiy Examples incluue iacial ethnic anu ieligious uisciimination in citizenship law
genuei uisciimination that limits womens ability to pass nationality to theii chiluien the taigeteu
uepiivation of political opponents citizenship anu expulsion of peisons who aie no longei welcome
as citizens
Illustiative examples incluue Libeiia anu Sieiia Leone, founueu by fieeu slaves, which only allow
those of negio uescent to be citizens fiom biith Libeiia goes so fai as to piohibit those who aie not
of negio uescent fiom even natuialising as citizens
1u
Atinuepenuence,manycountiiesuisciiminateuagainstwomen,limitingtheiiiighttopassnationality
to theii chiluien if the fathei was not also a citizen oi to pass citizenship to foieign spouses Nuch
uisciimination continues touay Foi example chiluien boin outsiue Libya may only obtain citizenship
ofthecountiyifthefatheiisLibyan.ThesameistiueofSomaliaiegaiulessofbiithplace.
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As foi uepiivation of citizenship foi political ieasons a famous example is the case of Kenneth Kuanua
piesiuent of Zambia fiom to In the Bigh Couit ueclaieu that he was not a citizen
of the state that he hau goveineu foi yeais a move that was the culmination of a piocess of
manipulation of citizenship law blatantly aimeu piecisely at excluuing the countiys eluei statesman
fiom holuing ofice again
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Ethiopia expelleu untolu numbeis of inuiviuuals anu families of ethnic Eiitiean oiigin uuiing anu
following the boiuei wai with Eiitiea fiom to Such peisons weie expelleu en masse as
enemy aliens by tiuck oi bus to the boiuei with Eiitiea Theii Ethiopian uocuments weie uestioyeu
anu coniscateu anu piopeity iights cancelleu
1S

Thus one can begin to see the complex set of scenaiios that have contiibuteu to the cieation of
statelessness in Afiica The next section will exploie a sampling of speciic gioups of concein iuentiieu
inSouthAfiica,butisbynomeansexhaustiveofallstatelesspeisonsontheteiiitoiy.
Nanby B CitizensbiplowinAfrico:AComporotiveStuJy,p.2.NewYoik,0penSocietyInstitute.
1u Ibiu.p.S.
11 Ibiu.p.S.
Nanby B StruqqlesforCitizensbipinAfrico,p.127NewYoik,0penSocietyInstitute.
1S Ibiu.p.1uu
S.
Statelessness in Afiica An 0veiview
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4.
Populations of Concein in South Afiica
By Countiy of Biith
LBR has iuentiieu a vaiiety of populations of concein in South Afiica who aie eithei stateless
oiatiiskofbecomingstateless.Theyaiegioupeubelowpiimaiilybycountiyofbiith.
Nultiple Countiies 0iphans anu vulneiable Chiluien
0iphans abanuoneu chiluien anu unaccompanieu foieign minois who come to South Afiica
fiom many uiffeient countiies of oiigin aie at high iisk of statelessness Nany come to South
Afiicawithpaientsoiielativeswholateiuisappeaifiomthesituationthioughueath,neglect
oiabanuonment.0theiscomealoneanuneveiietuintotheiihomecountiy.Nostoftentheyuo
not have a biith ceitiicate the piimaiy enabling uocument towaius nationality
Withoutguaiuiansanuuocumentstopiovetheiioiigin,theyoftengiowuptobestatelessin
SouthAfiicawithnoimmigiationstatusoipathtonatuialisation.Yettheycannotbeuepoiteu
uuetoaninabilitytopiovetheiiclaimstonationalityintheiicountiiesofoiigin.
Chiluien of South Afiican citizens who aie oiphaneu oi abanuoneu anu who uo not entei the
chilupiotectioniegimeaiealsoatiiskofstatelessness,eventhoughtheymayhaveneveileft
the countiy A qualiieu auult must assist them to iegistei be it a paient guaiuian oi social
woikei Some of these chiluien fall victim to pioiteeis who claim them as theii own chiluien at
Bome Affaiis in oiuei to access social giants A colouicoueu baby piactice has been iepoiteu
to LBR by social woikeis who woik in iuial aieas a piactice wheieby multiple family oi
communitymembeisiegisteithesamechiluunueiuiffeientnamesinoiueitoaccessachilu
caie giant Thiough no fault of theii own the chiluien giow up anu inu theii IBs blockeu uue to
suspecteu fiauu It is extiemely uificult to extiicate oneself fiom such a situation anu the iesult
is uenial of the iight to nationality anu all the iights that low fiom it
ChiluienwithoneSouthAfiicanpaientanuonefoieignpaient,whosebiithisnotiegisteieu
befoie the citizen paients ueath face neai insuimountable baiiieis in accessing theii biith
iight to South Afiican citizenship LBR is assisting in seveial cases wheie bloou samples aie
iequiieu fiom the ueceaseu paients ielatives in oiuei to piove the chilus citizenship thiough
BNA testing BNA testing is an expensive pioceuuie that is out of ieach of many woulube South
Afiican citizens
Accoiuing to 0niteu Nations Chiluiens Funu 0NICEF theie aie million oiphaneu chiluien
inSouthAfiica.
14
0vei2uuuchiluienaieabanuoneuyeailyinSouthAfiica,accoiuingtoChilu
Welfaie.
1S

See httpwwwunicefoigsouthafiicapiotectionhtml
1S See httpwwwtimeslivecozalocalaiticleeceNoiethankiusabanuoneuannually
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No statistics exist iegaiuing numbeis of unaccompanieu chiluien fiom othei countiies but
estimatesbyLBRspaitneioiganisationsplacethenumbeiofchiluienlivinginbothiegisteieu
anu uniegisteieu chilu anu youth caie centies in Pietoiia alone at Not all of these oiphans
abanuoneu anu unaccompanieu chiluien aie oi will become stateless but statelessness is
inevitablyaiiskuuetotheiisituation.
Thesevulneiablechiluienconstituteashauowpopulationanuanuntappeuiesouice.Baving
giown up in South Afiica they have a stiong iuentiication with the countiy anu cultuie Yet
without legal assimilation, they aie also hinueieu fiom integiating socially. This fiustiates
nation builuing anu exaceibates xenophobia anu uivision. It also piesents a planning anu
secuiity concein foi the state. Without uocumenting unaccompanieu minois, the population
iegistei anu immigiation statistics uo not accuiately ielect all peisons on the teiiitoiy The
lackofpossibilitiesfoitheiegulaiisationoffoieignunaccompanieuminoisleaustoclanuestine
iesiuency,poveityanuciimefoiyoungpeopleunueigoingintegiation.
Casestuuy
LN was boin in Ethiopia anu came to South Afiica at the age of two with hei paients
Bei paients applieu foi asylum but within a yeai she was taken fiom theii caie
uue to extieme neglect. Bei paients then abanuoneu hei anu left the Republic. She
enteieu couit oiueieu fostei caie anu hei asylum application fell away because she
wasconsiueieuauepenuentofheipaientswholeft.Bowevei,noimmigiationstatus
wasgiventoheiaspaitofthechiluienscouitpioceeuing.BavinggiownupinSouth
Afiica she uoes not speak hei paients language uoes not have a biith ceitiicate anu
hasnofamilyoihometoietuinto.Beibiithcountiysembassyhasnotiesponueuto
iequests to assist
LBRmaueanapplicationtotheNinisteionheibehalfaskingthatshebegianteuan
exemptionfoipeimanentiesiuence.
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Nultiple Countiies South Afiican Citizens Boin Abioau
16The Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act iequiies a biith ceitiicate oi othei similai uocument
fiom a goveinment bouy in the countiy of biith in oiuei foi a South Afiican citizen boin abioau
to iegistei his oi hei biith in the Republic anu access an IB
17
Inmanycases,LBRhasbeenappioacheubySouthAfiicansboinabioauwhoaiestiugglingto
meet this iequiiement uue to low iates of biith iegistiation in othei Afiican nations The cases
aiecomplicateubyueathofoneoibothpaients.Yetevenwhenonepaientoiotheiielatives
aie piesent anu able to testify as to the biith uetails anu citizenship status of the inuiviuual
local Bome Affaiis ofices anu also heau ofice uecline to be lexible on this iequiiementuiven
the low iates of biith iegistiation in othei Afiican countiies, othei foims of pioof shoulu be
accepteuinthisiegaiu.
16 Namechangeutopiotectiuentity.
Regulation to the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act of
Casestuuy
YvC victoi
11
was boin in Nalawi in to a South Afiican mothei anu Nalawian
fathei While he was still a chilu both his paients passeu away victoi was then iaiseu by
an infoimal uncle who tolu him of his South Afiican ioots Aftei his uncle uieu victoi
came to South Afiica in seaich of his iemaining family. Remaikably, he was able to
tiacehisgianumothei.Bowevei,hewastoluatBomeAffaiisthathecoulunotiegistei
as South Afiican without a biith ceitiicate fiom Nalawi which he uiu not have Nalawi
onlyiecentlyenacteulegislationtomakebiithiegistiationcompulsoiyunueithelaw.
Baving tiavelleu to South Afiica without a passpoit victoi was aiiesteu anu uetaineu
foi the puiposes of uepoitation on the chaige of being an illegal foieignei. LBR
inteiveneu anu was able to assist victoi in pioving his mateinal connection with his
South Afiican gianumothei using a bloou test LBR hopes to assist victoi in accessing
latebiithiegistiationinSouthAfiica.
IhopetogetcltlzenxhlpunJtogobuchtoxchool,tobecome
engugeJlnthecommunltyuctlvltlex.
Ibrlngworrytomyfumllybecuuxetheythlnhofmywell-belngunJ
vulnerubllltytourrext.1heymuyexpectmetogeteJucuteJunJ
uxxlxtbutIcunnotJothlx.IhopetoeventuullyuxxlxtunJprovlJefor
myfumlly.
IfeururrextbecuuxeIumunJocumenteJ.
Iumnotfree...
17
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VictorwasborninMalawitoaSoutbAfricanmotber,
butwasorpbanedasacbildwitboutbavingbis
birtbregistered.HetracedbisrootstoSoutbAfrica
andmiraculouslyfoundbisgrandmotber.Nowbeis
strugglingtobavebiscitizensbiprecognised.
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Lu Lily was boin in South Afiica to a citizen fathei anu unuocumenteu foieign mothei Bome
Affaiis iefuseu biith iegistiation iequesting that the mothei iist piouuce an IB uocument LBR
isassistingthefatheitoobtainapateinityoiueifiomchiluienscouitsothathemayiegistei
thechiluunueihisname.
seepoqe76
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Casestuuy
LT was boin in Zimbabwe to paients with mixeu Nalawian anu Zimbabwean heiitage
Aiounu he attempteu to get an IB anu was tolu that since his fathei was fiom
Nalawi he was not consiueieu a citizen Be was also tolu that since he uiu not have a
iuial home in Zimbabwe he coulu not be Zimbabwean 0nly foieigneis weie fiom the
cities
Be coulu only get an Alien IB anu was unable to get a passpoit Be was shockeu as
he hau liveu in Zimbabwe foi his entiie life anu hau nevei been to Nalawi Be went to
the Nalawian Embassy but was tolu he coulu not access Nalawian citizenship because
he misseu the ueauline establisheu by law he was ovei age Those boin outsiue
Nalawi must claim citizenship by age oi it is lost as a mattei of law
0nable to get a passpoit fiom Zimbabwe oi Nalawi LT pioceeueu to South Afiica
wheie he applieu foi asylum. Bowevei, his claim was iejecteu. In 2u1u, he tiieu to
take auvantage of the Bome Affaiis special uispensation foi Zimbabweans to obtain
woik peimits but coulu not get a passpoit fiom the Zimbabwean Consulate wheie he
was again tolu that he is not a citizen LBR maue an application to the Ninistei on his
behalf,whichwasalsoiejecteu.
The Ninistei stateu that the Bepaitment was not convinceu that he was stateless
because he helu a Zimbabwean IB This was in spite of the fact that his IB fiom
Zimbabwe speciically iuentiies him as an alien LBR is appealing this uecision in
the Noith uauteng Bigh Couit in Pietoiia aiguing that the applicant shoulu have been
gianteuanoppoitunitytoappeaiinpeisonanuauuiessaigumentsagainsthisclaim.
Zimbabwe
Bual citizenship has been piohibiteu in Zimbabwe since but was not stiictly enfoiceu In
the citizenship law was amenueu to iequiie anyone with a claim to foieign citizenship
to ienounce that citizenship anu ieapply foi Zimbabwean citizenship by iegistiation within
asix-monthpeiiou.
18
Those who faileu to comply lost theii citizenship by opeiation of law in
}anuaiy anu theii iight to vote The iuling ZanuPF enacteu this measuie piioi to the
geneial elections The opposition paity the Novement foi Bemociatic Change NBC
is iepoiteuly seen by ZanuPF to obtain suppoit fiom people of foieign uescent in Zimbabwe
wholaigelyinhabituibanaieas.
Itisestimateuthatbetween1uuuuuanu2uuuuuAfiicanmigiantsanutheiichiluienboin
in Zimbabwe weie stiippeu of theii citizenship by this amenument which was auveitiseu
only in Baiaie anu only to the white Euiopean population
19
Restoiation is peimitteu but
is a uiscietionaiy application It is fuithei complicateu by the ienunciation iequiiement anu
uificulty of applicants to comply with the auministiative pioceuuies The new Constitution
in uiaft foim at the time of this publication, may assist this population uepenuing on what
iightsaieaffoiueutopeisonsbointopaientsoiiginallyfiomotheinations.
Zimbabwean Citizen Amenument Act of
19 See httpwwwfmieviewoigFNRpufsFNRpuf
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Casestuuy
}S migiateu fiom Zimbabwe to South Afiica with his mothei when he was aiounu
yeais olu Bue to not having a biith ceitiicate }S was unable to eniol in school in
South Afiica As a teenagei his mothei abanuoneu him }S suiviveu thiough the
kinunessoffiienusanueventuallyleaineuhowtowelu.Beneveiknewhisfathei.
Aiounu }S ietuineu to Zimbabwe to tiy to obtain uocumentation Bowevei
noiecoiuofhisbiithoiiuentitycoulubetiaceu.Bewasfuitheitolubygoveinment
oficials that uue to his mothei having been Nalawian his fathei being unknown
combineu with lack of any ielatives anu his long absence fiom Zimbabwe }S woulu
not qualify foi Zimbabwean citizenship Bome Affaiis in South Afiica also tuineu him
away anu instiucteu him to get help fiom Zimbabwean authoiities }S uoes not qualify
foi citizenship in Nalawi eithei given that }S has no uocumentation to show that his
motheiwasNalawiananuheisoveithelegalagelimittoapply.
}S iemains unuocumenteu in South Afiica although he has liveu heie foi neaily twenty
yeais.Beismaiiieuanuhastwochiluien,buthecannotiegisteihismaiiiageoihis
chiluiensbiithsuuetohislackofuocumentation.
Cltlzenxhlpmeunxhuvlngrlghtx.
IumnotxufebecuuxeIJonthuvepuperx...IhnowthutlfItulhtoo
muchIwlllhuveproblemxbecuuxeIJonthuvepuperx,xoeven
whenthlngxhuppentomewhlchIhnowurenotrlght...Imqulet.
MyJreumlxtohuveuJocumentxothutIcunvote.
IwuntthegovernmenttoxeemeunJtorecognlxemyproblemunJ
tollxten.
Me,nowImolJ,butnowImloohlngtotheJreumxofmychllJ.I
wuntthemtohuveufuture.
21
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}S was boin in Zimbabwe to a Nalawian mothei anu was abanuoneu in South Afiica as a
chilu Be is not iecogniseu as a citizen in any of the thiee countiies Now he feais foi the
futuieofhischiluien,whoaiealsounuocumenteu.
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EthiopiaEiitiea
Nany Ethiopians of Eiitiean uescent lost theii Ethiopian citizenship as a mattei of law uuiing
anu following the succession of Eiitiea Those who voteu in the iefeienuum on Eiitiean
succession weie automatically consiueieu nonnationals by Ethiopia which expelleu many
ethnic Eiitieans to Eiitiea without any type of pioceuuial uue piocess
Thosewholeftuuiingoiafteithewaianulateiappioacheuaconsulateabioauaieoftentuineu
away paiticulaily if they uo not have Ethiopian IBs oi passpoits A latei law pioviueu that any
Ethiopian with a foieign paient who uiu not ueclaie theii option to ietain Ethiopian nationality
at age of majoiity automatically lost it as a mattei of law This impacteu many ethnic Eiitieans
boin in Ethiopia who aie now abioau incluuing in South Afiica
Nozambique
Laige numbeis of Nozambicans came to South Afiica as minewoikeis oi as iefugees piioi to the
Refugees Act Nany aie now unuocumenteu anu without immigiation status Piospects
foi theii ietuin to Nozambique aie bleak consiueiing they have no iemaining contacts theie to
stanuwitnesstotheiioiiginanuoftennouocumentstopiovetheiibiithplace.Theiichiluien,
boininSouthAfiica,aieatheighteneuiiskofstatelessnessbecausetheiipaientsoftenhaveno
uocuments allowing theii chiluien a path to legal status oi citizenship in the countiy
The citizenship law also iequiies chiluien boin to Nozambicans abioau to fulil ceitain
auministiative iequiiements at the age of majoiity such as ueclaiing an intention to ietain
Nozambican citizenship anu making a ueclaiation of loyalty yet it is uncleai whethei oi not
thesepiovisionsaiestiictlyenfoiceu.
Casestuuy
NA was boin in a small town on the boiuei between Ethiopia anu Eiitiea When she
was yeais olu Ethiopia expelleu hei mothei who was ethnic Eiitiean to Eiitiea
uuiing the conlict between the countiies Shoitly theieaftei Eiitiean soluieis stoimeu
thetownanuattackeuN.A.sfamilystoie,killingheifatheianuotheifamilymembeis.
She suiviveu anu was taken to hospital by a cousin who helpeu hei escape Ethiopia
She eventually enteieu South Afiica wheie she applieu foi asylum. Bei asylum
application was iejecteu as manifestly unfounueu on the giounus that she left hei
countiybecausetheiewasnoonelefttotakecaieofhei.
LBR is helping hei appeal the uecision in the Bigh Couit. Bei claim is baseu the
aibitiaiy uepiivation of hei nationality unuei the law the likelihoou that she woulu
iemain stateless if ietuineu to Ethiopia that she woulu face peisecution as an ethnic
Eiitiean anu foimei asylumseekei in Ethiopia anu that she woulu face iisk of foiceu
consciiption in Eiitiea
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The Nozambican Bigh Commission in Nelspiuit has taken on an initiative togethei with the
0NBCR to uocument foimei citizens in taigeteu aieas neai the boiuei Applicants neeu seveial
witnesses fiom the community to state that they aie fiom Nozambique anu they aie then
iegisteieu anu given a biith ceitiicate coniiming theii citizenship Bowevei at piesent this
initiativeieachesasmallpoitionofthepopulationofconcein,manyofwhomliveaiounuSouth
Afiicaanunotnecessaiilyneaitheboiuei.
Swazilanu
Swazilanu uisciiminates explicitly against women on passing of nationality in piovisions of
its iecent Constitution only male citizens can pass on theii nationality to theii chiluien
withoutiestiictions.
uiven the pioximity to South Afiica anu high numbeis of mixeu maiiiagesunions an unknown
numbeiinevitablyfallthioughtheciacksanugiowupstatelessinSouthAfiica.
Lesotho
SouthAfiicahostsalaigepopulationofunuocumenteumigiantsfiomLesotho.Nany,infact,
have South Afiican paientage but cannot access this iight uue to theii inability to piouuce a
biith ceitiicate fiom Lesotho iequiieu to iegistei in South Afiica 0theis aie maiiieu unuei
customaiy law to South Afiican citizens but cannot access theii iight to ielatives peimits uue
to theii lack of uocumentation anu inability to iegistei the maiiiage with Bome Affaiis an IB
is iequiieu
Accoiuing to the Constitution of Lesotho Lesotho citizens boin in South Afiica cannot pass on
theiinationalitytotheiichiluien,leavingtheseconugeneiationboinabioaustateless.
24
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Elizabeth Nthunya anu hei son aie both cuiiently stateless uespite having South Afiican
fatheis.
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CaseStuuy
IwuxbornlnIexothobutIumSouthAfrlcun.
1hutlxtheonlythlngIwuntlnmyllfe.

IfeelllheImumexx.1herelxnothlngIcunJo.Ihuvexpentmuny
yeurxxlttlnguthomeunJJolngnothlng.WhenIwunteJtowrlte
mymutrlcltwuxumexxIJlJnthuveunI.Whenyougotoeven
computerlexxonxtheyxtlllwuntuJocumentunJIfeltbuJ.

1herelxulotIwunttouchlevebutIcuntbecuuxeIJonthuveun
I.Inyeurxtocome,Neomuxtgotoxchoolbuttheywlllwunthlx
blrth certllcute unJ he Joexnt huve one
Elizabeth Nthunya was boin in Lesotho in Bei mothei was a Lesotho citizen
while hei fathei was South Afiican. When she was thiee yeais olu, she came to stay
withheipateinalgianumotheiinSouthAfiica.0veitheyeais,shestiuggleutoiegistei
as South Afiican because she uoes not have a biith iecoiu fiom Lesotho, which is
iequiieu in teims of the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act Lesotho has veiy low iates
of biith iegistiation Bome Affaiis tolu hei to go back to Lesotho anu inu hei mothei
Eventually she ietuineu to Lesotho foi hei motheis funeial She uiscoveieu that the
clinicwheieshewasboinuoesnothaveiecoiuspiioito198S.SheietuineutoSouth
Afiica but Bome Affaiis still iefuses to assist hei. Bei fathei anu gianumothei have
since passeu away but she has ive South Afiican aunts anu uncles willing to testify to
heiiuentity.
Elizabeth has a son boin in South Afiica to a South Afiican fathei but Bome Affaiis will
not allow them to iegistei the chilus biith because Elizabeth uoes not have an IB Thus
hei son is also unable to access his South Afiican citizenship even though his fathei
has a valiu South Afiican IB uocument
Elizabeths case illustiates the geneiational impact that lack of uocumentation has on
the iight to nationality Such stiict iequiiements foi a foieign biith ceitiicate anu foi
the motheis IB uocument iesult in complete block to citizenship foi Elizabeth anu
hei son with consequences on theii economic mobility iight to woik anu euucation
anutheiiphysicalanuemotionalhealth.
26
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CaseStuuy
IcoulJntgetujob.IcoulJntgeteJucutlon.
ItxllheIhuJnouccexxtounythlng.IfIhuJtoxturtmyownxmull
buxlnexx,IcoulJntopenunuccount.FvenlfIwenttohoxpltullt
wuxllheIwuxnothlngbecuuxeIhuJnoI.
IwuxtotullyxlJellneJlneverythlngthutbelongxtouSouthAfrlcun.
Inthefumlllexwehuve,ltxllhexometlmexyourelnvuJlngthelr
xpucebecuuxenowthuttheyhnowyouJonthuveunythlng,they
thlnhhexgolngtobeurounJforuwhllebecuuxehehuxnowhere
elxetogo.ItxhurJforthemtoheepunJerxtunJlngyourxltuutlon.
Thokozani Siuu was boin in Swazilanu in to a Swazi mothei anu South Afiican
fathei. As a chilu he was sent to South Afiica to stay with his pateinal gianumothei.
When he tuineu anu wanteu to wiite matiic he iealiseu he woulu neeu an IB but
his fathei uiu not have an IB oi biith ceitiicate so Thokozani stiuggleu to iegistei
as South Afiican Be was fuithei tolu that he woulu neeu a biith ceitiicate fiom
Swazilanu in oiuei to iegistei his foieign biith Be went back to Swazilanu to obtain a
biith ceitiicate which was given to him but Swazi authoiities tolu him he hau been
outsiue the countiy foi too long to qualify foi citizenship
Even aftei Thokozani got a biith ceitiicate fiom Swazilanu anu his fathei obtaineu an
IB oficials uoubteu Thokozanis South Afiican citizenship uue to the fact that his
fathei only iegisteieu as a South Afiican in 2u11. Be was tolu he must biing in his
fatheis uom pass a uocument useu in the apaitheiu eia that his fathei uiu not have
LBR was eventually able to assist Thokozani in getting his IB anu citizenship thiough
coiiesponuencewithBomeAffaiis.
NowthutIhuveunI,IwlxhtofurthermyxtuJlexlnluw.SolfI
huppen to uchleve thut goul I wlll tuhe lt wlth both hunJx unJ lght
tobethutxomeboJy.IwoulJlovetobeupoxltlvecltlzenlntheluw
lelJ unJ help people who were xlJellneJ llhe me I woulJ love to
helppeople.
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TanzaniaKenya
Tanzania anu Kenya iespectively have hosteu laige populations of iefugees fiom Buiunui
Rwanua Ethiopia anu Somalia in the past seveial uecaues Theie aie untolu numbeis of iefugees
of a seconu anu thiiu geneiation who weie boin in camps in these anu othei host countiies.
LBR has ieceiveu seveial clients who weie boin in iefugee camps in Tanzania anu Kenya anu
who weie latei oiphaneu They became stateless uue to an inability to qualify foi the nationality
oftheiicountiyofbiithbutalsobecausetheycoulunotaccesstheiipaientsnationalityonce
they entei a thiiu countiy South Afiica This issue is exaceibateu by pioblems of ueceaseu
paients an inability to speak the language anuoi a lack of uocumentation
Casestuuy
AS was boin in a iefugee camp in Tanzania Bis mothei was also boin in Tanzania as
a chilu of the Buiunuian iefugees Be nevei knew his fathei who iepoiteuly was
of mixeu RwanuanBRC oiigin
When he was 1u yeais olu, A.S.s mothei passeu away. Be stayeu in the camp with
a neighbouiing family foi a yeai, but they weie soon iesettleu to Austialia. Be then
ueciueu to leave with some othei young people when the camps in Tanzania weie
closing Be heaueu to Nozambique wheie he cookeu in a iestauiant When the man he
washelpingpasseuaway,heueciueutocometoSouthAfiicaattheageof1S.
Be walkeu fiom Naputo to Buiban anu maue his way to Pietoiia wheie he applieu foi
asylum.Bowevei,helieuabouthisageonhispeimitbecauseminoiscoulunotapply
withoutaguaiuian.
In tiying to access nationality AS has since been inteivieweu by the Buiunuian Embassy
whichcannotaccepthimfoiiepatiiationbecausehecannotpiovehisnationality.
Be iealiseu he hau a pioblem with nationality only when he came to South Afiica
because he says People askeu me wheie aie you fiom But I tiy to avoiu that question
Foi me I cant iuentify myself I uont belong anywheie People will call me a liai if I say I
am fiom Buiunui but I am not Tanzanian eithei I uont know what to call myself
LBR is making an exemption application to the Ninistei on his behalf iequesting that he
bepeimitteutostayasapeimanentiesiuent,whichwouluallowhimapathtonationality.
IwlxhIcoulJgetnutlonulltyorcltlzenxhlp.AplucewhereIbelong,
xoIcoulJgotoxchool,getworhunJloohuftermyxelf.
AxlonguxIcunbelonglnxomepluce,tofeelthutme,Imuperxon
llheotherx.IcuntxuythutImllheotherxnow.
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Bemociatic Republic of Congo
uiven the iefugee lows anu political ciises in the eastein pait of the BRC theie aie some people
who aie attackeu anu taigeteu speciically because they have a Rwanuan sounuing name oi
have maiiieu a Rwanuan. Nany such people aie iefugees, but they also face challenges with
statelessness given a law that iequiieu that one belong to an ethnic gioup piesent in BRC piioi
to in oiuei to qualify as a citizen
Somalia
The cuiient citizenship act in Somalia contains uisciimination against women in theii ability to
passonnationalitytotheiichiluien.0nlymenaieabletopassonnationality.Thus,achiluwhose
fatheipassesawayoiuoesnotacknowleugepateinitywoulunotbefoimallyiecogniseuasa
SomalinationaleveniftheSomaligoveinmentweiecapableofacknowleuginganupiocessing
claimstonationalityanuissuingiuentityuocuments.
2u

Somali migiants geneially ieceive iefugee status in South Afiica This is a iesult of Section b
of the Refugees Act which pioviues A peison qualiies foi iefugee status if that peison
owingtoexteinalaggiession,occupation,foieignuominationoieventsseiiouslyuistuibingoi
uisiuptingpublicoiueiineitheiapaitofthewholeofhisoiheicountiyofoiiginoinationality,
is compelleu to leave his oi hei place of habitual iesiuence in oiuei to seek iefuge elsewheie
WhiletheRefugeesActpioviuestempoiaiypiotection,ifthesituationinSomaliachangesanu
its nationality laws weie enfoiceu as they stanu, many chiluien of Somali uescent in South
Afiicamaybestatelessasaiesultoftheinabilityofwomentopassontheiinationalitytotheii
chiluien.
SouthAfiica
VictimsofIDTbeftandDuplicateIDs
Buplicate IBs occui when one peison has moie than one IB numbei assigneu to them oi when
moie than one peison shaies an IB numbei They aie laigely a iesult of coiiuption fiauu anu
auministiativemistakes.AccoiuingtoBomeAffaiis,neaily7uuuuupeoplehavebeenaffecteu.
The Bepaitment acknowleuges that coiiuption has playeu a iole
Peisons unable to meet Bepaitment iequiiements often have theii IBs blockeu without being
givenanyieasonoioptiontoappealtheuecision.
People with blockeu IBs aie pioviueu a small piece of papei listing the following iequiieu
uocuments to submit in oiuei to coniim theii South Afiican citizenship A hanuwiitten biith
ceitiicate baptismal ceitiicate piimaiy school lettei clinic caiu immunisation caiu biith
iecoiu fiom the hospital paients iuentity uocuments ueath ceitiicates anu lettei fiom the
chief
Local ofices exeicise uiscietion conceining the amount anu type of eviuence that is accepteu
as pioof of ones claim. Some people aie tuineu away iepeateuly anu askeu foi moie pioof
uespite pioviuing all iequiieu uocuments while otheis aie tolu they cannot be helpeu unless
they piouuce a speciic uocument that they cannot access
2u LBRhasseeniefugeeswithaSomalipasspoit,namelythosewhowoikfoithetiansitionalgoveinment.
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Casestuuy
AN was boin in the Eastein Cape in the s Be nevei hau a biith ceitiicate Be
obtaineu his iist IB when he voteu in the election At that time biith ceitiicates
weie not iequiieu to obtain an IB
In2u1u,whiletiyingtoiegisteihisseconusonsbiithatBomeAffaiisA.N.wastolu
that his IB was blockeu Be was not given ieasons foi the blockage Be was given a list
of uocuments to biing in to coniim his citizenship
Be tiavelleu back to the Eastein Cape to obtain the piimaiy school anu chief lettei
anuwasmetwithuisuainbylocalvillageis,whocoulunotunueistanuwhysomeone
who was living in the big city woulu neeu such uocuments. When he ietuineu to
BomeAffaiis,theseuocumentsweiestillnotenough.Bewastoluhemustpiouucean
afiuavit fiom his fathei whom he hau nevei met Bis gianumothei who iaiseu him hau
passeuawayanuneveiobtaineufoimalguaiuianship.
A.N.hauneveileftSouthAfiicaanuhaunofoieignties,yetittookhimoveithieeyeais
to unblock his IB anu iegain his South Afiican citizenship
1ome,nutlonulltymeunxthutxenxeofbelonglngnexxunJulxo
whereyouureuccepteJuxpurtofthecommunlty,purtofthenutlon.
WhereyoufeelembruceJuxuhumunbelng,whereyouenjoyyour
rlghtxuxuperxon.
}S a South Afiican whose IB was blockeu uue to suspecteu fiauu
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CaseStuuy
Ifeltthutxenxeofrejectlon,hopelexxnexx.Ifeltxounworthy
lnllfe.IwuxnolongeruccepteJuxuhumunbelng...
ItwuxthemoxtJeprexxlngxltuutlonIhuvefuceJlnmyllfetlme.
Iwuxlnuxltuutlonofnon-exlxtence.
}S was boin on a faim neai Skeeipooit South Afiica }Ss mothei was South Afiican
Bis fathei was a Zimbabwean who came to woik on the mines anu latei the faims When
he was the family moveu to Zimbabwe }S ietuineu to South Afiica as an auult
In }S applieu to ienew his South Afiican passpoit but he was tolu that his IB was
blockeu Be was not given ieasons foi the blockage of his IB 0ften this occuis if an IB
hasbeenuuplicateuoifiauuissuspecteu.Bewastolutoeitheiapplyfoipeimanent
iesiuence oi go back to Zimbabwe But yeais ago he hau tuineu in his Zimbabwean
passpoit to that countiy wheie uual nationality is piohibiteu }S neeueu his passpoit
in oiuei to go to Zimbabwe to pay his chiluiens school fees anu to take them to school
aftei the holiuay Fuithei his woiks as a uiivei iequiies a valiu passpoit in oiuei to
makecioss-boiueiueliveiies.
AfteicontactingBomeAffaiisanupioviuingeviuence,LawyeisfoiBumanRightswas
successful in getting his IB unblockeu
Onmyown,IJontthlnhIwoulJhuvexucceeJeJ.IwuxulreuJy
threuteneJ wlth Jeportutlon I frequenteJ Home Affulrx oflcex unJ
theyxentmefromplllurtopoxt.1heyJlJntglvemethexllghtext
chuncetoexplulnmyxltuutlon.ItuppeureJtomethuttherewuxno
longerunyllghtuttheenJofthetunnel.
Iwuxxohuppytogetmyxtutuxbuch.1hereurequlteulurgenumber
ofpeoplewhourelnthexumexltuutlonIwuxfuceJwlth,whoureln
puln.IhnowofpeoplewhocommltteJxulclJebecuuxeoflt.
31
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}S was boin in Zimbabwe Be gave up his Zimbabwean citizenship when he moveu to South
Afiica as an auult anu applieu foi citizenship thiough his mothei Be has liveu in South Afiica
as a citizen foi many yeais but was stateless foi a peiiou of time when his South Afiican IB
wasblockeu.
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CbildrenBorninSoutbAfricatoForeignParents
Chiluien boin in South Afiica to unuocumenteu foieign paients aie latly uenieu biith ceitiicates
at Bome Affaiis anu theii paients may be thieateneu with aiiest Biaft iegulations to the Biiths
anu Beaths Registiation Act BBRA No of if passeu will soon iequiie foieign paients
toshowpioofoflawfulimmigiationstatusanupasspoitsinoiueitoiegisteibiiths.
At piesent people who Bepaitment oficials suspect of being unlawfully piesent in the teiiitoiy
must be iefeiieu to immigiation seivices 0nuei the Regulations to the BBRA
21
the Biiectoi
ueneial anu his uelegates may issue a biith ceitiicate to nonSouth Afiicans pioviueu that
if the Biiectoiueneial is in uoubt about the iuentity anu status of the peison conceineu he
oisheshalliefeithematteitotheinspectoiatetoinvestigateanuuealwithitinteimsofthe
piovisions of the Immigiation Act Act No of The peiemptoiy language useu
heiein leaves no ioom foi uiscietion the iesult is that paients who appeai at Bome Affaiis to
iegisteiabiithofachilumaybesenttoimmigiationanuaiiesteuiftheyuonothavepiopei
immigiation peimits. In effect, this seives as a stiong ueteiient to unuocumenteu paients oi
paientsunlawfullypiesentontheteiiitoiyfiomiegisteiingthebiithoftheiichilu.
Without biith ceitiicates chiluien boin in South Afiica to foieign paients iisk being unable to
access theii paients nationality paiticulaily if the paients pass away Yet they uo not qualify foi
any piovisions of South Afiican citizenship incluuing section which allows citizenship to
passtochiluienboinontheteiiitoiywhoaiestateless,pioviueuthebiithisiegisteieu.
22

LBR has also uocumenteu that iecogniseu iefugees anu asylumseekeis who often have
only iefugee peimits anu asylumseekei peimits as iuentity uocumentation aie uenieu biith
ceitiicates foi theii chiluien This is in laige pait uue to a lack of awaieness anu tiaining at local
Bome Affaiis ofices xenophobia anu the mispeiception that a biith ceitiicate entitles a chilu
to South Afiican citizenship
Wheieiegistiationoffoieignbiithsuoestakeplace,theieisnoioutinepioceuuietoiegisteia
chilu who may be stateless unuei the Citizenship Acts section pioviuing citizenship to
peisons boin on the teiiitoiy who uo not holu any othei nationality Bowevei it is quite
possible that many foieign chiluien aie in fact boin stateless on the teiiitoiy. Some paients
countiies of oiigin simply uo not allow them to pass on theii nationality to theii chiluien,
paiticulaily if they aie boin abioau. Theie aie vaiious ieasons foi this. Foi example, the
nationality of a state may only pass to the iist geneiation boin abioau leaving the seconu
geneiationieliantonaccessingnationalityintheiicountiyofbiith.Womenmaynotbeableto
pass nationality to theii chilu anu a fathei is not always piesent to ensuie the chilu accesses
nationality.
Section of the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act
Section of the South Afiican Citizenship Act No of
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CaseStuuy
In iepoiteu effoits to uiscouiage emigiation of its nationals Cuba assigns peimanent immigiant
status to any peison who uepaits the countiy foi ovei months Couples aie not peimitteu
totiaveltogetheiwithoutfeaioflosingtheiiiighttoiesiuence.
Foi chiluien of Cuban peimanent immigiants to obtain citizenship they must attain iesiuency in Cuba
Yettheiipaientsaieonlygivenvisastoenteithecountiyfoionemonthatatime.
InthecaseofNaiia
16
the Cuban Embassy in South Afiica issueu a lettei coniiming that she
isnotiecogniseuasanationaluuetoheipaientsstatus.Beipaientspiesenteuthisletteito
Bome Affaiis in an effoit to access South Afiican citizenship foi the chilu unuei Section
of the Citizenship Act which pioviues citizenship foi chiluien boin on the teiiitoiy who aie
stateless. Bowevei, the chilu was still not iecogniseu as South Afiican anu the paients weie
auviseutoapplyfoipeimanentiesiuencesincethemotheihaspeimanentiesiuenceinSouth
Afiica.
ThepaientsuiscoveieuthispioblemwhenthechilusgianumotheiinCubawasill.Theycoulu
not obtain a tiavel uocument foi theii foui-yeai-olu uaughtei to go meet hei gianumothei
becauseneitheiCubanoiSouthAfiicawouluiecognisehei.
LBRisinvestigatingthecaseanucoiiesponuingwithBomeAffaiisinoiueitohelpthechilu
iealise hei iight to South Afiican citizenship Bome Affaiis is of the view that the chilu shoulu
be given peimanent iesiuence not citizenship This case is illustiative of the challenges that
iemaininenfoicingtheiighttonationalityfoistatelesschiluienboininSouthAfiica.
ItlxpulnfultoxeemyJuughtergrowlngfullofJreumxunJJeveloplng
everyJuylntoumorecleverperxon,hnowlngJeeplnxlJexhehuxun
uncertulnfuture.
SometlmexuxumotherItrytounJerxtunJ.
Wow,mychllJ,themlnutexhewuxbornxhewuxbroughtlntothlx
nlghtmure,thutlxbelnguxtutelexxperxon.
HowlxltpoxxlbleuchllJcunbebornunJutthexumetlme,themoxt
elementulrlghtthutunyhumunbelnglxentltleJtolxJenleJ?
IhuvebeengolngthroughJlverxefeellngx:xcureJforthefutureofmy
chllJ,hopelexxwhennoonexeemeJtobexenxltlveuboutherfuture,
thoughtheluwxtutexxhelxentltleJtocltlzenxhlp.
ButbureuucrucylxbllnJunJcurelexx.1heluwJoexnotupplyltxelf,but
neeJxtobeputlntopructlce.
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Naiia was boin in South Afiica but is unable to acquiie the nationality of hei paients who
aiefiomCuba.Thusatthetenueiageoffoui,sheisstateless.ThelawinSouthAfiicapioviues
foi hei to be a citizen since she was boin in South Afiica anu has no othei nationality But
BomeAffaiisiefusestoiegisteiheiasSouthAfiican.
seepoqeSS
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CbildrenofSingleFatbersorUndocumentedMotbers
Confusion exists at local Bome Affaiis ofices with iegaiu to issuance of biith ceitiicates to
chiluienwhosemotheisaieunableoiunwillingtoconsenttoacknowleugementofpateinity,
uuetoueath,mentalillness,abanuonmentoilackofuocumentation.
2S

Two possible scenaiios aie envisioneu in Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act foi the iegistiation
ofachiluboinoutofweulock
24
eithei the single mothei piesents heiself anu iegisteis hei chilu
alone,inheiownname
2S
oithemotheipiesentsheiselfanuheichilu,togetheiwiththefathei
26
,
anu iegisteis the chilu in hei suiname oi the fatheis suiname uiven the natuie of section
b of the Act anu the notice of biith foim a chilu may not be iegisteieu in the fatheis suiname
withoutthepiesenceofthemotheianuheisigneuconsenttothefatheisacknowleugementof
pateinity uue to puipoiteu conceins ovei tiaficking oi stealing of chiluien
LBR has ieceiveu iepoits that numeious hospitals even those connecteu to Bome Affaiis
system anu able to issue biith ceitiicates on site anu Bome Affaiis ofices uo not allow
motheistosignconsenttopateinityunlessshecanpioviuepioofofheiiuentitythioughsome
kinu of goveinmentissueu IB anothei challenge foi foieign unuocumenteu women This is
paiticulaily challenging wheie the fathei is the holuei of South Afiican citizenship in spite
of this, the chilu can iemain uniegisteieu uue to the absence oi lack of uocumentation of the
foieignmothei.
LBRhasassisteuseveialmaleclientstoiegisteitheiichiluieninspiteofthispiovision.Bowevei,
we suspect that if the mothei is absent, ueceaseu, unuocumenteu oi unwilling to assist, the
chilus biith often goes uniegisteieu because the fathei is not peimitteu to iegistei the chilu
alone The Chiluiens Act allows a fathei to appioach a magistiates couit foi an oiuei coniiming
his pateinity
27
but Bome Affaiis uoes not infoim fatheis that this is possible BNA testing is
oftenpiohibitivelyexpensiveanusochiluienofsinglefatheisoiunuocumenteumotheisiisk
goinguniegisteieuanuwithoutaccesstonationality.
0nuocumenteu in this context iefeis to peisons without any foim of goveinmentissueu iuentiication
Section b
Section a
Section bc
Section c ieau with section k of the Chiluiens Act No of
Casestuuy
Elizabeth Nthunya uesciibeu above who is unable to access citizenship in South Afiica
noiinLesotho,isalsosuffeiingasshewatchesheisonNeogiowupunuocumenteu.
Neo was boin in South Afiica anu his fathei is a South Afiican citizen with an IB
uocument anu IB numbei But Bome Affaiis will not allow Neos fathei to iegistei the
chilu without Elizabeth submitting an IB uocument Bome Affaiis has also stateu that
Neo cannot be South Afiican because Elizabeth uiu not have an immigiation peimit at
thetimeshegavebiith.Thisstatementisnotsuppoiteubyanylegalpiovision.
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CommunitiesinBorderAreas
Theie is a high level of cioss-boiuei movement between South Afiica anu its neighbouiing
countiies The closei to the boiuei the moie iestiictive the local Bome Affaiis ofices aie in
access to uocumentation. Applicants aie often assumeu to be migiants fiom neighbouiing
countiies anu yet such peisons often aie unable to access citizenship in eithei countiy Nixeu
nationality families face paiticulai uificulty in this aiea
28

CbildrenofFarmWorhers
Poveity anu the ielative insulaiity of faiming communities iesult in low iates of biith iegistiation
anuuocumentation,paiticulailyamongmigiantfaimwoikeis.Thepioblemisexaceibateuin
the faims aiounu inteinational boiueis foi example neai the NusinaBeitbiiuge boiuei post
between South Afiican anu Zimbabwe uue to suspicion aiounu migiants attempting to claim
biith in South Afiica. Chiluien boin on the faims stiuggle to obtain pioof of biith anu hence
citizenship
IntheWesteinCapefaimiegion,lackofbiithiegistiationcombineuwithhighmigiationfiom
othei paits of South Afiica iesult in many auults who have nevei hau an IB uespite having nevei
leftSouthAfiica.WithinthisgioupofconceinaiealsochiluienbointoaSouthAfiicanfathei
anu foieign mothei. This is a iesult of the piesence of seasonal faim woikeis fiom countiies
such as Lesotho anu Zimbabwe 0nuocumenteu foieign motheis aie hesitant to appioach Bome
Affaiis uue to theii iiiegulai immigiation status anu lack of IBs anu yet the fatheis cannot
iegistei the chiluien without the motheis consent anu motheis pioof of iuentiication
28 See Local uoveinment anu Nigiation Nanagement in Boiuei Aieas Challenges anu 0ppoitunities foi Public Seivice
Piovision by Taia Poltzei Foiceu Nigiation Stuuies Piogiamme of 0niveisity of Witwateisianu }une
Casestuuy
R.C. was boin in South Afiica in 197S. Bei paients weie both unuocumenteu South
Afiicans, who aie now ueceaseu. R.C. was boin at home on a faim neai Nusina anu
neveihauacliniccaiuoianyotheipioofofheibiithplace.Asaiesult,shehasstiuggleu
hei whole life to access biith iegistiation anu consequently South Afiican citizenship
She uoes not holu any foim of iuentiication
RC has ive chiluien boin in South Afiica ianging fiom eight to yeais olu None
weieboininhospital,butiatheiweieboinonthefaimwheieR.C.woiks,alsoclose
to the boiuei with Zimbabwe Theii fathei is an unuocumenteu Zimbabwean who is
now ueceaseu All ive chiluien iemain unuocumenteu Bome Affaiis will not iegistei
thechiluienbecauseR.C.isunuocumenteu.
R.C.scaseillustiatesthechallengesfacingfaimwoikeisanutheiichiluien,paiticulaily
inboiueiiegions.Lackofuocumentationisoftenpasseufiomonegeneiationtothe
next,limitingsocialmobilityanueconomicoppoitunitiesfoientiiefamilies.
MychllJrenureulwuyxuxheJforJocumentx...whenever
JocumentxureneeJeJ,theyfeurgolngtoxchool.Myfumllylx
lnunclully chullengeJ
IbelongtoSouthAfrlcu.Ium1xongu.ButIfeelhopelexx.
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RC anu hei ive chiluien weie all boin on faims in South Afiica neai the boiuei to Zimbabwe
Sheanuheichiluieniemainunuocumenteu.
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LateRegistrationofBirtbApplicants
0nuei pievious legislation late iegistiation of biith iefeiieu to any biith iegisteieu aftei
yeaisofage.0nueicuiientlegislation,itiefeistoanybiiththatisiegisteieuoveiSuuaysaftei
biith. Late biith iegistiation is an oneious piocess that takes place at the uiscietion of local
ofice manageis oi the oficei iesponsible foi late biith iegistiation It was cieateu in iesponse
to high numbeis of inuiviuuals who weie not piopeily iegisteieu uuiing Apaitheiu Bue to
concein that foieigneis weie fiauuulently accessing citizenship thiough late iegistiation of
biith sciutiny has incieaseu in iecent yeais to the uetiiment of tiue citizens
29

Although the accepteu eviuence unuei the law is quite lexible in piactice an applicant must
be in a position to pioviue the Bepaitment with the iequiiements outlineu in Bome Affaiis
foims.
Su
Foim E iequiies the IB numbeis oi peimanent iesiuence peimit numbei of the
applicants paients which is impossible if the paients weie unuocumenteu anuoi ueceaseu
Thisisoftenthecasefoielueilypeisonsboinintheapaitheiueia.Theapplicantisalsooften
iequiieu to pioviue uocumentaiy pioof such as mateinity ceitiicates oi clinic caius school
iecoius baptism ceitiicates anu the like Wheie the applicant cannot meet this buiuen of pioof
heoisheisioutinelytuineuawaywithoutevensubmittingtheapplicationanuwithoutbeing
offeieuanyalteinativesolution.
The piactice of implementing stiict uocumentaiy eviuence iequiiements is unlawful The
iegulations uo not limit late biith iegistiation to peisons able to piouuce a ceitain level of
uocumentaiy pioof of his oi hei iuentity oi status In fact quite the opposite the iegulations
iequiie only that applicants piouuce all available uocumentaiy pioof of his oi hei status anu
iuentity.
S1
Piovision is maue foi people who aie unable to pioviue any uocumentaiy pioof
of life in the absence of conclusive uocumentaiy pioof the Biiectoiueneial shall veiify
the infoimation by caieful questioning
S2
Thus an inteiview is intenueu to allow applicants
the chance to pioviue auuitional eviuence anu to iesponu to questions oi conceins of the
Bepaitment
29 LexisNexis,PreliminoryNoteFormsonJPreceJentsCitizensbip F ventei AF Katz }ulian Pokioy 0niveisity of South
Afiica,Septembei2uu9.
Su Foim BBA E anu BBA foim
S1 Regulation b of the Regulations to the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act as inseiteu by uN R of
S2 Ibiu.
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Casestuuy
Naiy Chombo Nwale was boin in South Afiica in 1962. Naiys mothei was South
Afiican Bei fathei was fiom Nalawi anu became a South Afiican citizen thiough
maiiiage.Atage16,heifamilymoveutoNalawi.NaiylateimaiiieuaNalawiananu
staiteuafamily.
Whenheihusbanupasseuaway,NaiyueciueutomovebacktoSouthAfiicawithhei
foui chiluien She hau nevei hau a biith ceitiicate so she applieu foi late iegistiation
of biith She was tolu by Bome Affaiis oficials to go back to Nalawi She went to foui
uiffeient ofices often biinging as a witness hei elueily neighboui who knew hei when
she giew up as a chilu in Soweto But she was iepeateuly tuineu away anu tolu we
uo not assist foieigneis Eventually Bome Affaiis tolu Naiy that she must ienounce
Nalawian citizenship in oiuei to be iecogniseu as South Afiican an unlawful iequest
She uuly ienounceu hei citizenship at the Nalawian Embassy
Finuing heiself stateless, Naiy appioacheu LBR. LBR coiiesponueu with the
Bepaitment of Bome Affaiis anu Naiys application foi late iegistiation of biith anu a
South Afiican IB weie piocesseu anu appioveu
ItlxhurtlngunJyouJontevenllheltwhenpeopleuretulhlng
uboutIx.Youfeelxhume.
Fvenwhenxomethlnggoexwrong,theyxuy,xheJoexntevenhuve
unI,whutcunxheJo?
MyxltuutlonlmpucteJmyfumllyeventhetlmeIwunteJtoxell
vegetublex...gooJxurecheuperwholexule,butyouneeJunI.It
wuxhurJbecuuxeweureullJepenJentonwhutIumxelllngunJ
weurellvlngfromhunJtomouth.
NowImfeellngfree.IevenxhoweJmyfrlenJxthutnowImjuxt
llheyou.Imthehupplext.Ieventhunh0oJforheurlngmypruyerx.
Icuntellotherpeopletheymuxtbeopen.1heyhuveproblemxthut
theyJontwunttoxpeuhoutubout.1heyjuxtbecomeJlxcourugeJ.
ButperxlxtencehuxhelpeJmeulot.Itworhx.
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Naiy Chombo Nwale, hei foui chiluien anu gianuchilu all have claims to South Afiican
citizenship but have been thwaiteu in accessing theii iight to nationality uue to pioblems with
biith iegistiation She was unlawfully foiceu to ienounce Nalawian citizenship by Bome Affaiis
but was not issueu South Afiican citizenship until LBR inteiveneu Bei chiluien anu gianuchilu
aiestillstiugglingtohavetheiiclaimsiecogniseu.
seepoqeS9
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TbeScaleoftbeProblem:EstimatedNumbersofStatelessPersonsinSoutbAfrica
CroupofConcern EstimatedNumbers
Zimbabwean-born
migrantswitbforeign
parentage
in Zimbabwe thousanus may have come to South Afiica
given the uificulty this gioup faces in accessing citizenship in Zimbabwe
httpwwwfmieviewoigFNRpufsFNRpuf
Urpbansand
vulnerablecbildren
million oiphans
1Suuuuchiluienlivinginchilu-heaueuhouseholus
httpwwwunicefoigsouthafiicapiotectionhtml
0vei2uuuchiluienaieabanuoneuyeailyinSouthAfiica,accoiuingto
Chilu Welfaie httpwwwtimeslivecozalocalaiticleeceNoie
thankiusabanuoneuannually
Unaccompanied
foreignminors
Nostatisticsexistcaptuiingthenumbeiofunaccompanieufoieignminois
in South Afiica but many seivice pioviueis anu nonpioits can attest to the
signiicance of this population gioup
Cbildrenofmigrants Again,theieaienostatisticsfoithisgioupinSouthAfiicabuttheieaie
iepoitsof1.S-million-S-millionfoieigneisinthecountiysothisgioupis
unueniablylaige.
Cbildrenofsingle
fatbers
1.S-millionmateinaloiphansexistinSouthAfiicaasof2u11
httpallafiicacomstoiieshtml
VictimsofIDfraud Neaily cases of uuplicate IBs weie iuentiieu by Bome Affaiis in
Naich BBA states that cases iemain uniesolveu
Communitiesin
borderareas
0nknown numbeis conseivative estimates may be thousanus affecteu in
boiuei towns anu iegions close to Zimbabwe Nozambique Swazilanu
Lesotho anu Botswana wheie migiation anu ciossboiuei communities aie
common.
This iepoit pioviues uetaileu accounts of baiiieis to citizenship in boiuei
iegions of South Afiica
httpwitsacauemiaeuuTaiaPolzeiPapeisLocaluoveinment
anuNigiationNanagementinBoiueiAieasChallengesanu
0ppoitunitiesfoiPublicSeivicePiovision
Statelessmigrants Withestimatesiangingfiom1.S-milliontoS-millionfoieigneisinSouth
Afiica,anu2uuuuuasylum-seekeisayeai,theieaiesuielymanystateless
migiants in South Afiica Bowevei bioauei stuuies aie iequiieu to gathei
accuiatestatisticsonthisgioup.
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S.
BumanRightsChallengesFacing
Stateless Peisons in South Afiica
LegaluapsanuChallenges
Absence of an Identiication and Protection System for tbe Stateless
The most obvious challenge in the context of assisting stateless peisons is that South Afiica
uoes not foimally iecognise noi piotect stateless peisons who uo not qualify foi iefugee status
The Republic has not yet signeu oi iatiieu the statelessness tieaties uespite a iecent pleuge to
uo anu has no ueuicateu uomestic legislation in place to ueal with statelessness. This means
that the stateless aie conineu to a life of invisibility anu aie often tiappeu in poveity ovei
geneiations.
Dificulty Accessing Asylum for Stateless Persons Wbo are Refugees
Stateless peisons may also be iefugees. Inueeu, the 19S1 Convention ielating to the Status
of Refugees anu the South Afiica Refugees Act No of iecognise this Both legal
instiumentspioviueiefugeestatustopeoplewhoaieoutsiuetheiicountiyofnationalityoi,if
stateless,outsiuetheiicountiyofhabitualiesiuencewhohaveafeaiofpeisecutiononthebasis
ofiace,ieligion,nationalityoimembeishipofapaiticulaisocialgioupoipoliticalopinion.
0nueithe19S1RefugeeConvention,astatelessiefugeeshouluieceivepiotectionasaiefugee,
since the aibitiaiy uenial of citizenship uue to ones iace ieligion nationality membeiship of
apaiticulaisocialgioupoipoliticalopinioncaninuicatepeisecution.Refugeestatuspioviues
moie beneits than stateless status geneially anu thus shoulu be the iist poit of call paiticulaily
in South Afiica wheie theie is no paiallel scheme iequiiing the piotection of stateless peisons
Yettheieiemainchallengesfoiaccesstoiefugeestatusfoistatelesspeisons.Inpait,thisstems
fiom the limiteu space in asylum applications to explain issues of statelessness oi complex
nationality cases. In pait, it stems fiom the applicants lack of awaieness that uepiivation of
nationality is ielevant in the context of iefugee status. Applicants themselves aie often not
awaie that they have in fact lost theii nationality at all paiticulaily when it was the iesult
of an amenument to the citizenship law Thus it is iecommenueu that Bome Affaiis oficials
aietiaineuonnationalityissuesastheyielatetoiefugeeclaims,sothattheycanassistclients
with piotection neeus who may not unueistanu how theii expeiience ielates to peisecutoiy
nationalitylawanuimplementation.
Rejectionofstatelessiefugeesapplicationsisalsoaiesultofthelackofawaienessonbehalf
of iefugee status ueteimination oficeis RSB0s the Stanuing Committee of Refugee Affaiis
SCRA anu the Refugee Appeal Boaiu RAB of complex nationality claims anu countiy of oiigin
situations ielating to uenial of nationality LBR has seen stateless people appioaching its ofices
in oiuei to change the nationality listeu on theii asylum peimits foi example Palestinians boin
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in Iiaq whose nationality is iecoiueu as Iiaqi oi people of Buiunuian uescent boin in Tanzania
whose nationality is iecoiueu as Tanzanian anu who aie in fact not iecogniseu as nationals in
eitheicountiy.
Theie aie scoies of asylumseekeis in South Afiica fiom Ethiopia Eiitiea anu Zimbabwe who
have hau theii nationality aibitiaiily withuiawn in cleai violation of inteinational law
as a iesult of theii peiceiveu iace oi nationality This incluues those of Eiitiean ethnicity in
Ethiopia who aie piesumeu by Ethiopia to have acquiieu Eiitiean nationality uuiing that states
succession Some Ethiopians expelleu to Eiitiea aie not accepteu as Eiitiean nationals
SS

Those of foieign uescent who weie boin in oi iesiueu in Zimbabwe but weie stiippeu of
theii citizenship in foi political ieasons aie now iequiieu to comply with sometimes
insuimountable auministiative pioceuuies in oiuei to iegistei oi iestoie theii citizenship
People who have been uenationaliseu by theii countiy of biith uue to a Convention ieason
often iace political opinion oi impugneu foieign oi uual nationality may veiy well qualify
unuei the law foi iefugee status The 0K anu the 0S have iecogniseu such claims speciically
those involving uenationaliseu Ethiopians of Eiitiean ethnicity anu uenationaliseu Estonians of
Russianethnicity.
S4
Even in these countiies applicants have succeeueu only by appealing to the
higheicouitswiththeassistanceoflegaliepiesentation.
The complexity of these cases iequiies moie attention anu euucation of Bome Affaiis oficials in
SouthAfiica,aswellasaccesstoaffoiuablelegalseivicesfoiasylum-seekeiswithsuchclaims.
NoRigbttoWorh,StudyorRunaBusiness
0nabletoobtainpasspoitsfiomanycountiy,statelesspeoplecannotapplyfoitheiighttowoik,
stuuyoiiunabusinessinSouthAfiica.NanyboinoutsiueSouthAfiicaopttoapplyfoiiefugee
status,althoughtheymaynotconcuiientlyhaveavaliuiefugeeclaim,inoiueitoattainlegal
status that allows them to iemain in the Republic penuing theii application anu also peimits
them to woik oi stuuy. The glaiing absence of a paiallel piotection system foi the stateless
iesults in an oveibuiueneu asylum system that uoes not piotect the stateless, most of whose
claimsaieultimatelyiejecteuasmanifestlyunfounueu.
Those stateless peisons who weie boin in the Republic to paients who aie not iefugees uo
nothavetheoptionofseekingatempoiaiypeimitthioughtheasylumsystem,sinceaiefugee
by ueinition is someone who is outsiue theii countiy of nationality oi habitual iesiuence oi
a uepenuent of such a peison The iesult is that these stateless simply iemain unuocumenteu
anu unaccounteu foi by the South Afiican goveinment. They cannot access an immigiation
peimit oi IB anu so have no piactical access to the foimal employment system cannot wiite the
matiicexamanuaieunabletogoontouniveisity.
SS InteinationalCommitteeoftheReuCiossannualiepoitsfoi2uuS,2uu6anu2uu7.Thosealloweutostayanuiegisteifoi
iesiuentpeimitsaienotalloweutowoiknoiaietheyissueuexitvisasallowingthemtoleave.Ineffect,theyaiealiens
0niteu Kinguom Boiuei Agency Eiitiea Countiy of 0iigin Infoimation Repoit paia 0pen Society
}ustice Initiative
S4 SeeStserbov.holJer Fu in the 0S Couit of Appeals foi the th Ciicuit anu ST Ethiopia 0K0T IAC
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LachofProtectionfromArbitraryArrestandDetention
Because no uocumentation is available to stateless peisons who aie not asylumseekeis oi
iefugees the stateless in South Afiica paiticulaily those boin outsiue the Republic who appeai
oi sounu foieign aie subject to iepeateu aiiest anu uetention as suspecteu illegal foieigneis
Suchuetentionisinheientlyaibitiaiybecausestatelesspeoplemostoftencannotbeuepoiteu.
StatelesspeisonsmaylanguishinLinuelaiepatiiationcentieinexcessofthemaximumpeiiou
of12uuays
SS
as a iesult of the uificulty in inuing a countiy that will issue them an emeigency
tiaveluocumentfoiuepoitation.
Casestuuy
IumSouthAfrlcun,butIumnotrecognlxeJlnSouthAfrlcu
1heytolJmeubluchperxonwlllulwuyxhnowthelrrootx.IxulJI
hnowmyrootx.IcoulJntexplulntothem.ItolJthemwhereIwux
fromunJtheyJlJntbelleveme.
Icuntloohforujob,Icuntgotoxchool.ItloohxllheImuxelexxyet
Imnotuxelexx.ImnotJlxubleJbutImmorethunJlxubleJfornot
huvlngthlxcltlzenxhlp.
KhumbulaniFieueiikNgubanewasboininSouthAfiicain199utoSouthAfiicanpaients
a Zulu fathei anu Xhosa mothei But he has nevei been iecogniseu as South Afiican uue
to spenuing most of his chiluhoou abioau. Aftei his fathei uieu, Khumbulanis mothei
tookhimtoKenyawhenhewasSyeaisolu.Whenhewas1u,hismotheipasseuaway.Be
wasthentakento0ganuabyafamilyfiienu.Whenshetoouieu,Khumbulaniueciueuit
wastimetotiacehisSouthAfiicanioots.
Be ietuineu to South Afiica showing his biith ceitiicate at the boiuei But his taxi
was hijackeu anu he anu othei migiants weie taken to a house anu tolu they woulu
not be ieleaseu until family oi fiienus sent money. Be escapeu, but nevei iecoveieu
his biith ceitiicate Bome Affaiis cannot tiace his IB numbei anu he has not founu any
living ielatives who can attest to his iuentity. Khumbulani spent S months in Linuela
Repatiiation Centie but he coulu not be uepoiteu because he nevei acquiieu citizenship
oiimmigiationstatusinKenyaanu0ganua.Bewasieleaseu,butiemainsunuocumenteu.
In2u12,LawyeisfoiBumanRightsmaueanapplicationtotheNinisteiofBomeAffaiis
on his behalf iequesting an exemption foi peimanent iesiuence to allow him a path to
legal status anu citizenship Be awaits a uecision
Establisheu by section u of the Immigiation Act No of anu uetention case law
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KhumbulaniFieueiikNgubaneisaSouthAfiicanwhocannotpiovehisnationality.BespentSmonths
in uetention foi uepoitation but was eventually ieleaseu since no countiy iecognises him as a citizen
BemaueanapplicationtotheNinistei,butisiepeateulyaiiesteuuuetolackofuocumentation.
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ImpossibilityofDeportation
Consulai oficials ioutinely visit Linuela to inteiview peisons anu veiify whethei they aie inueeu
nationals of the countiy If the oficials can veiify nationality they then pioviue emeigency
tiavel uocuments so that uetainees can be uepoiteu They typically ask questions like Wheie
weieyouboin1Whoweieyouipaients1Whatlanguagesuoyouspeak1Whatisouinational
anthem Wheie uiu you go to school Bow uoes one get fiom X city to X city in the countiy by
tiain bus cai A lack of pioiciency in the language oi a lack of knowleuge about the customs
cultuiehistoiylayout of the nation in question can weigh heavily against a uetainee
If a peison cannot satisfy consulai oficials that they aie nationals of the countiy in question
they cannot ieceive emeigency tiavel uocuments. LBR has assisteu a numbei of clients who
faileutoestablishnationalityintheiicountiyofoiigin,countiyofhabitualiesiuenceoitheii
paients countiy of oiigin. Such peisons aie ieleaseu fiom Linuela aftei piolongeu uetention
withoutanypathtolegalimmigiationstatusanuoftenwithnouocumentationwhatsoeveito
piovethattheyalieauywentthioughimmigiationpioceeuingsanucoulunotbeuepoiteu.
0nceinLinuelaiepatiiationcentie,statelesspeoplewithuniecogniseuclaimstoSouthAfiican
citizenship aie paiticulaily uistiaught given that they face lengthy uetention in theii own
countiyofnationality.
Betainees who cannot be uepoiteu fiom Linuela aie eventually ieleaseu anu tolu to iepoit to
local Bome Affaiis ofices oi to appioach the embassies of the countiies wheie they pieviously
iesiueu.Theieisnoimmigiationstatusunueicuiientlawuesigneutoaccommouatestateless
people who cannot be uepoiteu, aie not iecogniseu by any nation anu who uo not meet
auministiative iequiiements foi South Afiican citizenship
The only avenue foi status is section b of the Immigiation Act No of an
entiiely uiscietionaiy pioceuuie which we will uiscuss below Local Bome Affaiis ofices uo
not unifoimly piocess b applications Stateless peisons aie often not infoimeu that
this is an option until they appioach legal oiganisations, leaving countless peisons uiifting
unuocumenteuinSouthAfiicawithnohopeofapathtonationalityinanynation.
Dificulty of Appeal and )udicial Review
Stateless peisons often become awaie of the baiiiei to nationality only upon making an
application foi an enabling uocument such as a biith ceitiicate IB oi passpoit This often
happens when auults who have nevei hau a biith ceitiicate apply foi late iegistiation of biith
anu aie iejecteu uue to insuficient eviuence oi suspicion that they aie a foieignei tiying to
WhenyouheurxomeonexuyImfromxounJxo
country,youcunxeelfxomeonechuxexthem,they
cunulwuyxgotothelrcountry.
IfSouthAfrlcuxuyxeveryonemuxtgome,where
umIgolngtogo?Nowhere.
AS a stateless man boin in Tanzania
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obtain citizenship fiauuulently South Afiican citizens anu peimanent iesiuents often uiscovei
the pioblem when they appioach Bome Affaiis oi tiy to access theii bank account to inu that
theii IB has been blockeu
When applications foi enabling uocuments aie iejecteu oi IBs aie blockeu LBR has obseiveu
that inuiviuuals aie not ioutinely infoimeu of theii auministiative iight to inteinal appeal oi
juuicial ieview They enu up ietuining to Bome Affaiis tiying uiffeient local ofices iesubmitting
applicationsanuuocumentsanugettingiejecteuoveianuoveiagainoveithecouiseofyeais,
as a iesult of the lack of pioceuuial uue piocess in access to enabling uocuments. Nany aie
unable to affoiu legal iepiesentation anu aie unawaie of theii iight to an inteinal appeal oi
juuicialieviewofsuchuecisions.
BirtbRegistration
Biith iegistiation is the ciitical moment when a peison becomes a legal entity with iights befoie
a State, iegaiuless of wheie he oi she is boin. A name anu nationality is gianteu, oi, as is the
case foi chiluien boin to foieign paients in South Afiica a peison is iegisteieu as a foieignei
The paients nationality is listeu, which piotects a foieign chilus iight to theii paients
nationality in the futuie ueneially the paients may use the South Afiican biith ceitiicate to
iegisteithechiluwiththeiiembassyoiconsulateanutoobtainacknowleugementofhisoihei
nationality. Natuially, iefugees anu stateless paients can only iely on the South Afiican biith
iegistiationpiocessgiventhattheyaieunableoiunwillingtoappioachthecountiyofoiigin
foiuocumentation.
Stateless paients, who often aie without an iuentity uocument, aie unable to iegistei theii
chiluiens biiths Bome Affaiis iequiies pioof of iuentity when iegisteiing a chilus biith
whethei it is an IB passpoit asylum oi iefugee peimit This is an issue even if one paient is
South Afiican with an IB The othei paient must also have an IB The inability of unuocumenteu
paients to iegistei a chilu fuels the iie in teims of the cieation anu peipetuation of statelessness
onSouthAfiicanteiiitoiy.
IwunttoexprexxmygrutltuJetoIHR.Onmyown,
IJontthlnhIwoulJhuvexucceeJeJ.IwuxulreuJythreuteneJ
wlth Jeportutlon I frequenteJ Home Affulrx oflcex unJ they xent
mefromplllurtopoxt.1heyJlJntglvemethexllghtextchunceto
explulnmyxltuutlon.
ItuppeureJtomethuttherewuxno
longerunyllghtuttheenJofthetunnel.
Iwuxxohuppytogetmyxtutuxbuch.1hereurequlteu
lurgenumberofpeoplewhourelnthexumexltuutlon
IwuxfuceJwlth,whourelnpuln.Ihnowofpeoplewho
commltteJxulclJebecuuxeoflt.
}S a South Afiican citizen whose IB was blockeu uue to suspecteu fiauu
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SoutbAfricanCitizensbipforTboseBornStateless
ChiluienboininSouthAfiicawhouonothaveanotheinationalityoitheiighttoanotheinationality
aie entitleu to South Afiican citizenship as long as theii biith is iegisteieu 0nfoitunately LBR
has obseiveu that this piovision is not enfoiceu by Bome Affaiis anu is impossible foi many
qualifying chiluien to access No assessment is uone of theii nationality status at biith noi aie
they able to iegistei biiths if one oi both paients aie unuocumenteu Even in the case wheie the
paients countiy iefuses to iecognise the chilu anu has coniimeu as much in wiiting LBR has
seen that a chilu may not be able to access South Afiican citizenship uue to lack of awaieness at
Bome Affaiis ofices about this law anu lack of agieement about when a chilu woulu qualify as
stateless.
IdentityandTravelDocuments
StatelesspeisonscannotaccessiuentityuocumentsoitiaveluocumentsinSouthAfiicaunless
they qualify foi iefugee status aie able to woik theii way towaius natuialisation unuei the
Immigiation Act oi aie gianteu peimanent iesiuence whethei thiough iegulai pioceuuies oi
the exemption piocess of Section b of the Immigiation Act
Those who apply foi a Section b exemption aie given no tempoiaiy uocument to piotect
themfiomaiiestanuuetentionwhiletheyawaittheoutcomeoftheapplication,whichcantakea
numbeiofyeaisinLBRsexpeiience.TheImmigiationActpioviuesfoianAuthoiisationofIllegal
Foieignei to Remain in the Republic Penuing an Application foi Status
S6
yet in piactice Bome
Affaiisuoesnotissuetheseuocumentsunlessaclienthaslegaliepiesentation.Inanyevent,this
foimisnotanimmigiationpeimit,containsnobiometiicuataanuuoesnotpieventhaiassment
anuaiiestbypolice.
Ifastatelesspeisonieceivesanexemptionfoipeimanentiesiuence,oianyotheilegalstatus,he
oi she shoulu be able to access a tiavel uocument unuei iegulation a of the South Afiican
Passpoits anu Tiavel Bocuments Act No of which states
Auocumentfoitiavelpuiposesmaybeissueutoanypeisonwhoislawfullyiesiuentin
the Republic anu who a uoes not have the citizenship of anothei countiy oi b has
been gianteu peimanent iesiuence in the Republic anu is unable to obtain a passpoit
fiom the countiy of which he oi she is a citizen
Fulilling the iequiiement of being lawfully iesiuent is a big challenge foi most stateless people
intheRepublic.
PoliticalUpinion
StatelesspeisonsinSouthAfiicainiealityhavenowaytoexeicisetheiiiighttoapoliticalopinion.
Theymaybefieetobelievewhattheychooseanutospeakopenlyabouttheiibeliefswithoutfeai
ofiepiisal,butthisfieeuomisanemptyonewhenitisnotaccompanieubytheiighttovoteoito
iun foi public ofice
As the foimeily stateless scholai Bannah Aienut wiote of stateless people theii fieeuom of
opinion is a fools fieeuom foi nothing they think matteis anyhow they aie uepiiveu not of the
iight to fieeuom but of the iight to action not of the iight to think whatevei they please but of the
iight to an opinion Piivileges in some cases injustices in most blessings anu uoom aie meteu out
tothemaccoiuingtoacciuentanuwithoutanyielationwhatsoeveitowhattheyuo,uiuoimay
uo
S7
Also known as a foim
Aienut B lmperiolism:PortTwooftbe0riqinsofTotolitorionism San Biego Baivest Book
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She goes on to wiite The funuamental uepiivation of human iights is manifest iist anu above all
in the uepiivation of a place in the woilu which makes opinions signiicant anu actions effective
S8

Inueeu theie aie many examples in the woilu anu speciically in Afiica wheie a national
goveinment intentionally uenationaliseu a paiticulai gioup oi peison with the speciic intention
ofstiippingthemoftheiipoliticaliightsanutheiiabilitytoimpacttheexistingpoliticaloiuei.
Education
Stateless people aie often unable to obtain any foim of IB anu without a biith ceitiicate motheis
stiuggle to eniol theii chiluien in cieche oi piimaiy school Without an IB high school leaineis
stiuggle to wiite theii matiic exams eniolment iequiies a uigit IB numbei If a matiic ceitiicate
uoes not have an IB numbei listeu employeis anu univeisities suspect fiauu anu leaineis aie in
thesamepositionasiftheyhauneveiwiittenanupasseuthematiicexam.
Without an IB oi passpoit univeisities uo not piocess applications to eniol foi stuuies anu so foi
stateless people, highei euucation anu peisonal auvancement aie out of ieach. Theii ability to
impiovetheiilivesislimiteuanutheyoftenaiestuckinacycleofpoveity,ieliantonotheisfoi
chaiityanugoouwilluespitetheiihigheiaspiiations.
S8 Ibiu.
CaseStuuy
LN Luis was boin in Zimbabwe in to a Zambian fathei anu Nalawian mothei
who hau met anu maiiieu as migiant woikeis uecaues ago While he was a citizen at
biith he latei was tolu by Zimbabwean authoiities in South Afiica that he is no longei
a Zimbabwean citizen uue to changes to the citizenship act in Be hau applieu foi
South Afiicas Zimbabwe Bispensation Pioject which alloweu Zimbabweans to obtain
woik oi stuuy peimits But he coulu not obtain a passpoit fiom Zimbabwe as a non
citizen anu iemains unuocumenteu in South Afiica
SowhoumI?WhereJoIbelong?
ZlmbubwelxtheonlycountryIhuveeverhnownuxhome.1hutmy
purentxwerefromothercountrlexlxmeunlnglexxbecuuxeIhnowof
nofumllylnZumbluorMuluwl.
MyfumllylxJextroyeJ.
IumherelnSouthAfrlcu.MywlfelxlnHurure.MychllJrenurelnu
rurulureu...utthemomentImJexperuteImfulllngtoxupport
myhlJxlnZlmbubwe.
WltheverythlngImfulllng,becuuxeofthutcltlzenxhlp.
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IJlJnotchooxetobextutelexx.
PerhupxthutlxmyJextlny.Well,IJonothnow
lfltwux0oJorSutunwhomuJemextutelexx.

S
Luis is a stateless man whose Zimbabwean nationality was withuiawn as a mattei of law
seepoqe49
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6.
CuiientSolutionsinSouthAfiica
LegalFiamewoik
Thelegalfiamewoikoutlineuheieunueiisasummaiythelawsthatimpacttheiighttonationality
anu the mechanisms to pievent statelessness fiom aiising in South Afiica. To summaiise the
main points, the following laws may be utiliseu to piotect the iights of the stateless anu to
enfoice the iight to nationality
Q CitizensbipAct No of which pioviues foi citizenship by biith by uescent anu by
natuialisationanuallowsfoiappealstothehighcouit
Q BirtbsonJ0eotbsReqistrotionAct No of which iequiies all biiths to be iegisteieu
withinSuuaysanuallowsfoilateiegistiationofbiith
Q RefuqeesAct No of which piotects stateless peisons who aie also iefugees
Q lmmiqrotion Act No of which pioviues in Section b foi the Ninistei to
giant the iights of peimanent iesiuence to foieigneis with special ciicumstances
Q PromotionofAJministrotive}usticeActNo of
Q SoutbAfriconConstitution
Q lnternotionollowonJcustomorylow
CitizensbipAct
The South Afiican Citizenship Act No of pioviues foi citizenship by biith in section
b to people boin to a South Afiican citizen whethei boin in oi outsiue the Republic
S9
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in section to a peison boin in the countiy who uoes not have the citizenship oi nationality
of any othei countiy oi has no iight to such citizenship oi nationality
4u
pioviueutheiibiithis
iegisteieu in accoiuance with the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act
The Citizenship Act was iecently amenueu by the South Afiican Citizenship Amenument Act of
which enteieu into foice on }anuaiy The Amenument Act of elevateu the
status of those boin abioau to citizens by biith iathei than by uescent In oiuei to access
this iight ones biith must be iegisteieu in accoiuance with the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation
Act No of Foi those boin abioau the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act states that
a biith may be iegisteieu at the foieign mission in the countiy of biith oi at a Bome Affaiis
ofice in the Republic Wheie the iegistiation of a foieign biith occuis in the Republic a biith
ceitiicate fiom the countiy of biith is necessaiy in oiuei to iegistei the biith in South Afiica
anu to obtain a South Afiican IB numbei
Section b of the Citizenship Act No of
Section of the Citizenship Act No of
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Citizenship by uescent is given to peisons auopteu by South Afiican citizens
vaiious piovisions of the Citizenship Act allow foi natuialisation of inuiviuuals who aie
peimanent iesiuents anu fulil ceitain iesiuency iequiiements
Sections anu allow applications to be maue to the Ninistei foi issuance of a citizenship
ceitiicate in cases of uoubt in oiuei to allow access foi peisons who have uubious cases
41

The Citizenship Amenument Act No of alteis the status quo in seveial othei ways
0nueithe2u1uAmenumentAct,chiluienofpeimanentiesiuentsboinintheRepublicwillonly
qualify foi citizenship upon ieaching the age of majoiity pioviueu they iesiueu in the Republic
fiombiithuntilthatage.0nueithepieviouslaw,chiluienboinintheRepublictopeimanent
iesiuents obtaineu citizenship at biith The uiaft iegulations incluueu a piovision allowing
exceptions foi chiluien leaving the countiy tempoiaiily foi visiting any othei countiy foi a
paiticulai puipose but the iegulations as enacteu uo not incluue this exception
Notably,theamenumentwillpioviuenewgiounusfoinatuialisationfoichiluienboininthe
teiiitoiy to paients who weie not aumitteu foi peimanent iesiuence who piesumably weie
aumitteu foi othei puiposes oi who weie not legally aumitteu at all - pioviueu the chiluien
iemainintheRepublicuntilage18.Thispiovision,ifimplementeuwiuelytoincluuechiluien
ofpaientswhomaynothavelegalimmigiationstatus,willmakegieatstiiuesinpieventingthe
cieationofstatelessnessinSouthAfiica.
Section of the Citizenship Act pioviues that any uecision of the Ninistei oi one of hei
uesigneesunueitheActmaybeievieweuinthehighcouit.
BirtbsonJ0eotbsReqistrotionAct
Biith iegistiation is key to nationality in South Afiica Foi all those who qualify foi citizenship
it is the ciitical moment when a peison is enteieu into the National Population Registei In
oiuei to obtain an IB in South Afiica one must iist apply foi a biith ceitiicate anu be issueu
with an IB numbei 0nly at this point can a South Afiican citizen apply foi an IB anu passpoit
anuconuuctotheiciviliegistiyactivities,suchasiegisteiingoneschiluiensbiiths,iegisteiing
maiiiagesanuiegisteiingueaths.
Bome Affaiis iecently took a uecision to cease issuance of abiiugeu biith ceitiicates anu foi
all biiths aftei Naich only unabiiugeu biith ceitiicates will be issueu 0nabiiugeu
ceitiicates aie also known as long biith ceitiicates anu incluue ones paients uetails
Abiiugeu ceitiicates aie shoitei anu only incluue ones name place of biith uate of biith anu
IB numbei
The Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act pioviues foi biith iegistiation of all chiluien boin on the
teiiitoiy, whethei to South Afiican oi foieign paients. Chiluien boin in South Afiica who uo not
qualify foi citizenship aie entitleu to a biith ceitiicate unuei the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation
Act Bowevei these foieign biith ceitiicates uo not incluue an IB numbei anu the chilu is not
enteieu into the National Population Registei Cuiient iegulations pioviue that foieign chiluien
ieceive a hanuwiitten ceitiicate Biaft iegulations have iemoveu the piovision foi hanuwiitten
biith ceitiicates anu it appeais that if these iegulations pass all chiluien in the Republic shall ieceive
computeigeneiateu unabiiugeu biith ceitiicates This is a positive uevelopment since some seivice
pioviueis anu foieign authoiities aie ieluctant to accept hanuwiitten biith ceitiicates as authentic
41 Itisuncleaiifthissectionisinuse,howonewouluapplyanuwhatciiteiiaaieapplieutoapplicants.
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The Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act BBRA iequiies all biiths to be iegisteieu within
uays It has iecently been coupleu with the National Population Registiy Campaign which has
seen an inciease in mobile iegistiation clinics, linkage of hospitals to the Bome Affaiis biith
iegistiation system anu effoits to enfoice the iequiiement of a biith ceitiicate foi chiluien
toeniolinciecheanuschool,toieceivemeuicaltieatment,toapplyfoifosteicaieanusocial
giantsanumoie.
The BBRA also pioviues foi pioceuuies colloquially known as late iegistiation of biith This
now applies to all biiths iegisteieu aftei a chilu is Su uays olu. Chiluien fiom Su uays to one
yeai must be iegisteieu with a mateinity ceitiicate fiom the hospital anu othei suppoiting
uocuments such as an afiuavit explaining why the biith was not iegisteieu within uays
Registiation of chiluien ageu one to yeais iequiies even moie pioof incluuing but not limiteu
to school letteis baptismal ceitiicates anu letteis fiom tiibal chiefs
Foi people ovei yeais of age in auuition to the above a witness is iequiieu who is yeais
olueithantheapplicantanuwhohasknowntheapplicantsincechiluhoou.
The uiaft iegulations to the BBRA ieleaseu in inuicate that scieening committees will be
cieateuattheiegionalanunationalleveltoassessclaimstobiithontheteiiitoiyfoithoseovei
1S yeais. Bopefully, these committees will aiu in iesolving pioblem cases anu impioving the
quality of inteiviews that take place uuiing late iegistiation of biith
The BBRA pioviues foi iegistiation of chiluien boin both in anu out of weulock
42
Bowevei,
confusionexistsinimplementingbiithiegistiationwheieachiluwasboinoutofweulockanu
the mothei is not available at the time of biith iegistiation. As outlineu above unuei section
Populations of Concein in South Afiica by Biith Countiy these chiluien often iemain
unuocumenteubecausethefatheiisunabletoiegisteithechiluwithoutthemotheisconsent
toacknowleugementofpateinity.
Anothei concein is the section uealing with oiphaneu anu abanuoneu chiluien boin outsiue
South Afiica The Act states that oiphans anu abanuoneu chiluien as of the Amenument of
shallbeiegisteieuafteithechiluienscouitpioceeuingwiththeassistanceofasocialwoikei.
Bowevei,LBRhasbeeninfoimeubysocialwoikeisthatthisisnotconsistentlyimplementeu.
This may be because the Act is not cleai that iegistiation shall apply iegaiuless of wheie the
oiphaneuoiabanuoneuchiluwasboin.
0nuei the Act biiths to South Afiican citizens abioau may be iegisteieu at South Afiican
foieign missions oi at Bome Affaiis in South Afiica Bowevei the BBRA iequiies a foieign
biith ceitiicate in oiuei foi a citizen boin abioau to be iecogniseu anu issueu an IB numbei
in South Afiica 0NICEF estimates biith iegistiation in Afiica to be aiounu half of biiths
aie not iegisteieu As a iesult untolu numbeis of South Afiican citizens stiuggle to access theii
citizenship if they ietuin to the Republic to tiy to iegistei theii biiths at Bome Affaiis
See sections anu of the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act iespectively
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RefuqeesAct
TheRefugeesActpiotectsiefugeeswhoaiealsostateless.
A iefugee is ueineu in the Act as follows
4SFuithei a stateless peison qualiies as a iefugee if he oi she owinq to externol oqqression
occupotion,foreiqnJominotionoreventsseriouslyJisturbinqorJisruptinqpublicorJerineitber
oportortbewboleofbisorbercountryoforiqinornotionolityiscompelleJtoleovebisorber
ploce of bobituol resiJence in orJer to seek refuqe elsewbere
44
Bepenuents of iefugees aie also
piotecteuintheActwithiefugeestatus.
See section v above Challenges Facing Stateless Peisons in South Afiica foi moie infoimation
onstatelessiefugeeswhoseapplicationsaieofteniejecteuasmanifestlyunfounueu.
lmmiqrotionAct
The Immigiation Act pioviues tempoiaiy immigiation status to a vaiiety of immigiants,
incluuing touiists, stuuents, woiking piofessionals, spouses anu othei immeuiate ielatives
of South Afiican citizens business owneis foieign uignitaiies anu scholais anu ciossboiuei
tiaueis to name a few ueneially in oiuei to access citizenship in South Afiica as a foieignei
one must iist obtain a tempoiaiy iesiuence status aftei which one may apply foi peimanent
iesiuence if one meets the iequiiements Aftei ive yeais of peimanent iesiuence one may
apply to natuialise as a South Afiican citizen although it shoulu be noteu that the application
is uiscietionaiy
In oiuei to access any of the above peimits, a passpoit oi tiavel uocument is geneially a
pieiequisite Thus theie aie limiteu ciicumstances in which a peison can obtain an immigiation
peimitifoneuoesnothaveapasspoitoitiaveluocument.
4S

Statelesspeoplegeneiallyuonotpossesspasspoitsoitiaveluocumentsanutheiefoiecannot
applyfoithestanuaiuimmigiationpeimitslisteuabove.Theonlyavenuefoithemtoiegulaiise
theii status in the Republic is thiough Section b of the Immigiation Act falling unuei the
categoiy of Exemptions which giants peimanent iesiuence With an exemption foi peimanent
iesiuence the stateless peison may access a South Afiican noncitizen iuentity caiu anu a tiavel
uocument.Beoishemaythenwoikstowaiusnatuialisation.
Section a of the Refugees Act
Section b of the Refugees Act
4S 0nueithecomplementaiyRefugeesAct,asylum-seekeisaiegiventempoiaiyasylum-seekeipeimitswhichaieienewable
until they ieceive a inal uecision on theii application If theii application is successful they ieceive iefugee peimits
Aftei ive yeais of iefugee status they may apply foi ceitiication if they can piove that they will iemain iefugees foi
the foieseeable futuie With ceitiication iefugees can obtain peimanent iesiuence Refugees who obtain peimanent
iesiuenceaiepioviueuthisstatuswithoutneeuingapasspoit,uuetothefactthattheyaieunableoiunwillingtoappioach
theiicountiyfoipiotectionuuetoafeaiofpeisecution.
A person quoliies for refuqee stotus if owinq to o well founJeJ feor of beinq
persecuteJbyreosonofbisorberroce,tribe,reliqion,notionolity,politicolopinionor
membersbipofoporticulorsociolqroup;isoutsiJetbecountryofbisorbernotionolity
onJisunwillinqorunobletoovoilbimselforberselfoftbeprotectionoftbotcountry
or,notbovinqonotionolityonJbeinqoutsiJeoftbecountryofbisorberbobituol
resiJenceisunobleor,owinqtosucbfeor,unwillinqtoreturntoit.
SS

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Section b of the Immigiation Act states as follows
Special ciicumstances in the case of a stateless peison woulu be the fact that no countiy
iecognises them as a citizen uiven that theie is no ueuicateu system foi iuentifying anu
piotecting stateless people in the Republic the section b exemption foi peimanent
iesiuence is cuiiently the only avenue available foi stateless people to ieceive immigiation
status anu a path to natuialisation Aftei ive yeais of peimanent iesiuence exemption holueis
may apply foi South Afiican citizenship
0ne of the challenges in the application of this piovision to stateless people is the ielative
obscuiity of the pioceuuie. It is not auveitiseu noi is it wiuely known even by local Bome
Affaiis ofices Nost applications aie submitteu by nonpioit oiganisations social woikeis anu
attoineysonbehalfofclients.
Fuitheimoie it is an entiiely uiscietionaiy application the Ninistei may appiove oi ieject it
TheieaienoiegulationsaccompanyingthissectionoftheAct,anuthusnofoimsoiguiuelines
on how to submit piocess anu ieview Section b exemption applications
PromotionofAJministrotive}usticeAct
The Piomotion of Auministiative }ustice Act gives effect to the iight to just auministiative
action founu in section of the Constitution Wheie an auministiative action mateiially
anu auveisely affects the iights oi legitimate expectations of any peison such action must be
pioceuuiallyfaii.
The heait of PA}A lies in section which outlines what an auministiatoi must uo to give
effecttoapeisonsiighttopioceuuiallyfaiiauministiativeaction.Beoishemustpioviuethe
peison with auequate notice of the natuie anu puipose of the action a ieasonable oppoitunity
to make iepiesentations a cleai statement of the auministiative action auequate notice of the
iight to ieview oi inteinal appeal anu notice of the iight to iequest ieasons foi the action Foi
complexcases,legaliepiesentation,in-peisoninteiviewsanuthechancetopiesentanuuispute
aigumentsanuinfoimationmaybenecessaiyinoiueitopiotectapeisonsiights.
PA}A is a ciitical legal piotection foi people wishing to challenge auministiative uecisions
ielating to nationality enabling uocuments such as biith ceitiicates IBs anu passpoits anu
foimsofpiotectionavailabletostatelesspeisonsthioughtheRefugeesActanutheImmigiation
Act piimaiily thiough section b exemptions It allows inuiviuuals to iequest wiitten
ieasons foi auministiative uecisions wheie ieasons aie not pioviueu within uays of a
iequest it is piesumeu in any juuicial ieview that the uecision was taken without goou ieason
uiven the lengthy wait times foi many auministiative applications PA}A allows a couit to
juuiciallyieviewbothanauministiativeuecisionaswellasthefailuietotakeauecision.
0pon opplicotion tbe Hinister os be or sbe Jeems it ofter consultotion witb
tbe BoorJ, moy unJer terms onJ conJitions JetermineJ by bim or ber - qront
o foreiqner or coteqory of foreiqners tbe riqbts of permonent resiJence for o
speciieJ or unspeciieJ perioJ wben speciol circumstonces exist wbicb justify
sucb o Jecision proviJeJ tbot tbe Hinister moy excluJe one or more iJentiieJ
foreiqnersfromsucbcoteqories;onJforqooJcouse,witbJrowsucbriqbtfromo
foreiqnerorcoteqoryofforeiqners
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Constitution
The South Afiican Constitution states in Section a Eveiy chilu has the iight to a name
anu nationality fiom biith This iight begins at biith but uoes not enu when a peison ieaches
auulthoou on the contiaiy when a peison ieaches auulthoou the impoitance of nationality
only incieases An IB becomes necessaiy to uo just about anything to impiove ones position
inlife,suchasfuitheiingoneseuucation,gettingajob,openingabankaccount,applyingfoi
inancing buying a cai anu a house anu much moie
The Constitution also piohibits uepiivation of nationality in section wheie it states cleaily
No citizen may be uepiiveu of citizenship Theie aie vaiious sections of the Citizenship Act
iegaiuing uepiivation of citizenship that violate this constitutional piovision
The Bill of Rights piotects all the funuamental iights that low fiom nationality such as the iight
to equality fieeuom of movement fieeuom anu secuiity of peison anu impoitantly the iight to
humanuignity.
lnternotionollow
The Convention ielating to the Status of Stateless Peisons pioviues foi the iuentiication
uocumentationanupiotectionoftheiightsofstatelesspeisons.The1961Conventiononthe
Reuuction of Statelessness focuses on avoiuing statelessness fiom biith anu pieventing the
cieationofstatelessnessasaiesultofloss,uepiivationoiienunciation.
The19S4ConventionissimilaitotheRefugeesConventionof19S1anucontainsmanypaiallel
piovisions Both statelessness conventions aie uetaileu below in gieat length incluuing what
SouthAfiicawouluneeutouotocomply.
Although South Afiica has not yet signeu oi iatiieu the statelessness conventions the iight to
nationalityispiotecteuinnumeiousotheiinteinationallawinstiumentstowhichSouthAfiica
is bounu
Q 0niveisal Beclaiation of Buman Rights
i Fveryonebostberiqbttonotionolity.NoonesbollbeorbitrorilyJepriveJofbisnotionolity
nor JenieJ tbe riqbt to cbonqe bis notionolity
Q 19S7ConventionontheNationalityofNaiiieuWomen
i Neitber tbe celebrotion nor Jissolution of morrioqe between one of its notionols onJ on
olien,nortbecbonqeofnotionolitybytbebusbonJJurinqtbemorrioqe,sbolloutomoticolly
offect tbe notionolity of tbe wife
i Neitber tbe voluntory ocquisition of tbe notionolity of onotber Stote nor tbe renunciotion
ofitsnotionolitybyoneofitsnotionolssbollpreventtberetentionofitsnotionolitybytbe
wife of sucb notionol
i Tbe olien wife of one of tbe Controctinq Stotes notionols moy ot ber request ocquire tbe
notionolityofberbusbonJtbrouqbspeciollyprivileqeJnoturolisotion pioceuuies
Q Convention on the Elimination of all Foims of Racial Bisciimination
i States must quorontee tbe riqbt of everyone witbout Jistinction os to roce colour or
notionol or etbnic oriqin to equolity before tbe low paiticulaily in the enjoyment of
funuamentalhumaniights,incluuingtheiighttonationality.
Q Convention on Elimination of all Foims of Bisciimination Against Women
i Stotes porties sboll qront women equol riqbts witb men to ocquire cbonqe or retoin tbeir
notionolity.Tbeysbollensureinporticulortbotneitbermorrioqetoonoliennorcbonqeof
notionolitybytbebusbonJJurinqmorrioqesbolloutomoticollycbonqetbenotionolityof
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tbe wife renJer ber stoteless or force upon ber tbe notionolity of tbe busbonJ
i Stotes porties sboll qront women equol riqbts witb men witb respect to tbe notionolity of
tbeir cbilJren
Q 1989ConventionontheRightsoftheChilu
i Stotes porties sboll respect onJ ensure tbe riqbts of eocb cbilJ witbin tbeir jurisJiction
witbout Jiscriminotion of ony kinJ irrespective of tbe cbilJs or bis porents of leqol
quorJions roce colour sex lonquoqe reliqion politicol or otber opinion notionol etbnic or
sociol oriqin property Jisobility birtb or otber stotus
i Tbe cbilJ sboll be reqistereJ immeJiotely ofter birtb onJ sboll bove tbe riqbt from birtb to
o nome onJ tbe riqbt to ocquire o notionolity
Q Inteinational Covenant on Civil anu Political Rights
i Fvery cbilJ sboll bove witbout Jiscriminotion os to roce colour sex lonquoqe reliqion
notionolorsocioloriqin,propertyorbirtbtberiqbttosucbmeosuresofprotectionosore
requireJ by bis stotus os o minor on tbe port of bis fomily society onJ Stote
i Fvery cbilJ sboll be reqistereJ immeJiotely ofter birtb onJ sboll bove o nome
i Fvery cbilJ bos tbe riqbt to ocquire notionolity
Q 1999AfiicanChaiteiontheRightsanuWelfaieoftheChilu
i Fvery cbilJ sboll bove tbe riqbt from birtb to bis nome every cbilJ sboll be reqistereJ
immeJiotely ofter birtb every cbilJ bos tbe riqbt to ocquire notionolity
i States paities shall ensure tbot tbeir constitutionol leqislotion recoqnises tbe principles
occorJinqtowbicbocbilJsbollocquirenotionolityoftbeStoteintbeterritoryinwbicbbe
wosbornif,ottbetimeofbirtb,beisnotqronteJnotionolitybyonyotberStoteinoccorJonce
witb its lows
S
Annie at iight is a stateless woman maiiieu to a South Afiican
seepoqeS8
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CaseStuuy
AT Anniepievious page was boin in Zimbabwe in to a South Afiican mothei
anu Zimbabwean fathei Bei mothei anu fathei met while tiavelling anu settleu uown
anu maiiieu in Zimbabwe Annie giew up in Zimbabwe anu hau an IB caiu as a citizen
issueuwhenshewassixteenyeaisolu.LateiwhenAnniemaiiieuanutiieutoiegistei
hei maiiiage in Zimbabwe she was tolu she is no longei a citizen as a iesult of
amenuments to the citizenship law Annie was tolu to ienounce citizenship of South
Afiica anu ieapply foi Zimbabwean citizenship but she hau nevei iegisteieu as a
citizen in South Afiica Being unable to get Zimbabwean nationality she moveu to
South Afiica with hei husbanu hoping to access citizenship of hei mothei But given
thatsheuiunothaveanypasspoitoiotheiuocumentsfiomheimothei,whowasthen
ueceaseu she coulu not establish hei claim to South Afiican citizenship
1hereurenoworJxtoJexcrlbethefeellng,lfyouurenot
recognlxeJuxucltlzenunJbecomextutelexxof1WOcountrlex.
1hefruxtrutlonofyourxltuutlonunJnoonewuntxtounJerxtunJ.
1heungerutbelngJenleJuxlmplebuxlcrlght.
1heunxletyunJworryofJoorxbelngxhutunJJeportutlon
ulwuyxutyourbuch.1hehelplexxnexxofnothnowlngwhlchwuy
toturn.Mulnlyconfuxlon,uxuxlmplemuttergulnxmoreunJmore
polltlcx.IJonotwunttocurrythlxburJenunymore.
Mywholeexlxtencelnthlxcountryhuxbeenuproblembecuuxeof
nothuvlngcltlzenxhlpunJJocumentx.Slmpletuxhxllhexlgnlngu
cellphonecontructcunnotbeJone.OrgettlnguvullJSouthAfrlcun
Jrlverxllcenxe.IcuntevenxlgnmyJuughterxxchooluppllcutlon
formx.Oropenubunhuccount.
IpruyeveryJuyforuproperxtutuxtobeglventome.
IJonotwunttocurrythlxburJenunymore.
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LBRs Stiategies to Iuentify anu Assist Stateless Peisons
In the piovision of uiiect assistance foi pioblems aiounu biith iegistiation IBs oi passpoits
oi conceins iegaiuing citizenship LBR iecommenus a basic scieening piocess to ueteimine if
apeisonisstateless.
It is impoitant to note that an unuocumenteu peison is not the same as a stateless peison In
the nationality context unuocumenteu peison iefeis to a peison who has nevei hau any foim of
goveinmentissueu iuentity uocument such as a biith ceitiicate uiiveis licence voting caiu
46

IB caiu oi passpoit
47
Whileanunuocumenteupeisonmayalsobestateless,suchpeisonwoulu
notbeconsiueieustatelessuntilheoishemaueaneffoittoaccessnationalityanuisinfoimeu
by a competent authoiity foieign mission oi civic seivices uepaitment that he oi she is not
cuiiently iegaiueu as a national Peisons who aie unuocumenteu may be consiueieu at iisk of
statelessness,paiticulailyiftheyshowanotheiiiskfactoilikelivingclosetoaninteinational
boiuei,havingmixeunationalitypaientsoibeingoiphaneuabioauasachilu.
The following is a iecommenueu line of enquiiy to assess someones nationality status
1. Wheiewastheclientboin1
2. Wheieweietheclientspaientsboin1
S. Whatnationalityuotheclientspaientsholu1
4. Boes the client qualify foi citizenship unuei the law of the countiy of biith countiy
of habitual iesiuence oi long teim iesiuence Boes he oi she qualify foi citizenship
inthepaientscountiiesofnationality1
S. Boes the client possess a biith ceitiicate IB oi passpoit
6. Bas the client evei hau a pioblem getting a biith ceitiicate IB oi passpoit
7. Whyuiutheclienthavethispioblem1
The iist poit of call is to ieview the applicable legislation in the countiies in which the client
was boin liveu foi a long time oi wheie the clients paients have nationality If the client
appeais to qualify unuei the law foi nationality in one of these countiies the question then is
whytheclienthasfaileutoaccessthatnationality.0nemustthenieviewthestatepiacticein
ielation to the nationality law in question Boes the countiy implement the lettei of the law
oi uo oficials altei the law when it is implementeu at the local level Aie people of a speciic
gioup oi ethnicity tieateu uiffeiently than the iest of the population Biu the client fail to access
citizenship because he cannot meet the auministiative iequiiements
Whatevei the ieason if the client uoes not qualify foi nationality unuei the law oi was tuineu
away by a competent authoiity such as the Bome Affaiis oi civil iegistiy ofice oi a foieign
mission of the countiy uespite a genuine effoit to meet iequiiements foi nationality then that
clientmayveiywellbestateless.
46 Notethatauiiveislicenseoivotingcaiumaynotnecessaiilybepioofofnationality.
In auuition an unuocumenteu peison is to be uistinguisheu heie fiom an unuocumenteu immigiant An unuocumenteu
immigiant iefeis to someone who uoes not have a legal immigiation status in a countiy iegaiuless of whethei oi not they
haveiuentityuocumentsfiomtheiihomecountiy.
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CaseStuuy
C0 Caiy was boin in Rwanua in Bei paients weie Tutsi When she was a
chilu hei fathei was killeu in Rwanua Caiys mothei leu with hei to 0ganua They
liveu in a iefugee camp in 0ganua foi seveial yeais until Caiy was sent to school in
Kampala at age six
Soonafteisheleftthecamp,heimotheiuieu.Beisisteieventuallysentheitoboaiuing
school close to the Congolese boiuei. A numbei of yeais latei, she was cut off fiom
heisisteiuuetoawaibeingfoughtinnoithein0ganuamakingitunsafetotiavelto
Kampala Seeking safety Caioline leu by foot to Bemociatic Republic of Congo but
theie she faceu peisecution as a Tutsi She was auviseu to go to Zambia yet when she
aiiiveu she was tolu the iefugee camps weie full Eventually she went to Zimbabwe
Afteianumbeiofyeaisshecoulunotaccesspiopeimeuicalattentionanuuuetohei
meuicalconuitions,shecametoSouthAfiicawheieshehopeutogetpiopeitieatment.
Caiy has been inteivieweu by Rwanuan foieign mission oficials but coulu not be
coniimeu as Rwanuan Rwanuan oficials aie ieseaiching hei case She has also uoes
not qualify unuei the law foi 0ganuan citizenship uespite numeious yeais living in
that countiy If Rwanua coniims that Caiy is not iecogniseu as a national Lawyeis foi
BumanRightswillassistheiwithanapplicationfoianexemptiontotheNinisteiof
Bome Affaiis iequesting that she be peimitteu to iemain uue to hei exceptional
ciicumstances.
IgrewupunJllveJlnmorethunonecountryRwunJu,UgunJu,
RC,Zumblu,ZlmbubweunJSouthAfrlcu.BuxeJonmynomuJlc
llfe,IJonothuveculture...
CltlzenxhlpIhuveneverhnownwhutltlxuxIhuveneverbeen
grunteJonelnmyllfe.
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Carybaslivedinsixcountriesbutbas
nothnowncitizensbipinone.
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If the client is not a iefugee anu wishes to access nationality then the iist step may be to tiy to
attainnationalityfoithatclientiftheieisanyinuicationthatthisispossible.Thismayinvolve
wiiting to the foieign mission in question oi aiianging an inteiview foi the client at the foieign
mission if the peison was boin abioau It may incluue wiiting to hospitals with a Powei of
Attoiney to iequest the iecoiu of biith oi mateinity ceitiicate to enable that client to piove
his oi hei claim to nationality It may incluue uiafting afiuavits of witnesses to the clients biith
anufamilyhistoiy.
If the client has a claim to South Afiican citizenship then LBR will assist with puisuing that
claim ueneially this will involve iequesting that Bome Affaiis ieview oi iepiocess applications
foi late iegistiation of biith oi foieign biith iegistiation foi citizens boin abioau since biith
iegistiation is the ciitical moment when a peison is assigneu an IB numbei LBR also woiks
to obtain anu contest the iecoiu in cases wheie a clients IB has been blockeu as a iesult of
uuplicationoisuspecteufiauu.
BNA testing foi clients anu theii South Afiican ielatives has been employeu in extieme cases
tosatisfyBomeAffaiisthataclientisSouthAfiican.Litigationisalwaysanoptiontoenfoice
clients iights to nationality shoulu they have a claim to South Afiican citizenship anu any type
of pioof theieof Section of the Citizenship Act pioviues that any uecision of the Ninistei oi
heiuesigneesunueitheActmaybeievieweuintheBighCouit.
Foi clients who uo not qualify foi nationality unuei the law of any countiy LBR will nonetheless
appioachthefoieignmissionsofthebiithcountiy,countiyoffoimeiiesiuenceoicountiyof
thepaientsnationality,atclientsinstiuctions.Thepuiposeofthisistoexhaustalloptionsfoi
nationality by inuing out whethei the client although not cuiiently iecogniseu as a citizen
may qualify foi iestoiation of citizenship natuialisation oi some kinu of immigiation status
Wheieaclienthascometotheenuoftheioauinteimsofaccessingnationality,LBRwillsubmit
an application to the Ninistei foi a peimanent iesiuence exemption unuei Section b
of the Immigiation Act, as outlineu in section 7 of this iepoit. This application is baseu on
the special ciicumstances namely the clients statelessness bolsteieu by othei extenuating
ciicumstances foi example the client came to South Afiica as a minoi is an asset to the countiy
uue to special talents has chiluien boin in the countiy maiiieu a citizen etc The application
willoutlinetheclientsentiiefamilyhistoiyinteimsofnationalityanumigiation,attemptsto
accessnationality,applicablenationalitylegislationanuanyotheiielevantinfoimation,aswell
asallsuppoitinguocumentsheoishemayhave.LBRwelcomesoppoitunitiesfoiclientstobe
inteivieweu by Bome Affaiis oficials as pait of the piocessing anu assessment of theii claims
In auuition to uiiect legal seivices auvocacy is iequiieu by all ielevant oiganisations in oiuei to
impiovethelegalanupolicyfiamewoik,withthegoalofpieventingthecieationofstatelessness
anu inuing solutions foi inuiviuuals who aie cuiiently stateless on the teiiitoiy of South Afiica
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RecommenuationsfoitheSouthAfiican
Context
LBRs iist iecommenuation is that South Afiica take the ciitical step towaius piotecting
stateless peisons anu pieventing the cieation of statelessness by signing anu iatifying the
Convention ielating to the Status of Stateless Peisons anu the Convention on the
ReuuctionofStatelessness.ThesetieatieswillallowSouthAfiicaafiamewoikwithinwhichto
piotecttheiighttonationality.
Ratiication of the Convention ielating to the Status of Stateless Peisons
The Convention establishes the inteinational legal status of stateless peisons anu
uiiectly auuiesses the piactical conceins of the stateless It iequiies state paities to iuentify
statelesspeopleontheiiteiiitoiiesanutoissuethemwithiuentityanutiaveluocumentsanu
a facilitateu path to nationality thiough natuialisation. It piohibits the expulsion of stateless
people lawfully on the teiiitoiy anu iequiies uue piocess piotection foi any uecision to expel a
statelesspeison.TheConventionalsopioviuesminimumstanuaiusoftieatmenttopiotectthe
iights of the stateless on the same level as citizens with iespect to fieeuom of ieligion euucation
oftheiichiluien,accesstothecouits,publicielief,inuustiialpiopeity,labouilegislationanu
socialsecuiity.Itpioviuesstatelesspeoplethesametieatmentasotheifoieigneisinielation
toanumbeiofotheiiights,suchastheiightofassociation,self-employment,employmentanu
housing.
The 19S4 Convention allows states to excluue inuiviuuals fiom piotection when theie aie
seiiousieasonstobelievethattheyhavecommitteuaciimeagainstpeace,awaiciime,aciime
againsthumanityoiotheiseiiousnon-politicalciimeabioau.
In Becembei South Afiica maue a pleuge at a 0niteu Nations ministeiiallevel confeience
inuenevatosignanuiatifybothstatelesstieaties.ThemostciiticalaujustmentsSouthAfiica
shoulu make to comply with the Convention aie as follows
Q Cieation of an identiication and protection mecbanism foi the stateless expounueu
upon below Bevelopment of a Beuicateu Iuentiication anu Piotection Nechanism
Q Piovision of legal immigration status to the stateless to piotect the iight to fieeuom of
movement anu the iight not to be expelleu
Q Afacilitateupatbtonationality foi the stateless
Q Issuanceofidentityandtraveldocuments to the stateless
Q Provision of administrative services to stateless that woulu noimally be affoiueu by
foieigneis own authoiities in ielation to uocuments anu ceitiications ie biith iegistiation
anu othei civic iegistiation seivices
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Section b of the Immigiation Act coulu be expanueu to accommouate issuance of
peimanent iesiuence exemptions to people iuentiieu as stateless This woulu fulil the
Convention iequiiement of issuance of an IB anu tiavel uocument since peimanent iesiuents
ieceive South Afiican IBs anu those who cannot appioach theii home countiies ie iefugees
aie able to get tiavel uocuments. Bowevei, theie aie limitations in this appioach that aie
expounueuuponbelow.
Alteinatively,anewsectioncoulubeauueutotheImmigiationActtopioviuepiotecteustateless
status to inuiviuuals who meet ceitain iequiiements In the long iun LBR iecommenus new
legislation to miiioi the 19S4 Convention anu to pioviue a fiamewoik foi iuentifying anu
piotectingstatelesspeisons.
Development of a Dedicated Identiication and Protection Mecbanism
Inlinewiththestatelessnessconventionsanutheinteinationalobligationtopiotecttheiightto
nationality South Afiica neeus to uevelop a ueuicateu iuentiication anu piotection pioceuuie
foistatelesspeopleontheteiiitoiy.
The19S4Conventionuoesnotuetailapioceuuiefoihowstatepaitiesmustiuentifystateless
peopleanuitisintheinteiestsofthestates,anustatelesspeisons,thatstatesauoptlegislation
iegaiuing the mannei in which a stateless peison is iuentiieu
Somestateshaveimplementeulegislationthatuesignatesexistingagencieswithingoveinment,
such as ofices that ueal with asylumseekeis anu iefugees to examine anu aujuuicate claims
of statelessness 0thei states uo not have speciic legislation in place but have taskeu an
auministiativeoijuuicialauthoiitytoueteimineifapeisonisstateless.
Seveial states have amenueu theii citizenship acts to allow stateless people who have iesiueu
on the teiiitoiy foi long peiious to iegistei as citizens
Wheie no pioceuuie oi legislation is in place, statelessness usually comes to light uuiing
applicationsfoiiefugeestatus.Statelesspeoplemaythenbepiocesseuwithinthatfiamewoik,
which in some countiies incluues humanitaiian anu subsiuiaiy piotection. uiven that South
Afiicas asylum system only pioviues iefugee status, anu is alieauy so oveibuiueneu that
applicationscantakeyeaistopiocess,aujuuicatingstatelessclaimswithinthatsystemisnot
iueal.
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WeahnessesofSection31{2]{b]oftbeImmigrationAct
As it stanus the section b exemption which allows the Ninistei the uiscietion to
giant peimanent iesiuence to foieigneis with special ciicumstances offeis the only hope
foi stateless people who cannot acquiie any othei immigiation status in South Afiica The
cuiient exemption pioceuuie has signiicant laws in its ability to pioviue a viable solution
foi the stateless Exemption applications can take upwaius of thiee yeais to piocess Theie is
no tempoiaiy immigiation status available to applicants, who aie often iepeateuly aiiesteu,
haiasseuanuuetaineubyauthoiitiesuuetotheabsenceofanimmigiationpeimit.Cuiiently,
theieisnoexplicitobligationontheNinisteitoappioveapplicationsofstatelesspeoplegiven
thatthepioceuuieisentiielyuiscietionaiy.Anutheieappeaitobenoguiuelinesfoiassessing
oiinteiviewingapplicantswhomaybestateless,toveiifyanuinvestigatetheiiclaims.
Fuithei people who uo make applications foi exemptions uo so in a haphazaiu mannei thiough
vaiious social woik anu nonpioit oiganisations As outlineu above theie is not a stiuctuieu
iefeiial system between Linuela police stations anu Bome Affaiis ofices foi stateless peisons
tobeiefeiieufoiexemptions.
AtaMinimum:AmendmentofSection31{2]{b]andAdditionofaRegulation
At a minimum Section b of the Immigiation Act shoulu be amenueu anu a iegulation
shoulu be auueu to explicitly state that stateless peisons qualify foi exemptions to uetail who
is a stateless peison anu to lay out how such applications shoulu be submitteu. Scieening
committees foi late iegistiation of biith applicants aie envisageu in uiaft iegulations to the
Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act These committees sounu piomising anu coulu submit
exemption applications on behalf of inuiviuuals who cannot establish biith uetails but who
havenootheinationality.Linuelacouluiefeistatelesspeoplewhocannotbeuepoiteutothese
committees.Insuchacase,peopleieleaseufiomLinuelashoulubegivenaNoticetoAppeaioi
othei similai uocument to take to Bome Affaiis Bepaitment oficials shoulu be tiaineu on how
to ueal with people who appeai with such a uocument iefeiial to scieening committee
Kenya The Kenya Citizenship anu Immigiation Act of pioviues that stateless
people anu theii uescenuants who meet ceitain iequiiements may be eligible to
iegistei as a citizen of Kenya
Malawi The Nalawi Citizenship Act also pioviues that stateless people who meet
ceitain iequiiements may be iegisteieu as citizens of Nalawi
France Stateless people may apply uiiectly to the Fiench 0fice foi the Piotection of
Refugees anu Stateless Peisons 0FPRA which is manuateu to pioviue juuicial anu
auministiativepiotectiontostatelesspeople.
Spain The Aliens Law pioviues that the ministiy of the inteiioi will iecognise the
status of stateless peisons in a pioceuuie iegulateu by Royal Beciee Stateless people
may appioach police stations oi the 0fice foi Asylum anu Refugees 0AR investigates
theclaimanuthenfoiwaiusitsassessmenttotheministiyoftheinteiioi.
Italy In Italy the implementing ueciees of the amenuments to the Nationality
Lawauopteuthepieviousyeaipioviuestheministiyoftheinteiioitheauthoiityto
iecognisestatelessstatus.
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Fuitheimoie to comply with the Convention Section b must be amenueu to
pioviuethatthepiovisionofstatustostatelesspeisonsisnotuiscietionaiy.Applicantsshoulu
onlybeiejecteuiftheyfallunueioneoftheexcluueugioupsinAiticle1ofthe19S4Convention,
namely they aie alieauy ieceiving piotection fiom an oigan oi agency of the 0N othei than
the 0NBCR they aie iecogniseu by competent authoiities in which they have taken iesiuence
as having the iights anu obligations which aie attacheu to possession of nationality of that
countiy oi they have committeu a ciime against peace a wai ciime ciime against humanity
seiiousnon-politicalciime,oiactscontiaiytothepuiposesanupiinciplesofthe0N.
BetterYet:NewSectioninImmigrationActtoAffordStatelessStatus
A sepaiate section coulu be auueu to the Immigiation Act to pioviue foi a stateless status that
woulu be accompanieu by all of the iights piotecteu in the 19S4 Convention. Such a section
anuoi its iegulations woulu uetail the inteinationally accepteu ueinition of stateless peison
pioceuuiestoattainstatelessstatusanubasiciightsthataccompanystatelessstatus,inauuition
totheexclusionclausesofAiticle1.
Ideally New Legislation regarding tbe Identiication and Protection of tbe Stateless
What is iueally neeueu in South Afiica is the uiafting of new legislation speciic to the
iuentiication anu piotection of stateless peisons even while inteiim amenuments aie maue to
pioviuethebaieminimumpiotectionsfoithestateless.
Such legislation shoulu miiioi the piotections of the 19S4 Convention Relating to the Status
of Stateless Peisons anu any ielevant piovisions of the Convention on the Reuuction
of Statelessness. Stateless legislation shoulu incluue uue piocess piotections foi applicants,
incluuing but not limiteu to the iight to an inuiviuual examination an inteiview the iight to
objective tieatment of the claim a time limit on the length of the pioceuuie iueally to six months
access to infoimation about the pioceuuie in a language the applicant can unueistanu access
to legal auvice anu an inteipietei the iight to coniuentiality anu uata piotection ueliveiy of
both a uecision anu the wiitten ieasons foi the uecision anu the iight to challenge the legality
of that uecision to an inuepenuent bouy anuoi couit
ExpeditedNaturalisationorRegistrationofStatelessPersonsasCitizens
Regaiuless of how stateless status is asceitaineu, South Afiica shoulu consiuei amenuing the
Citizenship Act to pioviue foi expeuiteu natuialisation foi peisons whose stateless status has
been iecogniseu oi to allow ceitain stateless peisons to iegistei as citizens as in Kenya anu
Nalawi. Such status coulu be extenueu to stateless peisons who have iesiueu in South Afiica
foiovei1uoi1Syeaisanuwhocanshowthatnootheicountiyiecognisesthemasnationals.
Ensuring an Eficient Process and Verifying Claims
Ensuiing an eficient piocess that will not iesult in unfounueu claims of statelessness is ciitical
tothesuccessofastatelessnesspiotectionpioceuuie.Foitunately,statelessnessisalegalstatus
that is not easily susceptible to fiauu anu that can be veiiieu thiough thoiough assessment of
theinuiviuualcase,analysisofnationalitylaw,ieseaichonimplementationofnationalitylaw
bystatesanucollaboiationwithfoieignmissionsanugoveinments.
Buiing LBRs Novembei pailiamentaiy piesentation on statelessness one membei
mentioneu concein ovei the possibility of an explosion of statelessness on the teiiitoiy
shouluSouthAfiicasignanuiatifythetwostatelessnessconventions.Anotheiexpiesseufeais
thatpeoplewouluuestioytheiiownuocumentstobecomestateless.Bowevei,itisimpoitant
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to note that uestiuction of uocuments uoes not in itself ienuei a peison stateless. Foieign
goveinmentsiegulailyissueemeigencytiaveluocumentstounuocumenteupeisonsinLinuela
aftei coniiming theii countiy of oiigin thiough thoiough questioning Questions incluue
whethei they speak the language know the countiys piesiuent lag anu national anthem
whethei they know how one woulu tiavel between two cities in the countiy by cai bus plane
whetheitheyknowuetailsofavillage,uistiictoiaiea,whattheiipaientsnationalitiesaie,etc.
0ficials have also expiesseu concein that some uetainees avoiu uepoitation by being evasive
oilyingaboutwheietheyaiefiom.Thiscanleautopiolongeuuetentionanueventualielease
fiom uetention without legal status. Such cases shoulu be uealt with by close collaboiation
between Bome Affaiis anu foieign missions only in cases wheie the inuiviuual has not claimeu
asylum anu uoes not inuicate a feai of peisecution if ietuineu to theii countiy of oiigin LBR
also stiongly iecommenus the cieation of a foium oi woiking gioup that woulu compiise of
Bome Affaiis oficials anu foieign mission oficials in oiuei to iesolve cases of uetainees whose
nationality cannot be ueteimineu. In some cases, these inuiviuuals will inueeu be stateless.
Statelesspeopleinuetentionshouluimmeuiatelybeieleaseuanupioviueuapathtolegalstatus
inSouthAfiica,asoutlineuaboveinthisiepoit,ifnocountiyofoiiginoipieviousiesiuence
willopenitsuoois.
Ratiication of the Convention on the Reuuction of Statelessness
Theaiticlesofthe1961Conventionaimtoavoiustatelessnessatbiithanutopioviuesafeguaius
against statelessness in any piovisions foi loss, uepiivation oi ienunciation of nationality. It
also contains piohibitions against uepiivation of nationality on the basis of iace ethnicity
ieligious oi political giounus anu loss of nationality of citizens boin in the contiacting States
that woulu iesult in statelessness uue to uepaituie iesiuence abioau failuie to iegistei oi on
any othei similai giounu
Cuiiently theie aie a numbei of piovisions of South Afiican law that shoulu be aujusteu to
comply with the Convention namely
CitizensbipforanypersonborninSoutbAfricawboisotberwisestateless
Section of the Citizenship Act
Cuiient Cuiiently the Citizenship Act pioviues citizenship by biith to any peison boin on the
teiiitoiy who uoes not have the citizenship oi nationality of anothei countiy oi who uoes not
have the iight to such citizenship oi nationality pioviueu that the biith is iegisteieu
Section notably complies with Aiticle of the Convention which iequiies that a
contiactingStateshallgiantitsnationalitytoapeisonboininitsteiiitoiywhowouluotheiwise
be stateless Bowevei South Afiica has a long way to go in teims of making this piovision
piacticallyaccessibletothosewhoneeuitthemost.
The Convention states in Aiticle that a national othei than those boin abioau shall not
lose his nationality so as to become stateless uue to a failuie to iegistei South Afiica neeus to
eithei iemove the iequiiement of biith iegistiation oi ieview its biith iegistiation iequiiements
in oiuei to achieve univeisal biith iegistiation A signiicant baiiiei to qualifying stateless
chiluienisthefactthattheiipaientsaieoftenunuocumenteu,butaccoiuingtoLBRssouices,
BomeAffaiisuoesnotpeimitbiithiegistiationofchiluienwheiethepaient,paiticulailythe
mothei is unuocumenteu Pioof of biith such as mateinity ceitiicates clinic caius afiuavits
anu othei witness testimony coulu be accepteu wheie a chilu has been unable to iegistei its
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biithuuetothepaientsbeingunuocumenteu,ueceaseu,absentoiunwillingtoassist.Iueally,
allhospitalsanuhealthclinicswilleventuallybeconnecteutoBomeAffaiisanubeabletoissue
biith ceitiicates immeuiately aftei biith This will allay conceins about fiauuulent entiy into
thepopulationiegistei.
Recommenuations uiven that biith iegistiation is a pieiequisite foi this piovision of citizenship
univeisal biith iegistiation must be achieveu in oiuei to make it a ieal piotection against
statelessness Biith iegistiation pioceuuies must allow foi a chilus biith to be iegisteieu even
wheie the motheifathei is unuocumenteu unable oi unwilling to assist New iegulations
shoulu be uiafteu on how to access this pioceuuie anu what is iequiieu to establish no othei
citizenship oi nationality Afiuavits of inuiviuuals anu paients in theii attempts to access
nationalitycanbepioviueu,alongwithanyletteisfiomfoieignmissionsacknowleugingthat
the peison in question is not iecogniseu as a national of that State Finally a policy uiiective
shoulu be ciiculateu to local Bome Affaiis ofices iegaiuing implementation of this piovision
Citizensbornabroadandtbeirregistrationprocess
Section b of the Citizenship Act Section anu iegulation of the Biiths anu Beaths
Registiation Act
Cuiient Citizenship acquiieu thiough biith to a citizen outsiue the Republic is uepenuent upon
biith iegistiation BBRA iegulation iequiies a foieign biith ceitiicate oi othei similai
uocument if iegisteiing a foieign biith in South Afiica In piactice only the foieign biith ceitiicate
isaccepteuanumustbeaccompanieubyaletteiofauthenticityfiomthecountiyofbiith.
Aiticle of the Convention pioviues that a contiacting State shall pioviue nationality
to the chiluien of its nationals boin abioau who cannot acquiie the nationality of the biith
countiy South Afiica appeais to comply with this piovision by gianting citizenship to chiluien
boin to nationals abioau Aiticle pioviues that such application shall not be iefuseu
uiven that of biiths on the Afiican continent go uniegisteieu anu many countiies aie
only iecently ueveloping civil iegistiation systems that make biith iegistiation compulsoiy,
iequiiing a foieign biith ceitiicate is an unieasonable iequiiement that makes woulube South
Afiican citizens stateless
Recommenuation Remove the stiict iequiiement of foieign biith ceitiicate anu piocess foieign
biith iegistiation applications in the same fashion as late iegistiation of biith applications,
thioughconuuctinginteiviewsanuacceptingotheiuocumentaiypioofsuchhospitaliecoius,
piimaiy school uocuments afiuavits baptismal iecoius etc
Deprivationofnationality
Sections b anu of the Citizenship Act
Cuiient Section b gives Ninistei wiue uiscietion to uepiive nationality of a citizen who
also has nationality of any othei countiy if it is in the public inteiest
Recommenuation Bue piocess must be piotecteu anu the peison conceineu must be affoiueu
theiighttoafaiiheaiingbyacouitoiinuepenuentbouypiioitosuchuepiivation.
Cuiient Section allows the Ninistei to uepiive a chilu of citizenship if the paient has lost hisheis
Recommenuation This section shoulu be amenueu to incluue a safeguaiu against statelessness
ie unless such uepiivation woulu iesult in the chilu becoming stateless
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Aiticle6oftheConventionpioviuesthatlossofnationalityshallbeconuitionaluponthepeisons
possession oi acquisition of anothei nationality Aiticle iequiies that wheie uepiivations
aiepeimitteu,thepeisonmustbealloweutheiighttoaheaiingbyacouitoiinuepenuentbouy.
Section b of the Citizenship Act is pioblematic in piactice given that states often
misunueistanu oi misinteipiet the law of othei states to assume that an inuiviuual has
nationality,wheninfactthatisnotthecase.Fuitheimoie,theclausethatpeimitsuepiivation
of nationality when it is in the public inteiest is oveily bioau anu has been abuseu by othei
countiies to uenationalise political opponents Bue piocess will piotect the inuiviuuals iight to
contest the infoimation against him piioi to uepiivation of South Afiican citizenship anu will
alsoensuiethatsuchuepiivationisnotinviolationofAiticle9piohibitiononuisciiminatoiy
uepiivation.
Section violates Aiticle because chiluien may be ienueieu stateless if the paients lose theii
SouthAfiicannationality.Auuingaclausetopiotectagainststatelessnesswilliesolvethispioblem.
Deprivationofnationalityduetoparticipationinawar
Section of the Citizenship Amenument Act of
Cuiient Natuialiseu citizens shall cease to be citizens if they engage in a wai the Republic
uoes not suppoit
Section 6 is pioblematic in that it applies automatically, uoes not uetail how it woulu be
ueteimineuthatawaiisnotonethattheRepublicsuppoitsanuhasnosafeguaiutopievent
statelessness Aiticle aii of the Convention pioviues that a giounus foi uepiivation
of nationality on the basis of uisloyalty must involve eithei i an expiess piohibition by the
contiacting state oi ii conuuct seiiously piejuuicial to the vital inteiests of the state neithei
ofwhichaiepiopeilyuetaileuinSection6ofthe2u1uAmenumentAct.Thiscanbeiesolveuby
iemovalofthispiovisionoithioughauetaileuiegulation.
Recommenuation Iueally this piovision shoulu be iemoveu If this section is ietaineu it shoulu
pioviue uue piocess piotections anu shoulu incluue an accompanying iegulation to explain
what is meant by a wai the Republic uoes not suppoit
Renunciationofcitizensbip
Sections anu u of the Citizenship Act
Cuiient Section allows a South Afiican citizen to ienounce South Afiican citizenship befoie
secuiing anothei Section piesciibes that a minoi chilu will lose citizenship if the paient
ienounces theii own Section u pioviues that applicants foi natuialisation who come fiom
countiiesthatpiohibituualnationalitymustienouncetheiioiiginalnationalityaspaitofthe
natuialisationapplication.
Aiticle7oftheConventionpioviuesthatlawsfoiienunciationofnationalitymustbeconuitional
upon the peisons acquisition oi possession of anothei nationality This is a safeguaiu to ensuie
that shoulu a peison ienounce theii citizenship to comply with iequiiements to natuialise in
anotheiState,theywillnotbecomestatelessshoulutheiinatuialisationapplicationbeiefuseu.
South Afiicas iecent upuates to the iegulations of the Citizenship Act uo inueeu pioviue that
natuialisation applicants fiom countiies that piohibit uual nationality only neeu to ienounce
theiicuiientnationalityuponieceivingaletteiofconuitionalappiovaloftheiiSouthAfiican
natuialisationapplication.
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Aiticle b of the Convention pioviues that iequiiing ienunciation of nationality as
pait of natuialisation pioceuuies shoulu not be peimitteu wheie theii application woulu be
inconsistent with the piinciples stateu in aiticles anu of the 0niveisal Beclaiation of
Buman Rights namely the iight to fieeuom of movement oi the iight to seek asylum Stateless
peopleanuiefugeescannotieasonablybeexpecteutopiouucepioofthattheyhaveienounceu
nationality in a countiy wheie they aie not iecogniseu as nationals anuoi wheie they feai
peisecutioniftheyappioachauthoiities.
Recommenuation Renunciation must be conuitional upon acquisition oi possession of anothei
nationality chiluien shoulu not lose citizenship if it woulu ienuei them stateless anu stateless
peisons anu iefugees shoulu be exempt fiom the iequiiement to ienounce nationality of theii
countiyofoiigininoiueitonatuialise.
FoundlingProvision
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Cuiient No piovision to pioviue South Afiican citizenship to a founuling founu in the teiiitoiy
of the Contiacting State
Aiticle of the Convention pioviues that a founuling founu in the teiiitoiy of a Contiacting
Stateshall,intheabsenceofpiooftothecontiaiy,beconsiueieutohavebeenboinwithinthat
teiiitoiy of paients possessing the nationality of that State
The 0nion of South Afiica signeu anu iatiieu the Bague Convention on Ceitain Questions
Relating to Conlict of Nationality Law which is binuing on the Republic of South Afiica as well
It pioviues A cbilJ wbose porents ore botb unknown sboll bove tbe notionolity of tbe country
of birtb lf tbe cbilJs porentoqe is estoblisbeJ its notionolity sboll be JetermineJ by tbe rules
opplicoble in coses wbere tbe porentoqe is known. A founJlinq is, until tbe controry is proven,
presumeJ to bove been born on tbe territory of tbe Stote in wbicb it wos founJ
WhilepaitneioiganisationsiepoittoLBRthatchiluienwithunknownbackgiounuaieiegisteieu
as South Afiican if they aie geneially too young to attest to theii backgiounu this piactice must
befoimaliseuinthelawanumustauheietotheabove-mentioneuinteinationalstanuaius.
Recommenuation Auu to Section of the Citizenship Act to pioviue citizenship by biith to a
chilu founu on the teiiitoiy whose paients anuoi biithplace aie unknown
AuuitionalRecommenuations
)ustadministrativeactioninblochingandreleasingSoutbAfricanIDdocuments
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Cuiiently the Piomotion of Auministiative }ustice Act anu Iuentiication Act speak to this
issue The Constitution pioviues that no citizen may be uepiiveu of his citizenship Bowevei
the pioceuuially unfaii blockage of IBs is in effect uepiiving many citizens of theii iights anu
leavingthemeffectivelystatelessiftheyholunootheinationality.
As noteu above unuei populations of concein auministiative iights aie not auequately piotecteu
uuiing anu aftei blockage of IBs Affecteu peisons aie not given piopei anu wiitten ieasons foi
the blockage of theii IBs noi notice of the iight to appeal oi ieview the uecision noi notice of
Section of the Citizenship Act
Piomotion of Auministiative }ustice Act Iuentiication Act of
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thepioceuuiefoiiesolvingtheblockage.Theshoitlistofuocumentsgiventoinuiviuualstoveiify
theii citizenship oi peimanent iesiuence status is not suficient to piotect theii auministiative
iights paiticulaily given that theii citizenship anu legal status as a peison befoie the State is in
question Local oficials haphazaiuly ieject an inuiviuuals pioof of iuentity without senuing it
to Beau 0fice to be ievieweu
PA}A pioviues excellent guiuelines in section on how to piotect auministiative iights in this
context in a conciete way Each peison whose IB has been iuentiieu as a uuplicate oi otheiwise
maikeushouluieceivealetteistatinginwiitingtheieasonsfoitheblockage.Thisletteishoulu
bemaileutoanyauuiessoniecoiu,butshoulualsobepioviueutothepeisonwhentheyappeai
at Bome Affaiis many only uiscovei that theii IB has been blockeu when they go to iegistei a
biith apply foi a new IB oi tiy to ienew a passpoit
People shoulu be given a ieasonable oppoitunity to make iepiesentations anu shoulu ieceive
noticeoftheiighttocontesttheallegationsagainstthemthioughanappealoiieviewincouit.
Legal iepiesentation, in-peison inteiviews anu the chance to piesent anu uispute aiguments
anuinfoimationmaybenecessaiyinoiueitopiotectapeisonsiights.
Ciitically, inuiviuuals attempting to piove theii iuentity shoulu not be tuineu away uue to
failuie to piouuce a speciic uocument Theii cases shoulu be ievieweu baseu on the entiiety of
theeviuencetheyaieabletopiesent.Ifnecessaiy,theyshoulubeaffoiueutheoppoitunityto
piesentwitnessesinanauministiativeheaiing.
)ustadministrativeactioninprocessinglateregistrationofbirtbapplications
50

Similaily,auministiativeiightsaienotbeingpiotecteuinthelateiegistiationofbiithpiocess.
Foi many people who uiu not ieceive biith ceitiicates uuiing apaitheiu anu who left the countiy
only to ietuin as auults late iegistiation of biith is the only avenue to access theii citizenship
A peison must iist have theii biith iegisteieu befoie an IB anu passpoit will be issueu
coniiming citizenship
As noteu above, LBR has been appioacheu by numeious inuiviuuals since beginning the
Statelessness Pioject who have been tuineu away at local Bome Affaiis ofices if they aie
suspecteu of being foieigneis tiying to use late iegistiation to fiauuulently access citizenship
ClientshaveappioacheuLBRtostatethattheyaietuineuawaywithoutevenbeingpeimitteu
tosubmitapplicationsfoiconsiueiation.Somehavemauemultipleattemptsoveithecouiseof
yeais at vaiious Bome Affaiis ofices befoie they seek legal assistance
As with the blockage of IBs just auministiative action must be ensuieu in the late iegistiation of
biith piocess Applications must be accepteu anu iegulations to the Biiths anu Beaths Act must
be followeu incluuing an inteiview of the applicant anu an infoimant if theie is uoubt as to the
authenticity of the application uiven that citizenship is the enu iesult of a positive uecision anu
statelessnessmaybetheiesultofanegativeuecision,itispaiamountthatwiittenieasonsbe
pioviueuifanapplicationisiejecteu.Applicantsmustbeaffoiueunoticeoftheiiiighttoappeal
oiieviewtheuecisionincouit.
The scieening committees outlineu in the uiaft iegulations to the Biiths anu Beaths
RegistiationActmaybeanexcellenttoolinensuiingtheiighttojustauministiativeactionin
lateiegistiationofbiithapplications.
Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act Piomotion of Auministiative }ustice Act
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CaseStuuy
NeiiiamLesembawasboinathomeinNusina,SouthAfiicain1966.Beifatheiwasan
unuocumenteu Zimbabwean anu hei mothei is South Afiican At age thiee Neiiiam
moveu to Zimbabwe with hei family She only ietuineu to South Afiica in when
hei fathei passeu away. Since Neiiiams biith in South Afiica was nevei iegisteieu,
she neeueu to comply with late iegistiation of biith in oiuei to get hei IB Bei anu hei
mothei who has an IB have appioacheu Bome Affaiis ovei foui times ovei the couise
of yeais in attempts to access hei citizenship
Neiiiamwasiepeateulytuineuawayuuetolackofuocumentationtoshowthatshe
wasboinontheteiiitoiy.Thisisuespitethefactthatheimotheianuaclosefiienu
ofheimotheiaiebothaliveanupiesenttotestifytoNeiiiamsbiithplace.Neiiiam
was also tuineu uown when tiying to iegistei as Zimbabwean thiough hei fathei uue
to hei fatheis lack of uocumentation of his nationality. Neiiiam has been stateless
uespiteclaimstonationalityintwocountiies.
Regaiuless of biithplace Neiiiam is entitleu to South Afiican citizenship because
heimotheiisSouthAfiican.Yetwithoutahospitalbiithiecoiu,shehasbeeniefuseu
assistance.
Lawyeis foi Buman Rights has assisteu Neiiiam in obtaining an inteiview at Bome
Affaiis foi late iegistiation of biith, so that hei anu hei motheis testimony can be
consiueieu anu she can access hei South Afiican citizenship
Ifeelhopelexx...lnmyheurtltxverypulnful.
IcuntuccexxlunJoruxoclulgrunt.IJohurJlubour,worhlngfor
people,butxomeJontpuymebecuuxetheyureuwurethutIm
unJocumenteJunJIwontreportthemtothepollce.Mymother
xtrexxexuboutmyxltuutlon.ShehuxtrleJxeverultlmextoreglxter
mewlthHomeAffulrx.
My chllJren ure unJocumenteJ unJ lt lx Jlflcult for them to
reglxterutxchool,xlncetheyneeJguurJlunJocumentxunJblrth
certllcutex
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NeiiiamLesembahasapplieufoilateiegistiationofbiithmoiethanfouitimesoveithecouise
of7yeais,butwastuineuawayuuetolackofbiithiecoiu.
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Temporaryimmigrationpermittoprotectstatelesspeoplefromarrestanddetention
51

Although the stateless conventions uo not speak of piovision of a tempoiaiy uocument to


applicants foi stateless status, the iight to fieeuom of movement anu constitutional iights of
the stateless to fieeuom anu secuiity of peison iequiie that they be issueu a uocument while
they await a uecision on theii exemptionstateless application
Anyamenumentsoinewlegislationshoulupioviuefoiatempoiaiypeimitsimilaitoanasylum-
seekeipeimitfoistatelessapplicants.Thispeimitshouluincluuebiometiicuata-photogiaphs,
ingeipiints anu iuentifying uata of its holuei
Exemptionsorotberstatusforunaccompaniedforeignminors
0ne of the most glaiing challenges in the cieation of statelessness on South Afiican teiiitoiy
is that of unaccompanieu foieign minois As uesciibeu unuei section above Populations of
Concein in South Afiica by Countiy of Biith this is a laige gioup that is haiu to estimate
0naccompanieufoieignminoisaieathighiiskofbecomingstatelessinSouthAfiicauuetolack
of enabling uocuments fiom theii home countiy, absence of paients anu legal guaiuians anu
lossofmemoiiesoveitimeincluuingtheabilitytospeakthelan
S2
guageofthecountiyofoiigin.
By the time this gioup ieaches auulthoou they often no longei have any uisceinable ties to the
countiy of oiigin anu may not be iecogniseu as citizens
The Immigiation Act shoulu pioviue foi an immigiation status foi unaccompanieu foieign
minois who uo not qualify foi iefugee status but whose best inteiest is not seiveu by ietuining
to theii countiies of oiigin Section b allows the Ninistei to giant a foieignei oi categoiy
of foieigneis the iights of peimanent iesiuence the Ninistei coulu pioviue exemptions to
unaccompanieufoieignminoiswhoaieueteimineutobeinneeuofcaieanupiotectioninteims
oftheChiluiensAct.Inthealteinative,asepaiatesectioncoulubeauueutotheImmigiation
Acttopioviuefoistatusfoithesevulneiableminois.
ResumptionofSoutbAfricancitizensbip
53

Cuiiently the Citizenship Act allows foi iesumption of citizenship at uiscietion of Ninistei
Applications foi iesumption shoulu not be uiscietionaiy wheie the inuiviuual is stateless.
Shoulu a foimei South Afiican citizen lose theii seconu nationality anu enu up stateless they
must be able to iesume theii South Afiican nationality anu such applications shoulu not be
uiscietionaiy unless foi exclusions as pioviueu in the convention
Citizensbipincasesofdoubt
54

A little known fact is that the Citizenship Act allows applications to be maue to the Ninistei foi
the issuance of a citizenship ceitiicate in cases of uoubt It is uncleai if this section is in use
how one woulu apply anu what ciiteiia aie applieu to applicants. LBR iecommenus that an
accompanyingiegulationbeuiafteufoithissection,topioviueinfoimationonhowapplicants
canapplyanuincluuingastanuaiuapplicationfoim.Thispiovisionisciiticalincaseswheiea
peisonfailsinlateiegistiationofbiith.
S1 ImmigiationAct1Sof2uu2
S2 ImmigiationAct1Sof2uu2
Section of the Citizenship Act
Section of the Citizenship Act
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Lilysbirtbisunregistered,eventbougbberfatberis
adocumentedSoutbAfrican,becausebermotberisan
undocumentedforeigner.
seepoqe76
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CaseStuuy
Lu Lily was boin in South Afiica to a South Afiican fathei anu an unuocumenteu
foieignmothei.BomeAffaiisiefusestoiegisteiheibecauseheimotheihasnofoim
of iuentiication This is in spite of the fact that hei fathei is piesent willing to iegistei
his chilu anu has a South Afiican IB uocument
The Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act allows eithei paient to iegistei a chilus biith
Bowevei,whenachiluisboinoutofweulock,inoiueitoiegisteithechiluinthefatheis
suiname foi example in the case wheie the mothei has no iuentity uocuments anu
thus cannot iegistei the chilu in hei own suiname the mothei must be piesent anu
willing to sign consent to acknowleugement of pateinity But in piactice motheis aie
notpeimitteutosignsuchconsentiftheyaienotthemselvesuocumenteu.Asaiesult,
theii chiluien iemain unuocumenteu iegaiuless of whethei the fathei is a South
Afiican citizen Such chiluien aie effectively in the same position as if both paients
weiefoieigneis.
The Chiluiens Act allows fatheis to obtain couit oiueis coniiming pateinity in such
cases,butthisisnotwellknownoiauveitiseu.
LawyeisfoiBumanRightsisassistingL.u.sfatheiisobtainingsuchacouitoiueiso
thathemayiegisteihischiluien.
Axufuther,wlthununJocumenteJwlfe,IumnotrecognlxeJ.Ium
unubletoupplyformychllJrenxJocumentutlon.MychllJren
cunnotuccexxgruntxunJotherxervlcex.
Fven when I xhow my I to upply oflclulx xuy they neeJ my wlfex
JocumentxunJxhelxnotJocumenteJ.
AbouttwoyeurxugoxoclulworherxxulJtheywoulJuxxlxtme,but
theynevercumebuch.IhuvenohopelnthemunymoreunJmy
fumllyxufferxulot...
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Birtbregistrationwbereoneorbotbparentsareundocumented
55

As noteu above a signiicant challenge in piotecting the iight to nationality in South Afiica
is the inability of paients to iegistei the biiths of chiluien wheie one oi both paients aie
unuocumenteu uo not have any foim of goveinmentissueu iuentity uocuments The BBRA
shoulu be amenueu to pioviue foi iegistiation in these cases Pioof of biith such as mateinity
ceitiicates clinic caius afiuavits anu othei witness testimony coulu be accepteu wheie a
chilu has been unable to iegistei its biith uue to the paients being unuocumenteu, ueceaseu,
absentoiunwillingtoassist.Iueally,allhospitalsanuhealthclinicswilleventuallybeconnecteu
to Bome Affaiis anu be able to issue biith ceitiicates immeuiately aftei biith This will allay
conceinsaboutfiauuulententiyintothepopulationiegistei.
Birtbregistrationforcbildrenbornoutofwedloch
5

The BBRA shoulu be amenueu to pioviue equal iights to fatheis to iegistei the biiths of chiluien
wheie the mothei is not piesent not willing not uocumenteu heiself no IB oi not able to sign
acknowleugement of pateinity. In the alteinative, fatheis shoulu be infoimeu as a mattei of
pioceuuiethattheymayappioachthemagistiatescouitfoianoiueiofpateinity,aspioviueu
intheChiluiensAct.
Complexnationalityscenariosinasylumapplications
57

The asylum application foim BI shoulu allow space foi listing ties to multiple nations
oi uualmultiple nationality Refugee status ueteimination oficeis shoulu be tiaineu on
nationalityanustatelessnessanutheiiielationshipwithasylumclaims.Iueally,faileuasylum-
seekeiscoulubescieeneufoiaiiskofstatelessnesspiioitoieceivingtheiinoticetoleavethe
Republic People who aie potentially stateless coulu be iefeiieu foi exemptions
Renunciationofformernationalityfornaturalisation
58

Section u of the Citizenship Amenument Act of pioviues that in applications foi


natuialisation in the case wheie uual citizenship is not alloweu by the applicants countiy
such peison ienounces the citizenship of that countiy anu fuinishes the Ninistei with the
piesciibeu pioof of such ienunciation The iegulations pioviue that the ienunciation lettei
is only iequiieu aftei wiitten conuitional appioval of the natuialisation application is given
to the applicant This is an impoitant piotection against statelessness applicants only neeu
to ienounce theii foimei nationality once South Afiica has stateu that it will appiove the
applicationfoinatuialisationuponsubmissionoftheienunciationlettei.
Bowevei a ienunciation iequiiement causes a pioblem when the client is a iefugee who is unwilling
oi unable to appioach the authoiities of the countiy of oiigin uue to feai of peisecution oi wheie the
clientuoesnotholunationalityinthecountiyofoiiginanuhencecannotienouncethatnationality.
Renunciation shoulu not be iequiieu foi iefugees oi stateless peisons
Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act of
Section of the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act of
S7 RefugeesAct1Suof1998
Citizenship Amenument Act of u amenuing Section
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Requirementoflegalstatusandpassportforforeignparenttoregistercbildsbirtb
59

LBR maue a lengthy wiitten submission on the uiaft iegulations on the Registiation of Biiths
anu Beaths in available at httpwwwlhioigzapublicationssubmissionuiaft
iegulations-biiths-anu-ueaths-iegistiation-act-no-S1-1992-submission-u.
LBR woulu like to highlight its concein about these uiaft iegulations Biaft iegulation of
the Biiths anu Beaths Registiation Act states A notice of biith of a chilu boin of paients who
aie not South Afiican citizens shall in auuition to the iequiiements set out in subiegulations
anu be accompanieu by a pioof of lawful sojouin in the Republic anu b a copy of
passpoit of the infoimant
This uiaft iegulation is ceitainly unconstitutional given that when implementeu it will ueny
chiluien biith iegistiation anu consequently the iight to a name anu nationality fiom biith
Section a of the Constitution if theii paients uoes not have legal status in South Afiica
anuoi uoes not holu a passpoit It is this population that neeus biith iegistiation the most
given the high iisk of statelessness thiough conlict anu gaps in foieign nationality laws
LBRiecommenusthatthisiegulationbeiemoveu.Itwoiksuiiectlyagainstthegoalofuniveisal
biith iegistiation LBR iecommenus iegulations that insteau of iequiiing moie iuentity
uocumentation fiom paients allow unuocumenteu paients to iegistei biiths on equal giounus
as uocumenteu paients Bospitals that aie connecteu to Bome Affaiis anu can issue ceitiicates
of biith on site shoulu uo so even if the paients cannot pioviue iuentity uocuments Wheie
a South Afiican paient tiies to iegistei a chilu but uoes not yet have an IB themselves a biith
ceitiicate shoulu still be issueu with as much infoimation as possible foi example the names
of the paients anu biithplace anu biith uate of the chilu The biith iegistei may be amenueu
at a latei stage when the paient is able to get an IB uocument
Biaft Regulations on Registiation of Biiths anu Beaths iegulation
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As has been iecoiueu by LBR anu captuieu in this iepoit, statelessness occuis foi numeious
ieasons acioss Afiica anu within South Afiica. South Afiica can no longei oveilook this
issue which impacts both citizens anu migiants alike uiven its stiong human iights iecoiu
piogiessiveConstitutionanuhighnumbeisofmigiants,SouthAfiicamusttaketheleauonthe
issueofstatelessness.
By auopting the statelessness tieaties South Afiica will uiaw attention to the issue will afiim
itscommitmenttohumaniightsanuwilljointheminoiityoffoiwaiu-thinkingstateswoiluwiue
thatiecognisetheimpoitanceofauuiessingstatelessness.
South Afiica has human iights obligations to all people piesent on the teiiitoiy, iiiespective
of theii legal status. These obligations aie thwaiteu by the lack of uiiect attention which the
legislative anu auministiative fiamewoiks give to statelessness Even without iatiication of
the statelessness conventions South Afiica is bounu to inu solutions to the pieuicament of
statelesspeople.
Thesesolutionsmusttakeatwo-piongeuappioach,auuiessingissuesofstatelessnessaiising
among those boin in South Afiica as well as those boin abioau. Foi South Afiicans who aie
not accessing theii nationality pioceuuies must be stiengtheneu to ueal with uificult cases
Foi foieign stateless peisons it is of utmost impoitance that the Bepaitment acknowleuge anu
pioviuefoitheiipieuicamentasamatteiofuigency.Aueuicateumechanismfoitheassisteu
iuentiication anu uocumentation of stateless peisons shoulu be at the coie of this uevelopment
0ntilsuchtime,attoineys,auvocatesanusocialwoikeismustcontinuetowoikwiththelegal
fiamewoikasitstanus.Thisiepoithashighlighteusomeofthepioblemsanuthepossibilities
foi theii iesolution. It is LBRs hope that, by sheuuing light on these invisible people, anu
by aiticulating the uificulties they face in accessing the most basic of human iights we will
contiibutetoamoieconscientiouslegalfutuieinSouthAfiica.
As has been iecoiueu by LBR anu captuieu in this iepoit, statelessness occuis foi numeious
ieasons acioss Afiica anu within South Afiica. South Afiica can no longei oveilook this
issue which impacts both citizens anu migiants alike uiven its stiong human iights iecoiu
piogiessiveConstitutionanuhighnumbeisofmigiants,SouthAfiicamusttaketheleauonthe
issueofstatelessness.
By auopting the statelessness tieaties South Afiica will uiaw attention to the issue will afiim
itscommitmenttohumaniightsanuwilljointheminoiityoffoiwaiu-thinkingstateswoiluwiue
thatiecognisetheimpoitanceofauuiessingstatelessness.
SouthAfiicahashumaniightsobligationstoallpeoplepiesentontheteiiitoiy,iiiespectiveoftheii
legal status. These obligations aie thwaiteu by the lack of uiiect attention which the legislative
anu auministiative fiamewoiks give to statelessness Even without iatiication of the statelessness
conventions South Afiica is bounu to inu solutions to the pieuicament of stateless people
8.
Conclusion
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Thesesolutionsmusttakeatwo-piongeuappioach,auuiessingissuesofstatelessnessaiising
among those boin in South Afiica as well as those boin abioau. Foi South Afiicans who aie
not accessing theii nationality pioceuuies must be stiengtheneu to ueal with uificult cases
Foi foieign stateless peisons it is of utmost impoitance that the Bepaitment acknowleuge anu
pioviuefoitheiipieuicamentasamatteiofuigency.Aueuicateumechanismfoitheassisteu
iuentiication anu uocumentation of stateless peisons shoulu be at the coie of this uevelopment
0ntilsuchtime,attoineys,auvocatesanusocialwoikeismustcontinuetowoikwiththelegal
fiamewoikasitstanus.Thisiepoithashighlighteusomeofthepioblemsanuthepossibilities
foi theii iesolution. It is LBRs hope that, by sheuuing light on these invisible people, anu
by aiticulating the uificulties they face in accessing the most basic of human iights we will
contiibutetoamoieconscientiouslegalfutuieinSouthAfiica.
81
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9.
Annexuie Summaiy of Issues anu
Recommenuations
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LAWYERS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Kutlwanong Bemociacy Centie
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Pietoiia
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