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9
Thin and thick cylinders
Version 2 ME , IIT Kharagpur
Lesson
3
Design principles for
thick cylinders
At the end of this lesson, the students should have the knowledge of:
pi
1+
t σ yp
This gives = −1
ri p
1− i
σ yp
(2)
σ2
+σyp
σ1
-σyp +σyp
-σyp
t 1
= −1 (4)
ri ⎛ pi ⎞
1− 2⎜ ⎟
⎝ σ yp ⎠
σ2
σ 2 σ1 σ2 = σyt
- =1 +σyt
σ yc σ yt
σ1 = σyt
-σyc +σyt σ1
σ1 = σyc
σ1 σ 2
- =1
-σyc σ yt σ yc
σ2 = σyc
t 1 + (1 − 2ν ) pi σ yp
= −1
ri 1 − (1 + ν ) pi σ yp
(6)
σ2
+σyp
-σyp +σyp
σ1
-σyp
Ed =
1+ ν
6E
{( σ − σ )
1 2
2
+ ( σ 2 − σ 3 ) + ( σ3 − σ1 )
2 2
}
Since at the uniaxial tensile yield point σ2 = σ3 = 0 and σ1 = σyp
1+ ν 2
Ed at the tensile yield point = σ
3E yp
We consider σ1 = σθ , σ2 = σr and σ3 = σz and therefore
2 2
ro + ri
σ1 = pi 2 2
ro − ri
2
pi ri
σ r = − pi σz = 2 2
ro − ri
(7)
1 ⎛⎜ ro − ri ⎞
2 2
pi
= ⎟ which gives
σ yp 3 ⎜ r2 ⎟
⎝ o ⎠
t 1
= −1
ri 1 − 3 pi σ yp
(8)
σ1
-σyp σyp
-σyp
Plots of pi/σyp and t/ri for different failure criteria are shown in figure-
9.3.1.4.2.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t
ri
failure criterion.
The criteria developed and the plots apply to thick walled cylinders with
internal pressure only but similar criteria for cylinders with external
pi σθ
σr ps
ri
ri ⎛⎜ ro + rs ⎞⎟
2 2 22 2
ro + rs
σ = ps 2 + pi 2 2
rs ⎜⎝ ro − ri ⎟⎠
θ r =r 2 2
s ro − rs
These maximum stresses should not exceed the yield stress and therefore
we may write
2 2 2
rs ro + ri
−2ps 2 2
+ pi 2 2
= σ yp (9)
rs − ri ro − ri
ri ⎛⎜ ro + rs ⎞⎟
2 2 2 2 2
ro + rs
ps 2 + pi 2 2 = σ yp (10)
rs ⎜⎝ ro − ri ⎟⎠
2 2
ro − rs
From (9), (10) and (11) it is possible to eliminate ps and express t/ri in
terms of pi/σyp and this is shown graphically in figure-9.3.1.5.2.
Laminated
Single jacket
3.0
1.0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
t
ri
⎛r⎞ ⎧⎪ ⎛ r ⎞ ⎪⎫
σr = 2τ yp log ⎜ ⎟ and σθ = 2τ yp ⎨1 + log ⎜ ⎟ ⎬
⎝ ro ⎠ ⎩⎪ ⎝ ro ⎠ ⎭⎪
(14)
Also applying the boundary condition at r = ri σr = - pf we have
⎛r ⎞
pf = −2τ yp log ⎜ i ⎟ (15)
⎝ ro ⎠
Since the basic equations are independent of whether the cylinders are
open or closed ends, the expressions for σr and σθ apply to both the
conditions. The stress distributions are shown in figure- 9.3.1.5.3.
σθ
ro τ
τ Tensile
pi
ri τ
Compressive
τ
σr
2.0
Maximum autofrettage
1.6
0.4
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ri
ro
ri
9.3.1.5.4F- Plots of pi/σyp vs for maximum shear stress theory,
ro
Q.1: Determine the necessary thickness of the shell plates of 2.5m diameter
boiler with the internal pressure of 1MPa. The material is mild steel with a
tensile strength of 500MPa. Assuming an efficiency of the longitudinal
welded joint to be 75% and a factor of safety of 5 find the stress in the
perforated steel plate.
A.1:
Considering that the boiler design is based on thin cylinder principles the
shell thickness is given by
pr
t= where r is the boiler radius and η is the joint efficiency.
σ ty η
This gives
106 x1.25
t= = 0.0166m = 16.6 mm,say 20mm.
⎛ 500 ⎞ 6
⎜ ⎟ x10 x0.75
⎝ 5 ⎠
The stress in the perforated plate is therefore given by σ =
pr
i.e. 62.5MPa
t
Q.2: A hydraulic cylinder with an internal diameter 250mm is subjected to an
internal pressure of 10 MPa. Determine the wall thickness based on (a)
Maximum principal stress theory, b) Maximum shear stress theory and c)
⎛ pi ⎞
⎜ 1+ ⎟
⎜ σ yp
t = ri − 1⎟
⎜ pi ⎟
⎜ 1− ⎟
⎜ σ yp ⎟
⎝ ⎠
pi
Here = 10 / 60 0.167 and ri = 125 mm. This gives t = 22.9mm, say 23
σ yp
mm
From section 9.3.1.2 for Maximum Shear Stress theory we have
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟
t = ri ⎜ − 1⎟
⎜ 1 − 2 ⎛ pi ⎞ ⎟
⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎝ ⎝ σ yp ⎠ ⎠
pi
With ≈ 0.167 and ri = 125 mm, t = 28.2 mm, say 29 mm.
σ yp
Q.3: A cylinder with external diameter 300mm and internal diameter 200mm is
subjected to an internal pressure of 25 MPa. Compare the relative merits of
a single thick walled cylinder and a composite cylinder with the inner
cylinder whose internal and external diameters are 200mm and 250 mm
respectively. A tube of 250 mm internal diameter and 300mm external
diameter is shrunk on the main cylinder. The safe tensile yield stress of the
material is 110 MPa and the stress set up at the junction due to shrinkage
should not exceed 10 MPa.
A.3:
We first consider the stresses set up in a single cylinder and then in a
composite cylinder.
Single cylinder
The boundary conditions are
at r = 150mm σr = 0 and at r = 100mm σr = - 20MPa
Using equation (10) in section 9.2.1
C2 C2
C1+ =0 and C1 + = −20
0.0225 0.01
This gives C1= 16 and C2 = -0.36
The hoop stress at r = 100mm and r = 150 mm are 52 MPa and 32 MPa
respectively.
3.3 MPa
104 MPa