An#oxidants

and Phytochemicals Part II

Vitamin C
Also known as _________or ascorbate _______ an#oxidant in aqueous compartments such as ______ Cytoplasm of cells Gives radicals H+ Free radical stops being a radical, it is captured

How Antioxidants Work

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Vitamin E
Vitamin E (tocopherols) are the rst line of defense against free radical damage of ________ Capturing the free radical Stopping free-radical chain reac#ons

Synergis#c Ac#vity
Vitamin C & E appear to work synergis#cally to inhibit oxida#on 1. Work in complementary parts of cell Vitamin C is a potent an#oxidant in aqueous solu#on Vitamin E is a potent an#oxidant in lipid environment 2. Also, Vit C interacts with tocopherol radical (used Vit E) & regenerates reduced tocopherol (ac#ve form of Vit E) Regenera#on of Vitamin E
Vit. E + vit. C vit. E + vit. C

Vitamin E is an Antioxidant

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Carotenoids
Family of yellow-orange food (plant) pigments ___________(vitamin A ac#vity) ___________ Lutein Red, yellow and orange produce Also stop free radical reac#ons in lipid parts of cell

Selenium (Se)
A cofactor for glutathione peroxidase Water-soluble enzyme Catalyze the destruc#on of the ROS hydrogen peroxide

Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn)

Cofactors for superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) Water-soluble _______ Found in cytosol Catalyzes the removal of the ROS superoxide (O2 )
O2 + O2 + 2H
+

SOD

H2O2 + O2

Manganese (Mn)
Also a Mn SOD Manganese version of SOD found in mitochondria Electron transport chain in mitochondria generates lots of superoxide radicals

Iron (Fe)
Cofactor for Catalase Gets rid of ROS, hydrogen peroxide Bad news Unbound ferric Fe (Fe3+) acts as a pro-oxidant Results in the forma#on of highly toxic hydroxyl peroxide (OH)
Catalase

2H2O2

2H2O + O2

An#oxidants from Food

Can maintain an appropriate balance between the desirable and undesirable cellular eects of ROS However, depends on: Health status of an individual Life style (smoking, alcohol consump#on etc.) May also be inuenced by gene#c suscep#bili#es

Supplements may provide too much An#-oxidants can actually act as a pro- oxidant under certain condi#ons It may be important for an#oxidant nutrients to be consumed in combina#on with other chemicals/an#oxidants naturally occurring in food

Phytochemicals:
Health-promo#ng substances found in plant foods Hundreds of phytochemicals are currently being studied Many believed to have a major posi#ve impact on cancer and cardiovascular disease Very lidle proven benets of phytochemical supplements High concentra#ons may behave like drugs Can be toxic Possibly even contribute to cancer cell growth

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Phytochemicals in the Modern Diet

Flavonoids
Blue, red or yellow pigments found in vegetables, fruits, wine, grape juice, chocolate and tea Strong an#oxidants Some also have an#-inammatory and an#cancer proper#es Suggested health benets:
Protec#ng against cancer and cardiovascular diseases

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Phytochemicals in the Modern Diet

Isoavones
Act as an#oxidants and tumor suppressors May improve cholesterol and suppress enzymes that s#mulate certain cancers

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

PHYTOESTROGENS
300 estrogenic compounds in plants Compounds that Exert estrogenic eects on the central nervous system Induce estrus S#mulate growth of the genital tract of female animals

Possible Eects on Health: May Reverse symptoms of menopause Prevent bone resorp#on and promote increased bone density Reduce cancer risk Reduce total cholesterol & LDL cholesterol lower risk of heart disease

Exam II on Monday