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Contents
1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.6 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.8 3.9 3.9.1 3.9.2 3.9.3 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 Introduction Anchors Personal Fall Prevention System Attachment Types of Anchors Cast-In Expanding Socket Through-type Chemically Bonded Reliability and Strength of Anchors Obtaining a Safety Factor 2.0 Sharing of Same Anchor Anchor Devices Anchor Slings Correct and Incorrect Anchor Points Procurement and Marking Specifications Test Certificate after Installation Usage and Maintenance of Anchor Devices Lifelines Use of Lifelines at Angles Lifelines Conforming to International Standards Textile Lifelines Selection of Textile Lifelines Knots for Textile Lifelines Lifelines Devices Vertical Lifelines Permanent Vertical Lifeline Temporary Vertical Lifeline Vertical Rail Vertical Lifeline Materials and Construction Webbing and Fibre Ropes Wire Ropes Flexible Horizontal Lifeline System Flexible Horizontal Lifeline Wire Rope Lines Webbing Lines Fibre Rope Lines Minimum Clearance Height for Horizontal Lifelines Self-Retracting Lifelines Procurement and Selection of Lifelines Switching of Lifelines Factors Affecting the Conditions of Lifelines 03 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 07 07 07 08 12 13 14 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 20 20 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 29
3.15 3.16 4. 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.6 5. 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 6. 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.2 7. 8.
Inspection of Lifelines Flexible Horizontal Lifeline System Marking Specifications Temporary Edge Protection Systems Criteria in Selecting and Installing a Suitable Temporary Edge Protection System Three Classes of Temporary Edge Protection Systems Class A System Class B System Class C System Materials Markings Different Types of Temporary Edge Protections Full Scaffolding Ground Supported Edge Protection Edge Protection Off Structures Parapet Edge Protection Use of Proprietary Systems Case Application One: Anchorage and Lifelines for ISO Tanks Accessing top of ISO Tanks Using Ladders Alternative Access and Fall Prevention Approaches Anchorage and Lifeline Structural Systems Mobile Fall Arrest Anchorage Pole Systems Fall Prevention Systems from top of ISO Tanks Access Structures and Platforms Case Application Two: Anchorage and Lifelines for Formworks Common Use of Anchors for Formworks Strap Anchors Cast-in Rebar Expandable Bolt Anchor Work Positioning Device Systems References Acknowledgements
30 30 31 32 32 32 33 34 35 35 36 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 42 43 45 46 47
1. Introduction
Falls from heights (FFH) is one of the largest causes of death and injury in the workplace. It is therefore essential that measures are taken to protect workers against the risks of falling from heights. This guide is developed to help employers and workers who are involved in working at heights to better understand the application of anchorage, lifelines and temporary edge protection as a means of fall prevention. It is important to note that risk assessment needs to be carried out prior to any work at heights (WAH) activities. Whenever possible, eliminate or substitute any WAH activities. Using temporary edge protection systems (such as guardrails) shall be the first option in designing any fall prevention systems. The use of anchorages and lifelines, with proper personal protective equipment (PPE) shall come second if the option of having temporary edge protection is not feasible.
Appendix A Different types of Fall Arrest Systems (with Different Anchorages) Appendix B Different types of Temporary Edge Protection Systems
2. Anchors
A high proportion of falls in workplaces occur either due to unavailability of proper anchor points or failure of anchors. Therefore, anchors and anchors points must be assessed for suitability and security prior to use. Personal fall prevention equipment must be anchored securely when in use. Wherever possible, anchor points and anchors should always be positioned above the user. This is to ensure that the lifeline or lanyard is taut or has as little slack as possible. The positioning of anchors and anchor points should not be resting on sharp, rough edges or hot surfaces, as they are likely to be damaged, particularly those made from textiles which would fail under load. Refer to Appendix A for a list of different types of fall arrest system with different anchorages.
which incorporates an anchor point or several anchor points. A structural anchor is an element permanently secured to a structure, to which an anchor device or equipment for personal fall prevention can be attached. A lifeline is a flexible or rigid line connected at least at one end to a reliable anchor as a means of fall prevention. A lifeline device (also known as anchor line device) is a device which accompanies the user along a lifeline. A traveller is a lifeline device which travels in the broadly horizontal plane on a horizontal lifeline system and is intended to act as mobile anchor points. A guided type fall arrester is a lifeline device with a fall arrest and self-locking function. It travels along a vertical lifeline without requiring manual adjustment by the user, during upward or downward changes of position.
2.2.1 Cast-in
The anchor (or anchor device) is casted into the surface of the structure as it is being built; hence it is usable for solid concrete structures. This type of anchor requires the use of cross bars positioned perpendicularly behind reinforcing bars (also known as rebars) and a socket positioned behind the cross bar for the insertion of the eyebolt. The life expectancy of this type of anchor should be specified by the manufacturer.
2.2.3 Through-type
Through-type anchors utilise an eyebolt with an extended shank which runs through the material it is installed onto. The eyebolt is then held in place through the use of a back plate and either a locking nut or a threaded bush. Such anchors are ideal for use on thin structural members, such as on steel I-beams. However, these structural members must of sufficient material strength and material to support the anchor loads.
Lockable Nut
Note
1 kN = 1000 N 100 kgf 12 kN = 12,000 N 1200 kgf
re-positioning the anchor device in order to limit the free fall distance; procuring and using an anchor device with a higher static strength than the minimum specified; or incorporating an energy absorber into the personal fall prevention system, such that the impact force in the event of fall would be limited to 6kN (and this equipment is to be used with an anchor device).
For more information on obtaining a safety factor of 2.0, refer to SS570 : 2011 Personal protective equipment for protection against falls from a height Single point anchor devices and flexible horizontal lifeline systems. 2 For more information on sharing of same anchor, refer to BS 8347 : 2005 Code of practice for selection, use and maintenance of personal fall prevention systems and equipment for use in the workplace. 6 7
Thus, in order to maintain a safety factor of 2.0, the minimum static strength of a single anchor for two persons, three persons and four persons use should be 24kN; 26kN and 28kN respectively.
Class A2
Note
1 anchor 1 user 12 kN (with a safety factor 2.0) 1 anchor 2 users 24 kN (with a safety factor 2.0) 1 anchor 3 users 24 kN + 2 kN = 26 kN (with a safety factor 2.0) 1 anchor 4 users 24 kN + 2 kN + 2 kN = 28 kN (with a safety factor 2.0)
It is important to ensure that the design and surveying of the installation of anchors shall be carried out by a competent person.
Inclined Roof
No 1 2 Items Structural Anchor Anchor Point
1 + 2 = Anchor device
These are transportable temporary anchor devices. For example, a tripod over a confined space, a beam clamp or an anchor sling.
I-Beam
1 Washer 2 2 1 1 2 1
Vertical
Inclined
No 1 2
Horizontal
Items Structural Anchor Anchor Point
1
1 + 2 = Anchor device
Beam Clamp
No 1
Tripod
Items Anchor Point
Class C
Class D
These are designed for use with horizontal rigid lifelines. For example, rails.
1 1
1 1 2
No
1
1 2
Class E
4 3
No 1 2 3 4 5
Items Structure Extremity Structural Anchor Intermediate Structural Anchor Lifeline Mobile Anchor Point Note: It is critical to take note that dead weight anchor devices shall not be used where the distance to the edge of the roof is less than 2.5m.
11
No 1
10
Personal fall prevention systems should not be connected or tied-off to inadequate or improper anchor points. These could fail to provide the intended protection, and may result in fatalities. When assessing by competent person on existing structural features or equipment for used as anchor points, avoid corners or edges that could cut, chafe, or abrade fall prevention components. The following areas should never be used as anchor points unless the minimum structural requirements have being determined to be safe and approved by a competent person: standard guardrails; standard or balcony railings; ladders or rungs; scaffolding; light fixtures; conduit or plumbing; ductwork or pipe vents; C-clamps; wiring harnesses; rebar (except for positioning during formwork); another lanyard; roof stacks, vents, fans or chimney; TV antennas; and any point which does not meet the structural requirements.
Minimum 2.5m
Figure 7: Excessive looping of an anchor sling should be avoided (unless otherwise stated in manufacturers manual).
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Figure 8: Fall prevention systems should not be connected directly to portable ladders that are leaned against any structures for the purpose of access. It should be connected to a proper anchorage adjacent to the ladder. A connection to a portable ladder should only be made if the top of the ladder is properly secured and the system tested by a competent person.
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Figure 9: Fall prevention systems should not be connected to any open ended beams or cantilevers, as an initial fall arrest can cause the connection to slip off the open end of the beam or cantilever. Connections to beams and cantilevers should only be made between supports of which the structural strength has been determined and approved by a competent person.
Markings may also be incorporated in details with a label-tag being tagged along with the anchor devices to show the above intended information.
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3. Lifelines
Lifelines, provide links between the anchorage and the user which has an effective length that can be adjusted or altered by the use of a mobile lifeline device. In general, lifelines should have the following characteristics: It should have a safe rating high enough to withstand forces or tension being generated in the event when it is in use; and It should not interfere with any other items of equipment (e.g., safety equipment or clothing) with which it is to be used.
Textile lifelines used for fall arrest systems should be as follows: kernmantel ropes conforming to BS EN 1891 : 1998, type A - Personal protective equipment for the prevention of falls from a height. Low stretch kernmantel ropes; hawser-laid polyamide ropes conforming to ISO 1140 : 2012 - Fibre ropes -- Polyamide--3-, 4-, 8- and 12- strand ropes; and hawser-laid polyester ropes conforming to ISO 1141 : 2012 - Fibre ropes -- Polyester--3-, 4-, 8 - and 12- strand ropes.
If the lifeline is purchased as a system, it is important to note that a lifeline together with the anchor devices must be used as a system and each part should not be used independently as specified by the manufacturer. Components from different manufacturers should not be used together unless it is specified or advised by the manufacturer.
SS 570 : 2011 Personal protective equipment for protection against falls from a height - single point anchor devices and flexible horizontal lifeline systems
The strength of a rope is reduced at a knot. Table 3 shows two examples of strength loss due to various methods of tying knots in a 10.5 mm low stretch rope conforming to BS EN 1891 : 1998, type A - Personal protective equipment for the prevention of falls from a height. Low stretch kernmantel ropes. Types of Tied Knots Bowline Double figure-of-eight Strength Reduction 26% to 45% 23% to 34%
There are several types of lifelines devices used in fall prevention systems as listed below: length adjusters on manually adjustable lanyards for restraint systems; rope grabs for work positioning systems; travellers for horizontal lifeline systems (for either restraint or fall arrest systems); guided type fall arrestors for use with vertical lifelines for fall arrest systems; and ascender and descender devices for rope access systems.
Note
Lifeline devices are designed to lock automatically onto the lifeline when a force or load is suddenly applied, with the exception of traveller.
Figure 11: Two different knot tying methods commonly used in industry, bowline (left) and figure-of-eight on a bight.
Note
The lower and upper values relate to the strength reductions due to the conditions of the knots been tied to well dressed or poorly dressed respectively. This refers to the arrangement of the layers or rope in the knots and its neatness.
As a rule of thumb, a 50% reduction in strength due to the knot should be allowed to give an adequate margin to cover a worst case situation.
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19
Design Criteria Capable of being fastened to a ladder or structure at the upper and lower extremity. A number of brackets at intervals should be installed, if required, as per recommended by the manufacturer. Capable of being tensioned, once installed, as per recommended by the manufacturer. Allow the sliding-type fall arrester to be attached and detached at points along the lifeline, unless the sliding-type fall arrester is designed to be integrated as a whole system. Permit the movement of the sliding-type fall arrester in an upward or downward direction without impeding movement, especially at intermediate fastenings. Prevent unintentional separation of the fall arrester from the lifeline.
Table 4: Design criteria for permanent VLLs.
Design Criteria Capable of being fastened to an overhead anchoring point in accordance with the recommendation by the manufacturer. Able to allow the sliding-type fall arrester to be attached and detached at least at the lower extremity of the lifeline, unless the sliding-type fall arrester is designed to be integral. Allow the movement of the sliding-type fall arrester in an upward and downward direction, without impeding movement. Capable of being fitted with a tensioning weight or other stabilizing means at the lower extremity. Prevent unintentional separation of the fall arrester from the lifeline.
Table 5: Design criteria for temporary VLLs.
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21
Design Criteria Capable of being fastened to a ladder or structure by a number of brackets at intervals as per recommended by the manufacturer. Allows the sliding-type fall arrester to be attached and detached at least at the two extremities of the rail length, unless the sliding-type fall arrester is designed to be integrated as a whole system. Able to prevent unintentional separation of the sliding-type fall arrester from the rail. Permit the movement of the sliding-type fall arrester in an upward or downward direction without impeding movement, especially at joints and at intermediate fastenings.
Table 6: Design criteria for vertical rails.
As outlined in SS 570 : 2011: Personal protective equipment for protection against falls from a height-single point anchor devices and flexible horizontal lifeline systems, the flexible HLL system shall limit the maximum arrest force being transmitted to the harness attachment point of the users full body harness to 6kN . The system shall also ensure a minimum of 1.0 m post-fall clearance between the user and the ground, structure or any obstacles. End anchor connectors of the flexible HLL system shall be designed to resist and to transfer to the end anchor at a minimum amount force: 12kN downward force being applied at right angles to the axis of the line; and in the direction of the fall arrest; and a force in line with the flexible HLL with at least two times the maximum line arrest load.
Intermediate anchor connectors, as with other similar hardware, shall not resist the flexible HLL from running freely through the aperture. It should not damage the flexible HLL during operation as well. A mobile attachment device (e.g., traveller) shall not be easily removed by the user unintentionally during use, meaning it shall have at least two consecutive deliberate manual actions for removal. It shall resist a static force of 20kN in the direction of intended loading without breakage or deformation. Some flexible HLL systems come with a lifeline energy absorber at one end. It shall be capable to resist a static force of at least two times the maximum arrest load; three times this load if the lifeline absorber is non-metallic in nature, developed from traceable test results for the particular configuration; and no less than 12kN in the direction of intended load force. See Figure 16 for a list of typical HLL components.
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Descriptions End anchor End anchor connector Horizontal lifeline Intermediate anchor Intermediate anchor connector Mobile attachment device
HLL deflection
HLL
Anchorage
Length of lanyard
Height of worker
Safely distance
STRUCTURE
Figure 20: Example of minimum clearance height for a HLL (with lifeline deflection taken into account).
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Great care must be taken into account when the SRL is used in situations where the lifeline has to pass or trail over sharp edges such as a roofs edge. The line may be weakened due to abrasion and this effect will be compounded by the movements of the lifeline due to the movements of the user. A lanyard (with or without energy absorber) must not be attached between the SRL and the harness as this may increase the fall distance. The SRL must not be allowed to extend beyond its normal working length as the linkages may not be of sufficient strength to withstand the forces generated during a fall. Tampering, modifying the SRL or joining more than one device together must not be allowed. The device may no longer function as intended with several SRLs being joined together. Attachment of more than one user to each SRL must not be allowed, as overloading may occur. Reusing of a SRL that had previously arrested a fall must not be allowed and should be withdrawn from usage. Rapid retraction of the lifeline must not be allowed as this may result in jamming or failure due to the rapid spooling of the lifeline.
Self-retracting lifeline (SRL) Anchor
Free fall distance Direction of swing fall. SRL lanyard pulled across edge and sliced off.
3-14
While being anchored, proceed to anchor the second lanyard to the secondary anchor position.
Once the second lanyard is securely anchored, proceed to remove the first lanyard from the initial position.
Marking or dying
Figure 23: Example of a 100% tie-off by ensuring continuous connection to the structure or lifelines through the use of two energy absorbing lanyards in relay.
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The dimensions requirements for a temporary edge protection system are: principal guardrail or top guardrail shall be at least 1.0 m above the working surface; any vertical gap between the protection components shall not exceed 600 mm; and toeboard shall not be less than 90 mm above the working surface to be effective in stopping objects from falling both over and under them.
Principal Guardrail
<600 mm
Vertical Post
1000 mm <600 mm
Intermediate Gaurdrail
90 mm
Toeboard
WORKING SURFACE
4.1 Criteria in Selecting and Installing a Suitable Temporary Edge Protection System
In selecting a system for temporary edge protection, the following factors should be considered: type and nature of work; means of access and egress; method of erection of edge protection systems; usage; dismantling procedures; and rescue means and procedures.
Static Loading for Class A System Table 8 shows the design static loads to be supported for Class A: General Each edge protection components (except toe-boards) shall be designed to withstand 0.3kN applied to guardrails and posts perpendicular to the plane of the system. Toeboard shall be designed to withstand 0.2kN at the most onerous position Each edge protection (and its components) shall withstand a horizontal force of 0.2kN at the most onerous point Any guard-rail/ toe-board shall be capable of resisting a downwards ( 10) point load of 1.25kN, on a length of 100 mm. The elastic deflection shall not be greater than 55 mm. The wind velocity pressure shall be taken as 0.6 kN/ m2.
Toeboard Loads Parallel to the Guard-rail Accidental Loading Elastic Deflection Wind
A temporary edge protection system that can be installed without the need for a worker to perform WAH should be the priority choice and consideration. When erected, the system should not harm or endanger a worker, for example, cut by sharp edges and hit by protruding structures.
55 mm
Limitation of Class A System It should not be used if the working surface is more than 10.
Figure 25: Static loading requirements for Class A system.
Limitations of Class B System Class B may be used only if the angle of the working surface from the horizontal is less than:
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30 (without any limitation of the falling height); or 60 (where the falling height is less than 2.0 m).
33
Static and Dynamic Loading for Class B System The static loading for Class B is similar to Class A system. For the dynamic loading capability of Class B system, it shall be able to absorb a kinetic energy of 1.1kJ (anywhere along the protection up to 200 mm height above working surface) and 0.5kJ at any higher parts.
4.3 Materials
Materials used for construction of temporary edge protection systems shall be sufficiently robust and durable to withstand normal working conditions. The materials shall also be free from any impurities and defects that may affect their satisfactory use. Materials being used for construction of temporary edge protection systems shall adhere to the recommendations from the international standards as listed in Table 9. Materials Steel International Codes and Standards BS EN 12811 - 2 : 2004 Temporary works equipment information on materials prEN 74 - 1 : 2002 Couplers, spigot pins and baseplates for use in falseworks and scaffolds - Part1: Couplers for tubes - Requirements and test procedures prEN 74 - 1 : 2002 Couplers, spigot pins and baseplates for use in falseworks and scaffolds - Part1: Couplers for tubes - Requirements and test procedures BS EN 338 : 2009 Structural timber. Strength classes Note: ii. If protective coating is being applied on timber, it shall not prevent the detection/ discovery of material defects. iii. If plywood is to be used, it shall have at least 5 plies and shall have a minimum 9mm thickness. It shall have good climate durability condition.
55 mm
Aluminium
200 mm
Timber
Table 9: Standards for materials used for construction of temporary edge protection systems.
4.4 Markings
All purpose made components such as principal guardrails, intermediate guardrails, intermediate protection (e.g., fencing), posts, toeboards and counterweights shall be marked. The following markings shall be clearly visible and arranged in a manner that it will remain legible for the service life of the product: types of edge protection systems (i.e., Class A, B or C) and its standards number; manufacturer or suppliers name and identification; year and month of manufactured date; serial number; and their weight in kilograms if counterweights are used.
High Dynamic Loading for Class C System In general, Class C system shall be able to absorb a kinetic energy of 2.2kJ (anywhere along the protection up to 200 mm height above working surface).
4-7
Guardrails (with toe-boards) add protection on the outside of the access way to prevent people and materials falling from the inside edge.
Parapet edge protection design can be applied, with consideration given to the suitability of the structure and how materials can be located and accessed.
Figure 28: Example of full scaffolding for edge protection on roofing work.
4-6
Some of the recommended alternative anchorage and access solutions are listed below for reference (See Figures 35 to 40).
Figure 32: Example of a tank container. Figure 35: Portable anchorage and lifeline structural systems.
Figure 37: Examples showing portable anchorage and lifeline pole systems.
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7. References
Workplace Safety and Health Act Workplace Safety and Health (Construction) Regulations 2007 Workplace Safety and Health (Scaffold) Regulations 2011 Workplace Safety and Health (Risk Management) Regulations Code of Practice for Working Safely at Height Code of Practice for WSH Risk Management SS 528 Part 1 : 2006 Personal fall-arrest systems Full body harness SS 528 Part 2 : 2006 Personal fall-arrest systems Lanyards and energy absorbers SS 528 Part 3 : 2006 Personal fall-arrest systems Self-retracting lifelines SS 528 Part 4 : 2006 Personal fall-arrest systems Vertical rails and vertical lifelines incorporating a sliding-type fall arrester SS 528 Part 5 : 2006 Personal fall-arrest systems Connectors with self-closing and selflocking gates SS 528 Part 6 : 2006 Personal fall-arrest systems System performance test SS 570 : 2011 Personal protective equipment for protection against falls from a height Single point anchor devices and flexible horizontal lifeline systems BS EN 341 : 2011 Personal fall prevention equipment. Descender devices for rescue BS EN 353 - 1 : 2002 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Guided type fall arresters including a rigid lifeline BS EN 353 - 2 : 2002 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Guided type fall arresters including a flexible lifeline BS EN 354 : 2010 Personal fall prevention equipment. Lanyards BS EN 355 : 2002 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Energy absorbers BS EN 360 : 2002 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Retractable type fall arresters BS EN 361 : 2002 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Full body harnesses BS EN 362 : 2004 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Connectors BS EN 795 : 1997 Protection against falls from a height. Anchor devices. Requirements and testing BS EN 1492 - 1 : 2000 + A1 : 2008 Textile slings. Safety. Flat woven webbing slings made of man-made fibres for general purpose use BS EN 1891 : 1998 Personal protective equipment for the prevention of falls from a height. Low stretch kernmantel ropes BS 7883 : 2005 Code of practice for the design, selection, installation, use and maintenance of anchor devices conforming to BS EN 795
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Figure 43: Example of work positioning device system (when working on rebar) without any personal fall arrest system (left) and example of a work positioning device system with a personal fall arrest system being incorporated.
42
BS 7985 : 2009 Code of practice for the use of rope access methods for industrial purposes BS 8437 : 2005 Code of practice for selection, use and maintenance of personal fall prevention systems and equipment for use in the workplace BS EN 13374 : 2004 Temporary edge protection systems. Product specification, test methods ISO 1140 : 2004 Fibre ropes - Polyamide - 3-, 4 -, 8 - and 12 - strand ropes ISO 1141 : 2004 Fibre ropes - Polyester - 3-, 4 -, 8 - and 12 -strand ropes ISO 10333 - 4 : 2002 Personal fall-arrest systems - Part 4: Vertical rails and vertical lifelines incorporating a sliding-type fall arrester ISO 14567 : 1999 Personal protective equipment for protection against falls from a height Single-point anchor devices ISO 22159 : 2007 Personal equipment for protection against falls - Descending devices ISO 22846 - 1 : 2003 Personal equipment for protection against falls - Rope access systems Part 1: Fundamental principles for a system of work
8. Acknowledgements
We acknowledge Asretec Pte. Ltd., Capital Safety Group Asia Pte. Ltd., Ferramenta, Flexible Lifeline Systems, QMT Industrial & Safety Pte. Ltd., and Standfast Corp for their assistance in providing the images used in this guideline.
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Appendix A
Different Types of Fall Arrest Systems (with Different Anchorages)
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 6 9 8 1 7 4
Appendix B
Different Types of Temporary Edge Protection Systems
3 5
3 5
3 5
12 13 15
15 d) Fall arrest system based on a flexible horizontal lifeline e) Fall arrest system based on a flexible vertical lifeline with an upper anchor f) Fall arrest system based on a flexible vertical Lifeline with an upper and a lower anchor
2 16 2 13 2 12
17
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Key Workplace Structure Anchor Connector Energy absorbing landyard Full body harness worn by user Self retracting lifeline Traveller Rigid horizontal lifeline
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Immediate anchor Flexible horizontal lifeline Flexible vertical lifeline Guided type fall arrester Short connecting lanyard Upper Anchor Lower Anchor Permanently installed ladder Rigid vertical lifeline
* Adapted for use on roofs (as edge protection)
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