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= =
3.6
Then:
0 e t
T T T =
3.7
It can be seen from the above relationship, by controlling the
generator rotation speed - torque characteristics, we can
control the rotation speed of wind turbine, and then adjust the
output power. In simulink, here is permanent magnet
synchronous motor module, where the output torque of the
wind turbine PMSG as the input torque.
B. Model of photovoltaic arrays
Photovoltaic power generation is a form of power
generation to convert solar energy directly to electricity. PV
systems use PV array receiving solar radiation energy,
photovoltaic array consists of PV modules with the same
characteristics by a series of parallel composition, and the
photovoltaic cells constitute the smallest unit of PV modules .
The equivalent model shown in Figure 4.
D
V
s
R
pv
I
pv
V
D
I
p
R sc
I
+
0
U
Fig.5 Hybrid energy storage model
VBattery voltage
R1Equivalent internal resistance of batteries;
LBi-directional DC/DC converter with inductor;
Si,Dii=1,2 Power switching devices; i = 1,2
CDC bus capacitor;
VucSuper capacitor equivalent ideal voltage source;
RucSuper capacitor equivalent internal resistance;
R2Equivalent constant power load;
U
0
Load voltage;
Super-capacitor and battery is in parallel by Buck-Boost
power converter. when S1 works, S2 is off, S1 and D2
constitute the step-down chopper circuit, when DC / DC in the
state of Buck, with the reverse current to the capacitor charge,
part of the energy storages in inductor L.when S1 is off, L
release energy , the capacitor charges. When S2 works, S1 is
off, S2 and D1 forms step-up chopper circuit, when DC / DC in
state of Boost, capacitor discharge, the time S2 is off, the
energy from the inductor release to the battery via D1.
Using the inductor current iL and ideal capacitor voltage
uC as state variables, set power switching valve duty cycle to
d, when switch is turned on:
L
di
uc uc L dt
L DV DR i =
3.13
uc
dV
L dt
C i =
3.14
When switch is cut off:
0
L
di
dt
L U =
3.15
0
2
dV
L dt
U
C i
R
=
3.16
then:
L
di
uc uc L dt
L DV DR i =
3.17
0
2
dV
L dt
U
C i
R
=
3.18
Applying the state average method, transfer function can be
obtained:
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
2 2
2
2
2
2
0
2 /
) (
D R D R s L C R R D Ds LCR
L R s D R
s d
s V
uc uc
uc
s V
uc
uc
+ + + +
+
=
=
.
(3.19)
439
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
D R s L C R R s LCR
Cs R
s d
s I
uc uc
s V
L
uc
+ + + +
+
=
=
.
(3.20)
Whether the system works in Buck mode or Boost mode,
the transfer function poles are located in the left half plane.
IV. CONTROL OF MICRO-GRID
Control of micro-grid should ensure that any tiny source
of access does not affect the system, the ability to correct
voltage and system and to separate the active and reactive
control. When micro-grid system start, there must be one or
more distributed power playing the role of the main grid,
supporting the voltage and frequency for the micro-grid
system, such as diesel, battery power, can issue a large number
of active and reactive, is relatively easy to achieve. In
situations of requiring for high power quality, you can
combine the storage system and distributed power as the
primary control unit, making full use of rapid charging and
discharging function of energy storage systems and diesel
engines to get the advantages of longer time maintaining of
micro-grid system running.
Micro-sources such as wind power and PV cells, their
power output size, more affected by the weather, power
generation has an obvious intermittent, and usually only issued
a constant active power or the performance of maximum
power point tracking, so it is generally controlled by PQ; for
micro-sources such as battery, diesel engines and so on, V/f
control can be used to ensure the stability of voltage and
frequency of micro-grid.
A. PQ Controller Design
Design of PQ controllers shown in Figure 6, there will be
decoupled active and reactive power, we can get the inductor
current reference value, and compared with the actual values
we obtain error signal ,and then use the instantaneous current
loop proportional - integral (PI)controller as inverter to
modulating voltage signal.
2/
3
-2/3
WLf
abc/
bq0
WLf
Pref
Qref
V1di
w
V1dd
V1dq
Idref
Iqref
Iq
Id
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
Vd
Vq
PI
controller
PI
controller
Fig.6 PQ controller architecture diagrams
Where P
ref
and Q
ref
respectively are reference values for active
power and reactive power; I
dref
and I
qref
respectively for the
reference current value of d, and q axes by decoupling ; V
d
and
V
q
respectively are modulated voltage signals of d, and q axes
by the current loop control ; w is the frequency of power grid.
B. V/f controller design
In this paper, V / f is used to control energy storage system
and diesel engine, the controller includes voltage and current
dual-loop controller and power controller.
1) The voltage and current double-loop controller: As
shown in Figure 7, where the outer ring is voltage ring to
provide a steady load voltage. Output voltage is compared
with the reference voltage to get error signal, then by PI
controller it is given as the reference of current loop, inverter
output filter inductance current compared with the reference
signal to get the error signal ,and for inverter modulation
voltage signal through the instantaneous current-loop PI
controller. Filter inductance current as the inner loop, can
improve the dynamic response of the system.
+
WLf
WLf
I
*
d
Iq
Id
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
-
Vd
Vq I
*
q
WCf
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
WCf
I1d
I1q
V
*
1dd
V
*
1dq
V1dd
V1dq
PI
comtroller
PI
comtroller
PI
comtroller
PI
comtroller
Fig.7 Block diagram of voltage and current dual-loop controller
2) Power controller:As the frequency signal is easier to
measure, we use frequency control instead of phase angle. The
power of control loop is the instantaneous power of the output
of distributed power supply. the P and Q of micro-source
output must satisfy the following two conditions:
0PPmax
QmaxQQmax
Output power of the controller as the reference voltage of
double-loop control. The design of the structure shown in
Figure 8.
PI
controller
2 1/b
1/a
1/s
V v/d
q0
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
-
-
fn f
fref
P
Q
Pn
V
-
Vn
Vref
V
*
*
v
V*1dd
V*1dq
W
*
PI
controller
Fig.8 power controller structure
VI. CONCLUSION
The various working principle and characteristics of
distributed energy is analyzed, and the mathematical model is
established. For different distributed power in micro-grid,
variety of different control strategies have been taken. When it
is more affected by external control, PQ control is used. For
those whicn can power supply stable , V/f control is used. PQ
controls can make micro-point of voltage-sensitive load
voltage in the micro-grid always meet the demands of load
voltage , and the power supply with V/f controlled not only
440
ensures a balance of power between power supply and load,
but also supports the frequency as the system is running in
island-style.
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