Model and control of a DC microgrid made up by

solar and wind

LIU Jianye
College of Information Science and Engineering,
Hebei University of Science and Technology
Shijiazhuang Hebei 050018, China
Liujianye9988@sina.com
LIU Jia
College of Information Science and Engineering,
Hebei University of Science and Technology
Shijiazhuang Hebei 050018, China
liujiagz@163.com
GU XiaoLI Yunshan
College of Information Science and Engineering,
Hebei University of Science and Technology
Shijiazhuang Hebei 050018, China
fulongju@yahoo.com.cn
AbstractThis paper designs a DC microgrid system which
based on the complementary of wind and solar.It also gives a
microgrid structure diagram.We use different strategies to design
the corresponding controller according to the types of distributed
power.
Keywords-microgrid;wind;solar;diesel engine;battery;the super
capacitor;PQ control;VF control
I. INTRODUCTION
Microgrid concept is proposed relative to the traditional
power grid .It is composed of a plurality of distributed power
( DG ) and its associated load according to the topological
structure. These distributed power mainly are photovoltaic
cells, wind turbines, fuel cells, etc. Wind power and solar
generation has a certain amount of development in the new
energy. But both are subject to weather and seasonal and other
factors, while the use of they in a complementary manner to
play a greater role. At the same time, wind and solar power
generation system is a stand-alone distributed power supply
system, may rely on an independent power supply, do not
consume electricity. As the development of the electricity
market, microgid has become a research hotspot. The study of
microgrid is still in its infancy at present, but it will have good
prospects for development in our country. Reference[1]
proposed a scheme of distributed wind and solar power
generation system, and its system of multi-objective
optimization control strategies were studied. Reference[2]
established a super-capacitor batteries in parallel mathematical
models, quantitative analysis of the hybrid power to improve
the performance and its influencing factors. Reference[3]
gives the island-style microgrid model, taking into account the
system configuration. There are a lot of research on microgrid,
but still some deficiencies. Most systems use batteries as
energy storage power supply, although some with a super
capacitor, if in case of rain and groaning may be over-
discharge the battery. This article with a diesel engine as a
backup power supply, so as not to over-discharge and decay
battery life.
II. STRUCTURE OF MICRO-GRID
Compared to the AC micro-grid, the DC micro-grid is
easier to achieve as there is only one voltage conversion
device between the DG and the bus, reducing system cost.
The DG, energy storage, load and so on in System are
connected to the DC bus through the power electronic
conversion device, while a DC micro-grid can provide power
to the load via these power electronic devices. We have a
research on DC micro-grid in this paper, shown in Figure 1. PV
hybrid power generation system consists of wind turbines,
solar battery, batteries, super capacitors, inverter and load
components. The battery get charged by the rectifier of Wind
turbines and photovoltaic cells, and give power supply to the
user through the inverter.
Wind Solar
AC
DC
Load
Energy storage
device
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC Bus
Diesel
engine
AC
DC
Fig.1 PV hybrid DC micro-grid structure
III. MODEL OF MICRO-GRID
A. Model of Wind Turbine
Wind turbine is divided into two models-wind power
machine and power generation machine. The electric energy
2012 International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering
978-0-7695-4647-6/12 $26.00 2012 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/ICCSEE.2012.264
437
from Wind turbines is got from the conversion from the wind
energy, the blade of wind turbines drive the power generator
to rotate by increasing the speed of gear box, the mechanical
energy is passed to the power generator, turning the
mechanical energy into magnetic energy by the power
generator, and ultimately into electrical energy.
1) Wind power machine
Wind turbine, also known as wind. turbine rotor, mainly
includes horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbine. The
horizontal axis wind turbine is mainly used currently , with
the proportion up to 98%. The main technical parameters of
horizontal axis wind turbine are: rotor diameter, generally the
greater the power of wind turbine is, the longer diameter of
the rotor; the number of blades, high-speed wind turbine
generator has 2 to 4 blades, while low-speed wind turbine has
blades greater than 4 ; wind energy utilization coefficient,
usually 0.15 to 0.5; start wind speed, usually 3 ~ 5m / s; down
wind speed, usually 15 ~ 35m / s; output power, tens of watts
to several megawatts.
wind turbine output power:
v C R p
P
3 2
2
1
t = (3.1)
Where

is the air density, R is blade radius,

2
R t
is
the blade swept area,
p
C
is the wind energy utilization
coefficient, it has function relationship with the rotor tip
speed ratio and blade pitch angle,
v
is the wind speed.
Divider
Divider
1/R
m
e
u
3
u
3
u
P
C
K
Divider
m
P
m
e
m
T
Fig.2 structure of wind turbine mode
The angular velocity and wind speed
v
are inputs of
the model, while drive torque is output of the model.
2) Power generators:In the process of converting
mechanical energy into electricity, the power generator and
the controller is the center of the entire system, not only
directly affect the system performance, efficiency and quality
of power supply, but also wind energy absorbing device
operation mode, efficiency and structure. Two kinds of power
generator ,asynchronous and synchronous, are commonly used
in small power generation system, With the technical
development of permanent magnet material, the material
product of magnetic energy boost, we mainly use direct-drive
permanent magnet synchronous generator nowadays, the use
of direct drive wind turbine of the generator means, shown in
Figure 3, increases wind power unit efficiency and reliability,
and reduces equipment maintenance, with good prospects for
development.
PMSG
DC
AC
AC
DC
Fig.3 Permanent magnet direct-drive synchronous generator for wind turbines
Mathematical model of permanent magnet synchronous
generators are as follows:

1
q
d
d r q d
d d d
L
di R
i p i u
dt L L L
e = + +
(3.2)

1
q
d r
q r d q
q q q q
di
L p R
i p i u
dt L L L L
e
e = + +
(3.3)

( )
1.5
e q d q d q
T p i L L i i
(
= +

(3.4)
In the formula, uduqidiqLdLq and R respectively
are d, the q axis voltage, the electric current, the armature
inductance and the resistance, Wr is the rotor angular velocity.
Using permanent magnet synchronous machine, the rotational
speed of wind turbine is equivalent to the generators, the
electromagnetic power is:

0 M t
P P P =
(3.5)
Since
M e m
P T e = -
, the electromagnetic torque of the power
generator is:

( ) 60 60
2 2
t M
e
P P P
T
n n t t

= =
3.6
Then:

0 e t
T T T =
3.7
It can be seen from the above relationship, by controlling the
generator rotation speed - torque characteristics, we can
control the rotation speed of wind turbine, and then adjust the
output power. In simulink, here is permanent magnet
synchronous motor module, where the output torque of the
wind turbine PMSG as the input torque.
B. Model of photovoltaic arrays
Photovoltaic power generation is a form of power
generation to convert solar energy directly to electricity. PV
systems use PV array receiving solar radiation energy,
photovoltaic array consists of PV modules with the same
characteristics by a series of parallel composition, and the
photovoltaic cells constitute the smallest unit of PV modules .
The equivalent model shown in Figure 4.
D
V
s
R
pv
I
pv
V
D
I
p
R sc
I

Fig.4 Equivalent model of photovoltaic cells

Where I
sc
is the photocurrent, it is a light intensity
438
dependent current source, I
D
is the equivalent diode current,
Rp is the equivalent parallel resistance leakage loss, Rs
internal series loss for the photovoltaic cell equivalent series
resistance, VD for the other effective voltage across the diode.
By the equivalent circuit model ,we can conclude :
0 =
PV
P
D
D SC
I
R
V
I I (3.7)
PV S D PV
I R V V = (3.8)
If I
0
is the equivalent diode reverse saturation current, V
T
is
the equivalent thermal voltage, then:
/
0
( 1)
D T
V V
D
I I e = (3.9)
with (3.3) and (3.4) into (3.2), we obtain:
( ) 0 1
0
=
+

PV
p
PV S PV V V
SC
I
R
I R V
e I I
r D
(3.10)
Usually in the solar cells, the values are generally large, so one
of the above equation can be neglected, then equation (3.5)
becomes:

PV
I = ( ) 1
0

r D
V V
SC
e I I (3.11)
C. Model of Diesel engine
Diesel generator set consists of three parts: diesel engine,
synchronous alternators, power distribution and control
systems. When Pd is diesel engine load, fuel consumption f
(kg/h)
F=a+bPd (3.12)
Where a is the fuel consumption of diesel engine at no load,
kg / hr, b for the diesel fuel and power between the slope of
the curve, kg / kWh
D. Energy Storage Model
As these distributed wind and solar power is greatly
influenced by the climate and the environment, the output
power has random and intermittent characteristics, and needs
to be configured with some of the energy storage with capacity
to ensure continuity of load power and reliability. In order to
maintain the instantaneous energy balance of the micro-grid,
energy storage often requires to absorb or emit high power
frequently, but the battery is difficult to overcome some
shortcomings, the frequent charge and discharge will seriously
affect the battery life. Super capacitor energy storage devices
have is good for improving the peak power and reducing
internal losses.
In this paper, a lead-acid battery and super capacitor
hybrid energy storage device is used, thereby increasing the
power output capability of energy storage, with battery life
increased, and greatly improving the energy storage system
performance. The energy storage device, in the case of
sufficient sunshine and wind, storage the electronic energy
after the provisioning for the load , and in the case of poor
sunlight and wind ,power supply can give provisioning to the
load. It can be seen that energy storage devices play the role of
regulation and load balancing in the system. Taking into
account that the wind turbine, photovoltaic cells and micro-
energy storage devices all access to micro-grid, buck-boost
converter is used, the model shown in Figure 5.
c
V
C
R1
L
D1
D2
S1
S2
C
UC
V
UC
R
R2

+
0
U
Fig.5 Hybrid energy storage model
VBattery voltage
R1Equivalent internal resistance of batteries;
LBi-directional DC/DC converter with inductor;
Si,Dii=1,2 Power switching devices; i = 1,2
CDC bus capacitor;
VucSuper capacitor equivalent ideal voltage source;
RucSuper capacitor equivalent internal resistance;
R2Equivalent constant power load;
U
0
Load voltage;
Super-capacitor and battery is in parallel by Buck-Boost
power converter. when S1 works, S2 is off, S1 and D2
constitute the step-down chopper circuit, when DC / DC in the
state of Buck, with the reverse current to the capacitor charge,
part of the energy storages in inductor L.when S1 is off, L
release energy , the capacitor charges. When S2 works, S1 is
off, S2 and D1 forms step-up chopper circuit, when DC / DC in
state of Boost, capacitor discharge, the time S2 is off, the
energy from the inductor release to the battery via D1.
Using the inductor current iL and ideal capacitor voltage
uC as state variables, set power switching valve duty cycle to
d, when switch is turned on:
L
di
uc uc L dt
L DV DR i =
3.13

uc
dV
L dt
C i =
3.14
When switch is cut off:
0
L
di
dt
L U =
3.15

0
2
dV
L dt
U
C i
R
=

3.16
then:
L
di
uc uc L dt
L DV DR i =
3.17

0
2
dV
L dt
U
C i
R
=

3.18
Applying the state average method, transfer function can be
obtained:
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
2 2
2
2
2
2
0
2 /
) (

D R D R s L C R R D Ds LCR
L R s D R
s d
s V
uc uc
uc
s V
uc
uc
+ + + +
+
=
=
.
(3.19)
439
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
0
2

D R s L C R R s LCR
Cs R
s d
s I
uc uc
s V
L
uc
+ + + +
+
=
=
.

(3.20)
Whether the system works in Buck mode or Boost mode,
the transfer function poles are located in the left half plane.
IV. CONTROL OF MICRO-GRID
Control of micro-grid should ensure that any tiny source
of access does not affect the system, the ability to correct
voltage and system and to separate the active and reactive
control. When micro-grid system start, there must be one or
more distributed power playing the role of the main grid,
supporting the voltage and frequency for the micro-grid
system, such as diesel, battery power, can issue a large number
of active and reactive, is relatively easy to achieve. In
situations of requiring for high power quality, you can
combine the storage system and distributed power as the
primary control unit, making full use of rapid charging and
discharging function of energy storage systems and diesel
engines to get the advantages of longer time maintaining of
micro-grid system running.
Micro-sources such as wind power and PV cells, their
power output size, more affected by the weather, power
generation has an obvious intermittent, and usually only issued
a constant active power or the performance of maximum
power point tracking, so it is generally controlled by PQ; for
micro-sources such as battery, diesel engines and so on, V/f
control can be used to ensure the stability of voltage and
frequency of micro-grid.
A. PQ Controller Design
Design of PQ controllers shown in Figure 6, there will be
decoupled active and reactive power, we can get the inductor
current reference value, and compared with the actual values
we obtain error signal ,and then use the instantaneous current
loop proportional - integral (PI)controller as inverter to
modulating voltage signal.
2/
3
-2/3
WLf
abc/
bq0
WLf
Pref
Qref
V1di
w
V1dd
V1dq
Idref
Iqref
Iq
Id
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
Vd
Vq
PI
controller
PI
controller
Fig.6 PQ controller architecture diagrams
Where P
ref
and Q
ref
respectively are reference values for active
power and reactive power; I
dref
and I
qref
respectively for the
reference current value of d, and q axes by decoupling ; V
d
and
V
q
respectively are modulated voltage signals of d, and q axes
by the current loop control ; w is the frequency of power grid.
B. V/f controller design
In this paper, V / f is used to control energy storage system
and diesel engine, the controller includes voltage and current
dual-loop controller and power controller.
1) The voltage and current double-loop controller: As
shown in Figure 7, where the outer ring is voltage ring to
provide a steady load voltage. Output voltage is compared
with the reference voltage to get error signal, then by PI
controller it is given as the reference of current loop, inverter
output filter inductance current compared with the reference
signal to get the error signal ,and for inverter modulation
voltage signal through the instantaneous current-loop PI
controller. Filter inductance current as the inner loop, can
improve the dynamic response of the system.
+
WLf
WLf
I
*
d
Iq
Id
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
-
Vd
Vq I
*
q
WCf
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
-
WCf
I1d
I1q
V
*
1dd
V
*
1dq
V1dd
V1dq
PI
comtroller
PI
comtroller
PI
comtroller
PI
comtroller
Fig.7 Block diagram of voltage and current dual-loop controller
2) Power controller:As the frequency signal is easier to
measure, we use frequency control instead of phase angle. The
power of control loop is the instantaneous power of the output
of distributed power supply. the P and Q of micro-source
output must satisfy the following two conditions:
0PPmax
QmaxQQmax
Output power of the controller as the reference voltage of
double-loop control. The design of the structure shown in
Figure 8.
PI
controller
2 1/b
1/a
1/s
V v/d
q0
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
-
-
fn f
fref
P
Q
Pn
V
-
Vn
Vref
V
*

*
v
V*1dd
V*1dq
W
*
PI
controller
Fig.8 power controller structure
VI. CONCLUSION
The various working principle and characteristics of
distributed energy is analyzed, and the mathematical model is
established. For different distributed power in micro-grid,
variety of different control strategies have been taken. When it
is more affected by external control, PQ control is used. For
those whicn can power supply stable , V/f control is used. PQ
controls can make micro-point of voltage-sensitive load
voltage in the micro-grid always meet the demands of load
voltage , and the power supply with V/f controlled not only
440
ensures a balance of power between power supply and load,
but also supports the frequency as the system is running in
island-style.
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