Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies-Vol1-Issue1-2012 ISSN: 22776370 Z-Source Inverter Simulation and Harmonic Study Atul Kushwaha(1)

, Mohd. Arif Khan(2) , Atif Iqbal(3) Senior Member, IEEE, and Zakir Husain(4) Abstract -The Z-source inverter is an alternative power conversion topology that can both buck and boost the input voltage using passive components. With its unique structure, Zsource inverter can utilize the shoot through states to boost the output voltage, which improves the inverter reliability greatly, and provides an attractive single stage dc to ac conversion that is able to buck and boost the voltage. The shoot-through duty cycle is used for controlling the dc link voltage boost and hence the output voltage boost of the inverter. This paper focuses on step by step development of MATLAB/SIMULINK model of Z-source inverter followed by their harmonics study as compared to traditional inverters i.e. voltage and current source inverter. Analysis and simulation results will be presented to demonstrate that it reduces harmonics, electromagnetic interference noise and it has low common made noise. Index Terms -Shoot-through states, simulation, duty cycle and Z-source inverter. I. INTRODUCTION T T HERE exist mainly two types of traditional inverters: Voltage source (fed) inverters Current source (fed) inverters Fig.1 shows the topology of the voltage source inverter. The input to the inverter is a dc voltage source usually with a capacitor in parallel to absorb the high frequency ripple. The inverter bridge consists of six switches with a freewheeling diode in parallel with each of them. The voltage source inverter has several limitations as listed below: The output voltage range is limited; the inverter cannot output a higher voltage than the dc bus voltage. For many applications, when the input dc voltage is not always constant, like a fuel cell, photovoltaic array, and during voltage sag etc, a dc/dc boost converter is often needed to boost the dc voltage to meet the required output voltage. This increases the system complexity and the cost and reduces the system reliability. The two switches on the same phase leg cannot be gated on the same time, otherwise a short-circuit will occur and destroy the inverter. The mistrigger caused by electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a major killer of the inverter. For safety reasons, there is always a dead time to make sure that the two switches will not be turned on simultaneously. However, the dead time can cause output voltage distortion

and harmonic problems. The harmonic problem can be solved by implementing a current/voltage feedback control; however, this increases the system complexity. Fig.:1 Voltage source inverter The current source inverter is shown in Fig. 2. A dc current source feeds the main converter circuit, a three-phase bridge. The dc current source can be a relatively large dc inductor fed by a voltage source such as a battery, fuel-cell stack, diode rectifier. The inverter bridge consists of six switches with a reverse blocking diode in series or switches with reverse blocking capability. Three capacitors are connected at the ac side of the inverter to provide a leading power factor load. The current source inverter has several limitations as listed below: Current source inverter is basically a boost converter. For applications where a wide voltage range is required, extra circuitry has to be used to obtain the required voltage. However, this increases the circuit complexity and reduces the efficiency as well as the reliability. At least one switch in the upper three devices and one in the lower three devices has to be turned on at the same time, or an open circuit will occur and destroy the inverter.Mistrigger caused by the EMI noise could significantly reduces the system reliability. To make sure that there will be no open circuit, overlap time is often needed, which will cause output waveform distortion and low frequency harmonic problem. The switches of the current source converter have to block reverse voltage that requires a series diode to be used in combination with high-speed and high-performance transistors such as insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). www.gjaet.com Page 5

Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies-Vol1-Issue1-2012 ISSN: 22776370 Fig. 2. Current source inverter II. Z SOURCE INVERTER AN INTRODUCTION To overcome the problems associated with the traditional voltage source and current source inverters, this paper presents an impedance-source inverter (abbreviated as Z-source inverter) and its control method for implementing dc-to-ac, actodc, ac-to-ac, and dc-to-dc power conversion. Fig. 3 shows the general structure of Z-source inverter. Fig. 3 General structure of the Z-source converter The traditional voltage and current source inverter has six active vectors (or switching states), when the dc voltage is impressed across the load, and two zero vectors when the load terminals are shorted through either the lower or upper three devices. Theses total eight switching states and their combinations have spawn many pwm control schemes. The Z-source inverter has an additional zero vector, the shootthrough switching state, which is forbidden in the traditional voltage and current source inverters. How to insert this shoot through state becomes the key point of the control methods. It is obvious that during the shoot through state, the output terminals of the inverter are shorted and the output voltage to the load is zero. The output voltage of the shoot-through state is zero, which is the same as the traditional zero states, therefore the duty ratio of the active states has to be maintained to output a sinusoidal voltage, which means shoot through only replaces some or all of the traditional zero states. To describe the operating principle and control of the Z-source inverter consider the Z-source inverter structure shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 4 Z-source inverter Fig. 5 shows the equivalent circuit of the Z-source inverter shown in Fig. 4 when viewed from the dc link. Fig. 5 Equivalent circuit of the Z-source inverter viewed from the dc link The inverter bridge is equivalent to a short circuit when the inverter bridge is in the shoot-through zero state, as shown in Fig. 6, whereas the inverter bridge becomes an equivalent current source as shown in Fig. 7 when in one of the six active states. Fig.6. Equivalent circuit of the Z-source inverter viewed from the dc link when the inverter bridge is in the shoot-through zero state Fig. 7 Equivalent circuit of the Z-source inverter viewed from the dc link when the inverter bridge is in one of the eight non-shoot-through switching states www.gjaet.com Page 6

Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies-Vol1-Issue1-2012 As described in [1], the voltage gain of the Z-source inverter can be expressed as, Vac = M.B.(1) Where Vac is the output peak phase voltage, V0 is the input dc voltage, M is the modulation index, and B is the boost factor, which is determined by, ISSN: 2277-6370 B = (2) /. Where T0 is the shoot-through time interval over a switching cycle T, or (T0/T) = D0 is the shoot-through duty ratio. The switching states sequence is shown in Fig. 8 and can be generated through carrier-based implementation. Fig. 8 Continuous modulation of three-phase-leg Z-source inverter Table I shows all the fifteen switching states of a three-phaseleg Z-source inverter. III. SIMULINK MODEL AND RESULTS The Matlab/Simulink software has used for the simulation of Z source inverter. The Simulink model has shown in Fig. 9 &10. The simulation results have shown in Fig. 11 & 12. Fig. 11(a) input voltage to z source inverter Fig. 11(b) Filtered output voltage to z source inverter www.gjaet.com Page 7

Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies-Vol1-Issue1-2012 ISSN: 2277-6370 powerguiContinuousVoltageMeasurementv+Subsystem1 Conn1 Conn3 Conn5 Conn2 Conn4 Conn6 Subsystem Conn2 Conn3 Conn4 Conn1 Conn5 Double click here to plot the FFT of Voltage Double click here to Set the value of Vdc ,freq modulation index (0<mi <1) & CarrierFreq (Fc) inside this box Scope 2 Isolated Load VARIABLE LOAD IL1 Vc1 DiodeCurrentMeasurementi+ Fig. 9 Simulink model for the Z Sourc3e inverter Conn 5 5 Conn 4 4 Conn 3 3 Conn 2 2 Conn 1 1 v+Scope 6 Mosfet 5 gD S Mosfet 4 gD S Mosfet 3 gD S Mosfet 2 gD S Mosfet 1 gD S

Mosfet gD S G4 G1 G5 G2 G3 G6 From 5 G2 From 4 G5 From 3 G6 From 2 G3 From 1 G4 From G1 Z SOURCE INVERTER SWITCHING SIGNAL GENERATION CONTROL Fig. 10 Simulink model for the switching selection IV. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF Z-SOURCE Taking the advantage of MATLAB, Z source in verter control INVERTER system is built up, and the output line voltages are obtained by simulation. The method of comparing the effectiveness of modulation is by comparing the unwanted components i.e. the distortion in Then the total harmonics distortion (THD) rate of those the output voltage or current waveform, relative to that of an schemes is obtained by FFT method. In simulation the ideal sine wave, it can be assumed that by proper control, the switching period is taken as 0.2ms, and the inverter output positive and negative portions of the output are symmetrical frequency is designed as 50Hz. The results of the simulation (no DC or even harmonics). The total harmonics distortion are shown in figure 12. factor reduces to, Fig. 12 shows the harmonic spectrum for the filtered output 2 voltage for phase a . The spectrum shows that there is a . vn . fundamental component of the output voltage obtained at 50

THD = S. . (3) .. Hz frequency and the magnitude is 114.427 r.m.s. (161.8242 n=3,5,7.. . v1 . peak) voltage. The THD is 0.02% of the fundamental and the Normalizing this expression with respect to the quantity (V1) WTHD is 0.02% of the fundamental. It shows that the quality i.e. fundamental, the weighted total harmonic distortion of the output voltage is pure sinusoidal. (WTHD) becomes defined as . Vn . 2 S. . n=3,5,7.. . n . WTHD = (4) V1 www.gjaet.com Page 8

Global Journal of Advanced Engineering Technologies-Vol1-Issue1-2012 Fig. 12 harmonic spectrum for the phase a filtered output voltage

V. CONCLUSION In this paper Z source inverter has studied and simulated and harmonic analysis has studied. Then with the help of Matlab/Simulink the scheme is simulated and their simulation results are obtained. The simulation results show that the output contains fundamental component at the 50 Hz frequency. The output voltage spectrum shows that the output contains single component at 50 Hz frequency. The performance of the scheme has evaluated on the basis of THD & WTHD and found that the output voltage quality is good and pure sinusoidal. VI. REFERENCES [1] G.K.Singh; Multi-phase induction machine drive research a survey, Electric Power System Research, vol. 61, 2002, pp. 139-147. [2] G.D.Holmes, T.A.Lipo, Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters Principles and Practice, IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering, John Wiley and Sons, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2003. [3] M.P. Kazmierkowski, R. Krishnan and F. Blaabjerg, Control in power electronics-selected problems , Academic Press, California, USA, 2002. [4] Zhou K and Wang D, Relationship between Space vector modulation and Three-phase carrier based PWM A comprehensive analysis , IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 2002,49,(1),pp 186-196. [5] Wang FEE, Sine-triangle versus space vector modul;ation for three-level PWM voltage source inverters , Proc. IEEE-IAS Annual Meeting , Rome,2000,pp. 2482-24888. [6] Iqbal A , Levi, E., Jones, M. and Vukosavic, S.N., (2006), Generalised Sinusoidal PWM with harmonic injection for multi-phase VSIs , IEEE 37th Power Electronics Specialist conf. (PESC) Jeju, Korea, 18-22 June 2006, CD_ROM paper No. ThB2-3, pp. 2871-2877. [7] A.Iqbal, E.Levi, Space vector PWM techniques for sinusoidal output voltage generation with a five-phase voltage source inverter, Electric Power Components and Systems, 2006, vol. 34 no. [8] H.A.Toliyat, M.M.Rahmian and T.A.Lipo, Analysis and modelling of five-phase converters for adjustable speed drive applications , Proc. 5th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications EPE, Brighton, UK, IEE Conf. Pub. No. 377, 1993, pp. 194-199. [9] R.Shi, H.A.Toliyat, Vector control of five-phase synchronous reluctance motor with space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) for minimum switching losses, Proc. IEEE Applied Power Elec. Conf. APEC, Dallas, Texas, 2002, pp. 57-63. ISSN: 2277-6370 [10] H.A.Toliyat, R.Shi, H.Xu, DSP-based vector control of five-phase synchronous reluctance motor, IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting IAS, Rome, Italy, 2000, CD-ROM paper no. 40_05.

[11] P.S.N.deSilva, J.E.Fletcher, B.W.Williams, Development of space vector modulation strategies for five-phase voltage source inverters , Proc. IEE Power Electronics, Machines and Drives Conf. PEMD, Edinburgh, UK, 2004, pp. 650-655. [12] H. W. vander Broek, H. C. Skudelny, and G. V. Stanke, Analysis and realization of PWM based on voltage space vectors , IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 142 150, 1988. [13] D. Grahame Holmes and Thomas A. Lipo , Pulse Width Modulation For Power Converters Principles and Practices , IEE Press, Wiley Publications2000. [14] V. Blasko, A hybrid PWM strategy combining modified space vector and triangle comparison methods , in IEEE PESC Conf. Rec., 1996, pp.1872 1878. [15] H. S. Patel and R. G. Hoft, Generalized techniques of harmonic elimination and voltage control in thyristor inverters: Part I Harmonic elimination, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 9, pp. 310 317, May/June 1973. [16] J.O.P. Pinto, B.K. Bose, L.E. Borges da Silva and M.P. Kazmierkowski, A Neural Network based space vector pwm controller for voltage fed inverter induction motor drive , IEEE Trans, Ind. Appl. Vol. 36, No.6, pp.1628-1636 November/December 2000. [17] R. J. Kerkman, B. J. Seibel, D. M. Brod, T. M. Rowan, and D. Leggate, A simplified inverter model for on-line control and simulation , IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 567 573, 1991. [18] Simon Haykin, Neural Networks , ND prentice Hall, 2004. [19] Muthuramalingam and S.Himavathi. Performance Evaluation of a Neural Network based General Purpose Space Vector Modulator , IJECSE Vol.1, No.1, pp.19-26,April 2007. [20] K. Zhou and D. Wang, Relationship between space vector modulation and three phase carrier base PWM A comprehensive analysis , IEEE Trans, Ind. Electr, Vol 49, No.1,pp 186-196, Feb. 2002. [21] Bakhshai, J. Espinoza, G. Joos, and H. Jin, A combined artificial neural network and DSP approach to the implementation of space vector modulation techniques, In Conf, Rec. IEEE-IAS Annu, Meeting,. 1996 pp.934-940. [22] H.W. Van Der Brock, H.C. Skundelny and G.V. Stanke, Analysis and realization of a pulsewidth modulator based on voltage space vectors , IEEE Trans Ind. Appl., 24. pp. 140-150, Jan/Feb 1998. [23] O.Ogasawara, H. Akagi, and Nabel, A novel PWM scheme of voltage source inverters based on space vector theory, in proc. EPE European conf. Power Electronics and Applications pp. 1197-1202, 1989. [24] S.R. Bowes and Y.S. Lai, The relationship between space vector modulation and regular-sampled PWM, IEE Trans. Power Electron, Vol. 14, pp. 670-679, Sept. 1997. ABOUT AUTHORS (1) Atul Kushwaha, is a M. Tech. student in Deptt. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Krishna Institute of Engg. & Technology, Ghaziabad INDIA, (E-mail: atulkushwaha1980@gmail.com). (2) Mohd Arif Khan, is with Deptt. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Krishna Institute of Engg. & Technology, Ghaziabad INDIA, (E-mail: mdarif27@rediffmail.com).

(3) Atif Iqbal ,is with Deptt. of Electrical Engg., Qatar University, Doha, QATAR. (E-mail: atif2004@gmail.com). (4) Zakir Husain, is with Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, NIT Hamirpur, INDIA. (Email: zahusain2@gmail.com) www.gjaet.com Page 9