Anatomy of the Skeletal System

Bone Scapula

Clavicle Humerus

Radius Ulna

Carpals(8) Pelvic (2 hip bones)

Femur

Tibia

Fibula Tarsals (7)

Description Depression that articulates with humerus Long, posterior process for muscle attachment Articulates with clavicle Articulates with scapula Articulates with manubrium of sternum Round process that articulates with scapula Round process for the deltoid muscle Posterior, oval depression for the olecranon process of the ulna Round process superior to radius Concave surface that articulates with ulna Articulates with the ulna Fits into olecranon fossa of humerus Half-moon depression that articulates with the trochlea of ulna Proximal Row Distal Row Flared, upper portion Upper edge of ilium Posterior continuation of iliac rest Lower, posterior portion Anterior, medial portion Joint between the 2 pubic bones Deep depression that articulates with femur Round process that articulates with hip bone Constricted portion distal to head Large lateral process for muscle attachment Medial process for muscle attachment Rounded processes that articulate with tibia Articulates with the femur Round process for the patellar ligament Vertical ridge Distal process; medial ankle bone Articulates with tibia Distal process; lateral ankle bone Heel Bone Articulates with calcaneus and tibia

1. Axial skull, vertebrae, rib cage Skull o Eight cranial bones form through the braincase which also protects the eyes and ears; 14 facial bones make up the face; immovable joints between these bones are called sutures. o Paranasal sinuses are air cavities in the maxillae, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones; they lighten the skull and provide resonance for voice o Three auditory bones in each middle ear cavity transmit vibrations for the hearing process. Vertabral Column o Individual column are called vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic; 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 to 5 coccygeal. Supports trunk and head, encloses and protects the spinal cord in the vertebral canal. Discs of fibrous cartilage absorb shock between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae, also permit slight movement. Four natural curves center head over body for walking upright Rib cage o Sternum and 12 pair of ribs; protects thoracic and upper abdominal organs from mechanical injury and is expanded to contribute to inhalation. Sternum consists of manubrium, body and xiphoid process. 2. Appendicular bone of the arms and legs and the shoulder and pelvic girdles Shoulder and arm o Scapula shoulder muscles are attached; glenoid fossa articulates with humerus o Clavicle braces the scapula o Humerus upper arm; articulates with the scapula and the ulna o Radium and ulna forearm articulate with one another and with carpals o Carpals eight wrists; metacarpals five hand; phalanges 14 - fingers Hip and leg o Pelvic bone two hip bones; ilium ischium, pubis, acetabulum articulates with femur o Femur thigh; articulates with pelvic bone and tibia o Patella kneecap; in tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle o Tibia and fibula lower leg; tibia bears weight; fibula does not bear weight, but does anchor muscles and stabilizes ankle. o Tarsals seven ankle; calcaneus is heel bone o Metatarsals five foot; phalanges 14 toes

Physiology of the Skeletal system Disease Osteoarthritis Description Natural consequence of getting older. In joints that have borne weight for many years, the articular cartilage is gradually worn away. The large, weight-bearing joints are most often subjected to this form of arthritis. Signs and symptoms Pain, stiffness and swelling of the joints. Deformed joints Redu ced range of motion Muscle weakness Treatment Acetomenophen Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs Narcotics Therapy Surgical -cortisone shots -joint replacement -realigning bones -lubriction injections -physical and occupational therapy -nutrition and diet therapy -pain relievers

Rheumatoid arthritis

Scoliosis

Kyphosis Pagets disease

Autoimmune disease, which means that the immune system mistakenly directs its destructive capability against part of the body. Exactly what triggers this abnormal response by the immune is not known with certainty, but certain bacterial and viral infections have been suggested as possibilities. Abnormal lateral curvature, which may be congenital, the result of having one leg longer than the other, or the result of chronic poor posture during childhood while the vertebrae are still growing. Usually the thoracic vertebrae are affected, which displaces the rib cage to one side. In severe cases, the abdominal organs may be compressed, and the expansion of the rib cage during inhalation may be impaired An exaggerated thoracic curve; sometimes referred to as hunchback known as a bone remodeling disorder. Bone may seem like a very inactive tissue, but bone is constantly

-Swelling, stiffness of thejoints -redness and warmth in the joints -pain in the joints

-abnormal curve of the spine

-surgery -wearing a brace to correct the growth of the spine

-curved spine

-plaster casts and braces if it is mild kyphosis

-Osteoporosis drugs (bisphosphonates) -surgery

Pain Enlarged bones Broken bones

Osteoporosis

Herniated disc (Slipped disc)

undergoing 'turnover' or replacement. New bone is formed, and old bone is absorbed. This process is known as bone remodeling. In most people this remodeling process occurs without problems. However, the process can go awry and create abnormalities of the bone. In Paget's disease, the bone remodeling process is disregulated. Characterized by excessive loss of calcium from bones without sufficient replacement. Contributing environmental factors include smoking, insufficient dietary intake of calcium, inactivity, and lack of the sex hormones. Factors such as bed rest or inability to get even minimal exercise will make calcium loos even more rapid. Occurs when then nucleus pulposus breaks through the anulus and enters the vertebral canal. This condition can lead to compression of the roots of the sciatic nerve (sciatica). Most frequently occurs in the lumbar region.

Damaged cartilage in joints

-back pain -loss of height and stooped posture -curved upper back -broken bones(fracture) -compression fractures in the spine

-medication -Actonel -Binosto

-Boniva -Fosamax

-back pain -sciatica -leg pain

-keeping active -physiotherapy -osteopathy and chiropractic -medication -analgesics -corticosteriods -muscle relaxants -codeine -non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -take in foods or vitamins containing vitamin D -exposure to sunlight -surgery -injections of

Rickets

disease characterized by abnormal bone formation and skeletal deformities

-soft bones -deforemed bones

Osteomyletis

inflammation of bone or bone marrow, usually caused by infection by such microorganisms as

-fever -acute pain and swelling above the site of the

antibiotics such as nafcillin

Staphylococcus aureus, various streptococci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and a host of others, as well as several fungi

Inflammation -The inflammation

begins in the marrow cavity and causes softening and erosion of the long bones, often with the formation of puscontaining abscesses, and soon spreads over the entire bone, with consequent death of the hard portions of the bone.
-local pain -tenderness -swelling with some degree of deformity -anitseptics and antibiotics if there is infection -strectching or traction if broken bones are adjacent to each to each other -if bones cannot be aligned then it will operated with nails, nuts, wires or metal plates

Fracture

-break or crack in a bone

or in ossified cartilage.