Drilling Plan Anlaysis and Comparison of Two Directional Well of Gandhar Field

Drilling Plan, Analysis and Comparison of two directional wells of Gandhar Field
Report submitted for the requirements of the course Industrial Internship, VII semester, Academic Session 2012-2013
By PRAKHAR MATHUR - 09BT01180
SCHOOL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY GANDHINAGAR, GUJARAT, INDIA
CONTENTS
Pg. No.
LIST OF FIGURES ABBREVIATIONS USED ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTERS: 1. ABOUT ONGC Ltd, ANKLESHWAR ASSET 2. ABSTRACT 3. WELL PLANNING 3.1. Activities before start of drilling programme 3.2.Input data for well planning 3.3.Drilling programme preparation 3.4.Geo-Technical order 3.5.Details of well GNDDS and GNDEB 4. CASING PROGRAMME 4.1.Introduction 4.2.Types of casing 4.3.Selection of casing seats 4.4.Design criteria 4.4.1. Collapse Criterion 4.4.2. Burst Criterion 4.4.3. Design and Safety Factor 4.4.4. Tension Criterion 4.5.Casing Plan of well GNDDS 4.6.Casing Plan of well GNDEB 5. THE DRILL STRING 5.1.Drill stem auxiliaries 5.2.Drill string design of well GNDDS 5.3.Drill string design of well GNDEB 2 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 11 13 14 15 16 27 38 39 40 45 (i) (ii) 1
6. HYDRAULIC PROGRAMME 6.1.Drilling Fluid 6.2.Hydraulics design of well GNDDS 6.3.Hydraulics design of well GNDEB 7. CEMENTING 7.1.Primary Cementing 7.2.Squeeze Cementing 8. ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF GNDDS & GNDEB 9. FIELD VISITS 9.1.Visit to GGS-3 9.2.Visit to the rig Carwell-10 9.3.Visit to the rig F-6100-2 9.4.Visit to the rig E-1400-7 9.5.Visit to SCADA system
51 51 52 67 82 82 83 84 85 85 86 87 88 88
REFERENCES
90
List of Figures
Fig.1: Fields of Akleshwar asset and their location Fig.2: Example of idealised casing seat selection Fig.3: Mud level inside casing after lost circulation Fig.4 Burst design Fig.5 Burst design for production casing Fig.6: Plot between Pressure (ppg) V/S Depth(m), indicating the casing shoes Fig.7: Burst and Collapse Design of Surface Casing V/S depth Fig.8: Burst and Collapse Design of Intermediate Casing V/S depth Fig. 9: Burst and Collapse Design of Production Casing V/S depth Fig.10: Plot between Pressure (ppg) V/S Depth (m), indicating the casing shoes Fig.11: Burst and Collapse Design of Surface Casing V/S depth Fig.12: Burst and Collapse Design of Intermediate Casing V/S depth Fig.13: Burst and Collapse Design of Production Casing V/S depth Fig.14: The drill stem members Fig.15: Neutral point in drill collar Fig. 16: Major Cement Additives
Pg. No.
4 11 13 14 14 19 22 24 26 30 33 35 37 38 39 84
(i)
Abbreviations used:
ONGC OMW EMW CTF GGS SPM CSD SCADA CPF TVD MD CP PHPA AZI INC Formpress Gasgrad FBHP HWDP Ppf BTC BHA BF SF WOB BHHP Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Original Mud Weight Equivalent Mud Weight Central Tank Farm Group Gathering Station Strokes per minute Casing Seat Depth Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Central Processing Facility True Vertical Depth Measured Depth Casing Policy Partially Hydrolysed Poly Acrylamide Azimuth Inclination Formation Pressure Gas Gradient Formation Bottom Hole Pressure Heavy Weight Drill Pipe Pounds per foot Buttress Thread Casing Bottom Hole Assembly Buoyancy Factor Safety Factor Weight on Bit Bottom Hole Hydraulic Pressure
(ii)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Training & Placement cell of Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University for giving me this wonderful opportunity to perform my summer training in ONGC Ankleshwar. I wish to thank OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION LTD., Ankleshwar Asset for allowing me to complete my training program at their premises and for providing all the needful facilities for the successful completion of the entire program. I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my mentor Mr. S.K. Mandloi (CE) Drilling Services for his continuous guidance and for enlightening me with vital knowledge throughout the program. Working under his guidance has been a privilege and a fruitful learning experience. I would also like to thank Mr. M.M. Sharma (CE) Drilling Services for his constant support and for arranging several field visits during the course of my training. I express my deep gratitude to those who have helped and encouraged me in various ways in carrying out this Project work. I would like to extend my thanks and would want to acknowledge the ONGC personnel for sharing their valuable knowledge.
Prakhar Mathur
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1. ABOUT ONGC Ltd. ANKLESHWAR ASSET

Ankleshwar is the first Asset where Oil and Natural Gas Corporation discovered oil in 1960. Its also the largest asset located in South of Gujarat in Bharuch district. Ankleshwar asset is spread along Contiagal, Kosamba, Kim, Jalod, Rajpadi, Gandhar, Dahej, Nada, Kavi, Dabka, Alamgir oil fields. The Asset has two main fields: Ankleshwar field and Gandhar field. While Ankleshwar is a mature field, Gandhar is a relatively new field which was discovered in 1984. Ankleshwar field Ankleshwar oil field is the biggest and the oldest oil-field of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. This is oil field is located at a distance of 6 km SSW of Ankleshwar Town in Gujarat State. This field is situated in Narmada-Tapti Tectonic Block of Cambay Basin and having an areal extent of 32.47 sq. km. Geological Survey of India started exploration of oil and gas in the field as early as 1930s. Subsequently the geologists of Oil and Natural Directorate of India mapped the area and carried out Gravity Magnetic Survey during the year 1957-1958. Seismic survey was carried out in the year 1958-1959. An exploratory test well was released for confirming the hydrocarbon potential and the well was drilled in the year 1960 to a depth of 1969 m. Hydrocarbon accumulations have been discovered in arenaceous reservoirs within Cambay shale, Ankleshwar, Dadhar and Babaguru formations. Major oil pools are found in multi-layer sandstone reservoirs within Hazad and Ardol members of Ankleshwar formation. The sandstones of Ankleshwar formation represent series of delta front sands of the pro Narmada Delta developed in the South Cambay Basin. Geology and Lithology Ankleshwar field comprises of mainly three producing horizons i.e. Lower productive group developed in Cambay shale, middle and upper productive group development in
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Ankleshwar formation.The upper producing formation called Adol member of Ankleshwar formation is located within the Telwa and Kanwa and Cambay shale. Observation on Reservoir Properties: Major formations are in Ankleshwar formation and Cambay shale. Initial super hydrostatic pressure has presently reduced to sub hydrostatic. The sands S-5 and LS-1 have got good porosity and moderate permeability values. All other sand layers are having good values of porosity and permeability
Wells status of Ankleshwar (as on 01-12-10) TOTAL WELLS OIL WELLS GAS WELLS INJECTORS OFF INJ EFF. DISP. OBS/FU TO BE ABANDONED ABANDONED 604 218 58 118 4 4 113 3 86
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Ankleshwar Asset fields

Major Fields Medium Fields :Gandhar,Ankleshwar :Dabka,Dahej,Gajera,Jambusar,Kim, Kosamba,Kudara,Nada,N.Sarbhan, Sisodara,S.W.Motwan,W.Motwan, Olpad Marginal Fields :Andada,Degam,Katpur,Pakhajan , S.Malpur,Elao
Backup
Fig.1: Fields of Akleshwar asset and their location

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2. ABSTRACT
The project deals with the process for drilling a well for development purpose. The entire project reflects on the methodology and the operations required for the drilling, casing and completion of an oil well which includes Drill String Design, Hydraulic Programme Design and Casing Design and thus fulfilling the requirement for a safe and optimised oil well plan. The project was planned and executed on the basis of data provided by the ONGC Ltd. This data included the Geological Parameters; like lithological section, expected formation temperature, expected formation pressure, Mud Parameters; like mud weight, viscosity, PV/YP, percentage of sand, gelation and Drilling Parameters; like Hole size, meterage per bit, Weight on Bit, discharge of pump. After taking all the relevant parameters in mind the well geometry was designed and an optimised drilling programme was framed to be executed. On the basis of the insights given by ONGC Ltd. and under the guidance of a learned guide various parameters of the project were studied and some of the operations were seen in the field which were being conducted at the time of the visit.
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3. WELL PLANNING
Objective Well Planning is an orderly process involving a number of steps. The Objective of Well Planning is to formulate a drilling programme for many variables for drilling a well that has the following characteristics: 1. Safety 2. Minimum cost 3. Usable 3.1.ACTIVITIES BEFORE START OF DRILLING PROGRAMME Objective : Costing and Sanctions : Release of Location : Release Order No. : Rig : Civil Works : access roads made, waste mud pits dug, water tanks installed Accommodation bunkers : installed Other equipments / machinery : transported and handed over 3.2.INPUT DATA FOR WELL PLANNING The information required for planning of a well are: 1. The Objective of the well 2. Well data package consisting of seismic data, location map, structural map, expected pore pressure, offset and correlation logs and information on formation type, top and thickness. 3. Offset and correlated drilled well data considering of bit record, mud reports, mud logging data, drilling reports, well completion reports, complication reports and production/injection histories. 4. Proposed logging, testing and coring programme. 5. Government reflection and Companys policy. 3.3.DRILLING PROGRAMME PREPARATION The preparation of good Drilling Programme is very vital for safe and effective drilling operation. Drilling Programme can be broke down into 12 main sections:
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1. Well details 2. Well objective 3. Casing Policy 4. Wellhead selection 5. BOP requirements 6. Cementing programme 3.4.GEO-TECHNICAL ORDER
7. Deviation programme 8. Survey requirements 9. Mud programme 10. Bit and Hydraulics programme 11. Evaluation requirements 12. Estimation of well cost
The first step before spudding any well is the well programming. This programming furnishes guidance for all parties concerned in drilling of the well. An effective well programming before undertaking the drilling of an exploratory well is a must. This serves as a guide to the Geologists, Drillers, Chemist and etc. This programming of the well which covers all geological and other technical data and serves as a guide during a course of the drilling is termed as GEO-TECHNICAL ORDER and is jointly prepared by the Geologist, Chemist and Driller. The GTO furnishes the guide to everyone connected with the drilling of the well. It thus provides a guide line and work plan and can be modified if and when required, by the concerned persons of the programme, as per the actual well conditions and necessities. Salient Features of the Geo-Technical Order a) General Data Location o Longitude o Latitude State Area Depth Age Formation Lithology Interval of coring Projected Depth Date of Spudding Well Number Tentative sea bed / water depth Electro logging Angle of Dip Oil / Gas show Formation Pressure
b) Geological Data
c) Mud parameters
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Specific Data Viscosity Static Flow Stress Casing policy and rise of cement Type of drilling Type of size of bit Number of bit expected Meterage per bit Weight on bit RPM of rotary Discharge of pump
Percentage of sand pH
d) Drilling Data (Technical Data) Stand Pipe Pressure Pump discharge Bit nozzle details Liner size SPM Rearing of casing line Drilling Time Remarks, If any
3.5.
State District Area Well Type
Details of well GNDDS and GNDEB

Details Gujarat Bharuch Gandhar Development 3060m (TVD), 3177m (MD) L Profile Rotary + Motor E-760-17 2 DC motors A-850-PT 3CP X 5m -7 Completion 13 3/8 X 9 5/8 X 7 21 55 47.89 & 7241 13.10 Rs. 13,56,25,193/GNDDS Gujarat Bharuch Gandhar Development 3065.4m (TVD), 3092m (MD) S Profile Rotary + Motor F-6100-II 2000 HP A-1100-PT 3CP X 5m -7 Completion 13 3/8 X 9 5/8 X 7 21 53 09.96 & 7237 55.64 Rs. 17,12,56,153/GNDEB
Projected Depth Well Profile Type of Drilling Type of Rig Power to Draw works Slush Pumps Well head set up Casing Size Lattitude & Longitude Estimated Cost
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4. CASING PROGRAMME
4.1. INTRODUCTION The functions of Casing may be summarised as follows: a) To keep the hole open and to provide support for weak, vulnerable or fractured formations. In the latter case, if the hole is left uncased, the formation may cave in and re drilling of the hole will then become necessary. b) To isolate porous media with different fluid/pressure regimes from contaminating the pay zone. This is basically through the combined presence of cement and casing. Therefore, production from a specific zone can be achieved. c) To prevent contamination of near-surface fresh water zones. d) To provide a passage for hydrocarbon fluids, most production operations are carried out through special tubings which are run inside the casing. e) To provide a suitable connection for the wellhead equipment and later the Christmas tree. The casing also serves to connect the Blowout Prevention Equipment (BOPs) which is used to control the well while drilling. f) To provide a hole with a known diameter and depth to facilitate the running of testing and completion equipment. 4.2.TYPES OF CASING Conductor Casing Surface Casing Intermediate Casing Production Casing Liner
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4.3.SELECTION OF CASING SEATS The following parameters must be carefully considered in the selection: a) Total depth of well b) Pore pressures c) Fracture gradients d) The probability of shallow gas pockets e) Problem zones f) Depth of potential prospects g) Time limits on open hole drilling h) Casing program compatibility with existing wellhead systems i) Casing program compatibility with planned completion programme on production wells. j) Casing availability size, grade and weight k) Economics Example of Casing seat selection: a) Casing is set at depth 1, where pore pressure is P1 and fracture pressure if F1. b) Drilling continues to depth 2, where pore pressure P2 has risen to almost equal the fracture pressure F1 at the first casing seat. c) Another casing string is therefore set at his depth, with fracture pressure F2. d) Drilling can thus continue to depth 3, where pore pressure P3 is almost equal to fracture pressure F2 at the previous casing seat.
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Fig.2: Example of idealised casing seat selection 4.4.DESIGN CRITERIA There are three basic forces which the casing is subjected to: collapse, burst and tension. These are the actual forces that exist in the wellbore. They must be calculated and must be maintained below the casing strength properties. In other words, the collapse pressure must be less than the collapse strength of the casing and so on. For directional wells a correct well profile is required to determine the true vertical depth (TVD). All wellbore pressures and tensile forces should be calculated using true vertical depth only. The casing lengths are first calculated as if the well is a vertical well and then these lengths are corrected for the appropriate hole angle. 4.4.1. COLLAPSE CRITERION Collapse pressure originates from the column of mud used to drill the hole, and acts on the outside of the casing. Since the hydrostatic pressure of a column of mud increases with depth, collapse pressure is highest at the bottom and zero at the top. This is a simplified assumption and does not consider the effects of internal pressure. For practical purposes, collapse pressure should be calculated as follows: Collapse pressure = External pressure Internal pressure
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The actual calculations involved in evaluating collapse and burst pressures are usually straight forward. However, knowing which factors to use for calculating external and internal pressures is not easy and requires knowledge of current and future operations in the wellbore. Until recently, the following simplified procedure was used for collapse design: a) Casing is assumed empty due to lost circulation at casing setting depth (CSD) or at TD of next hole. b) Internal pressure inside casing is zero. c) External pressure is caused by mud in which casing was run in. d) No cement outside casing. Therefore Collapse pressure (C) = mud density x depth x acceleration due to gravity C = 0.052 x mx CSD.psi Where m is in ppg and CSD is in ft LOST CIRCULATION If collapse calculations are based on 100% evacuation then the internal pressure (or backupload) is to zero. The 100% evacuation condition can only occur when: a) The casing is run empty b) There is complete loss of fluid into a thief zone (say into a cavernous formation) c) There is complete loss of fluid due to gas blowout which subsequently subsides None of these conditions should be allowed to occur in practice with the exception of encountering cavernous formations.
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Fig.3: Mud level inside casing after lost circulation
4.4.2. BURST CRITERION In oil well casings, burst occurs when the effective internal pressure inside the casing(internal pressure minus external pressure) exceeds the casing burst strength. In development wells, where pressures are well known the task is straight forward. In exploration wells, there are many problems when one attempts to estimate the actual formation pressure including: The exact depth of the zone (formation pressure increases with depth) Type of fluid (oil or gas) Porosity, permeability Temperature
BURST CALCULATIONS Burst Pressure, B is given by
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B = Internal Pressure External Pressure
Fig.4 Burst design
Internal Pressure : Burst Pressures occur when formation fluids enter the casing while drilling or producing next hole. The maximum formation pressure will be encountered when reaching the TD of the next hole section.
Fig.5 Burst design for production casing
4.4.3. DESIGN & SAFETY FACTORS Casings are never designed to their yield strength or tensile strength limits. Instead, a factor is used to derate the casing strength to ensure that the casing is never loaded to failure. The differences between design and safety factors are given below. 4.4.3.1.SAFETY FACTOR Safety factor uses a rating based on catastrophic failure of the casing.
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Safety Factor = 4.4.3.2.DESIGN FACTOR Design Factor = A Design Factor is usually equal to or greater than 1.The design factor should always allow for forces which are difficult to calculate such as shock loads. The burst design factor (DFB) is given by: DFB = Similarly, the collapse design factor is given by: DFC =
4.4.4. TENSION CRITERION: Most axial tension arises from the weight of the casing itself. Other tension loadings can arise due to: bending, drag, shock loading and during pressure testing of casing. In casing design, the uppermost joint of the string is considered the weakest in tension, as it has to carry the total weight of the casing string. Selection is based on a design factor of 1.6 to 1.8 for the top joint. Due to complexity and lack of available data, this criterion has not been included in casing design performed below.
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4.5.
Casing Plan of well GNDDS

MUD VISCOSIT Y (cp) 45 45 45 55 55 55 47 45 48 47 48 48 48 48 48 47 47 DATE 13-May 14-May 15-May 16-May 17-May 18-May 19-May 20-May 21-May 22-May 23-May 24-May 25-May 26-May 27-May 28-May 29-May SPCL OPPN CASING LOWRING CEMENTING CASING LOWERING CASING LOWRING CEMENTING MUD CHANGECLAY CHANGED POLYMER CLAY MOTER CLAY 16 | P a g e KCl PHPA MUD MUD TO LITHOLOGY ALLUVIUM ALLUVIUM ALLUVIUM SAND SAND SAND CLAY STONE +SHALE SAND CLAY STONE CLAY CLAY STONE STONE + + + SILT SILT SILT +SHALE CLAY +SHALE SAND +SHALE SAND +SHALE SAND +SHALE CLAY
The following data was noted from the DPR (Daily Progress Report) during drilling:
DEPTH (m) 15 25 60 205 205 205 500 710 980 1125 1330 1356 1516 1516 1516 1602 1602
WEIGHT (g/cc) 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.08 1.1 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.18 1.18
1610 1632
1.18 1.18
48 50
30-May 1-Jun
MUD MUD CHANGE
1724 2030 2063 2120 2120 2218 2425 2503 2555 2564 2564 2605 2795 2838 2838
1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.23 1.22 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.28 1.28
58 58 58 58 58 60 58 58 62 62 60 64 61 61 61
2-Jun 4-Jun 5-Jun 6-Jun 7-Jun 8-Jun 10-Jun 13-Jun 14-Jun 19-Jun 20-Jun 22-Jun 25-Jun 26-Jun 1-Jul
AZI-266,INC-7.6 AZI-241.4,INC-23 AZI-241.5,INC23.18 FINISH DIR,20632120 POOR ROP TRIPPING,CHANG E MUD MOTER AZI-240.5,INC-24.6 9 M KICK STUCKUP STUCKUP REMOVED STUCKUP STUCKUP CONTINUED
CLAY + SAND SAND STONE SAND STONE SAND STONE SAND STONE SAND+SILT+SHAL E SHALE SHALE SHALE SAND+SILT+SHAL E SAND+SILT+SHAL E SAND+SILT+SHAL E SAND+SILT+SHAL E SAND+SILT+SHAL E SAND+SILT+SHAL E
Estimated pore pressure data is obtained by subtracting safety factor from the mud weights. Fracture gradient data is provided by the company.
PORE PRESSURE MUD (g/cc) 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 (lb/gal) 8.76225 8.76225 8.76225 8.76225 WEIGHT PORE (lb/gal) 8.42845 8.42845 8.42845 8.42845 17 | P a g e PRESSURE FRACTURE GRADIENT (lb/gal)
1.01 1.01 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.09 1.1 1.1 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.19 1.18 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.21 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24
8.76225 8.76225 9.0126 9.1795 9.3464 9.42985 9.5133 9.5133 9.76365 9.76365 9.76365 9.8471 9.8471 9.8471 9.8471 9.93055 9.93055 9.93055 9.93055 9.93055 10.26435 10.1809 10.43125 10.43125 10.43125 10.43125
8.42845 8.42845 8.6788 8.8457 9.0126 9.09605 9.1795 9.1795 9.42985 9.42985 9.42985 9.5133 9.5133 9.5133 9.5133 9.59675 9.59675 9.59675 9.59675 9.59675 9.93055 9.8471 10.09745 10.09745 10.09745 10.09745 10.09745 10.09745 10.09745 10.09745 9.85 9.955 10.09 10.1625 10.265 10.278 10.358 10.358 10.358 10.401 10.401 10.405 10.416 10.462 10.615 10.6315 10.66 10.66 10.709 10.8125 10.8515 10.8775 10.882 10.882 10.9025 10.9975 11.019 11.019
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Fig.6 Plot between Pressure (ppg) V/S Depth(m), indicating the casing shoes
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4.5.1. Differential Sticking Calculation: Mud Weight at 1640 m =10.425 ppg Diff. Stick Potential = (10.425-8.428)*0.052*5380.5774=558.7406psi (<2200 psi)
4.5.2. Surface Casing seat selection: EMW kick = [(total depth)/(depth of interest)]*(m) + OMW OMW = 9.88ppg m = Safety Factor = 10% = 0.1 ppg Total Depth = 2838 m = 9311.0236 ft
Depth of Interest , ft 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1020 1040 1050 1060 1080 1100 1200 1300 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Depth of Interest , m 30.48 60.96 91.44 121.92 152.4 182.88 213.36 243.84 274.32 304.8 310.896 316.992 320.04 323.088 329.184 335.28 365.76 396.24 609.6 1219.2 1828.8 2438.4 3048
EMW 18.191 13.535 11.983 11.207 10.742 10.431 10.210 10.043 9.9145 9.8111 9.7928 9.7752 9.7667 9.7583 9.7421 9.7264 9.6559 9.5962 9.3455 9.1127 9.0351 8.9963 8.9731
Fracture Gradient lb/gal 9.61524 9.63048 9.64572 9.66096 9.6762 9.69144 9.70668 9.72192 9.73716 9.7524 9.755448 9.758496 9.76002 9.761544 9.764592 9.76764 9.78288 9.79812 9.9048 10.2096 10.5144 10.8192 11.124
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4.5.3. SURFACE CASING: Depth = 200m = 656.1679ft Burst Criteria: Load Injection Pressure Surface Pressure (fracture press + 1)*depth*0.052 IP gasgrad*depth*0.05 2 (9.8 + 1)*656.1679*0 .052 (10.81.923)*656.16 79*0.052 368.5 039 302.8 897 De pth 200 0 Back up 287.5 695 0 Resul tant 80.93 437 302.8 897 Design (R*1.1) 89.02781 333.1787
A graph has been plotted from above table.
Collapse Criteria: Dept Load h 491.167 2 200 0 0 Backu p 0 0 Resulta nt 491.167 9 0 Design 540.284 7 0
cement length mud length
656.168 ft 0
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0 0 50
100
200
300
400 0 50 Burst Load 100 150 200 250
200
400
600
100 150 200 250
Backup Resultant Design
Collapse Load Resultant Design
0 0
100
200
Pressure (psi)) 300 400
500
600
50
100 Depth (m)
Burst Design Collapse Design
150
200
250
Fig.7: Burst and Collapse Design of Surface Casing V/S depth
By referring to charts, we conclude that recommended Grade: K55, 61ppf, BTC
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4.5.4. INTERMEDIATE CASING : Depth =1600m =5249.28 ft X = 11.827 , Y= 5237.452 Burst Criteria: Dept Load Injection Pressure (fracture press + 3111. 773 3111. 773 2593. 262 Surface Pressure IP gasgrad*depth*0.052 - 2586. 845 2586. 866 0 0 1600 3.60 487 1)*depth*0.052 h Back up 2300. 528 5.183 254 Result ant 811.24 47 2588.0 79 2586.8 66 2845.553 2846.887 892.3692 Design (R*1.1)
Collapse Criteria :
0.052*formpress L = 1296.3 m=4253ft Resulta *CSD=mudgrad*"L"*0.052 cement length mud length 1312.336 3937.008 996.3419 Load 2998.87 1 2016.53 5 510.326 3 0 1200 303.68 5 0 0 0 0 1600 Depth Backup 2300.02 2 1590.30 9 698.849 nt Design 768.733 9 468.849 426.2265 2 561.358 510.3263 9 0
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0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
1000
2000
3000
4000 0 200 400 Burst Load Backup Resultant Design 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
2000
4000
Collapse Load Backup Resultant Design
0 0
500
1000
Pressure (Psi) 1500 2000
2500
3000
200
400
600 Burst Design Collapse Design 1000
Depth (m)
800
1200
1400
1600
1800
Fig.8 : Burst and Collapse Design of Intermediate Casing V/S depth By referring to charts, we conclude that recommended Grade : L80, 43.5ppf BTC
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4.5.5. PRODUCTION CASING : Packer fluid density = 9 lb/gal FBHP = 2000psi Burst Criteria: Dept h 3177 0 Resultan t 2310.029 2000 Design (R*1.0) 2310.029 2000
FBHP
10423.228 35 0
Load 6878.07086 6 2000
Backup 4568.04236 2 0
Collapse Criteria: Collapse Cementing 1564.96063 8858.267717 Mud 0 Load 5961.986811 4790.551181 0 Depth 3177 2700 0 Backup 0 0 0 Resultant 5961.987 4790.551 0 Design (R*1) 5961.987 4790.551 0
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0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
5000
10000 0 500 Burst Load Backup Resultant Design 2000 2500 3000 3500 1000 1500
5000
10000
0 0
1000
2000
5000
6000
7000
500
1000
Depth (m)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Fig.9 : Burst and Collapse Design of Production Casing V/S depth By referring to charts, we conclude that recommended Grade : L80, 29ppf, BTC
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4.6.
Casing Plan of well GNDEB

MUD WEIGHT (g/cc) 1.06 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.1 1.1 1.11 1.11 1.13 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.2 1.2
The following data was noted from the DPR (Daily Progress Report) during drilling:
DEPT H (m) 15 63 170 205 205 205 205 275 525 648 665 737 930 1030 1150 1155 1321 1463 1575 1614 1614 1707 1809 VISCOSI TY 42 50 50 45 45 45 45 47 44 45 48 46 47 50 53 53 48 48 55 65 55 48 48
DATE 9-May 10May 11May 12May 13May 14May 15May 16May 17May 18May 19May 20May 21May 22May 23May 24May 25May 26May 27May 28May 29May 30May 1-Jun
SPCL OPPN -
LITHOLOGY ALLUVIUM ALLUVIUM + + + + + + + + +
GRAVEL CLAYSTONE Casing Lowering SAND CLAYSTONE Reaming SAND Casing Lowering Shoe at CLAYSTONE 203m SAND CLAYSTONE SAND CLAYSTONE SAND CLAYSTONE SAND Circulation upto 648m , BHA CLAYSTONE changed SAND CLAYSTONE SAND CLAYSTONE SAND Drilling Sliding Sliding Angle 90.3 Azi 325.4 CLAY SAND + SILT
CLAY Sliding Drilling from 11501155 CLAY CLAY Sliding Drilling from 1155- SHALE 1321 SAND Sliding Drilling from 13211463 Azi 330.9 Angle 5.2 CLAY Dir Drilling : 1580-1614 Casing Lowering SAND + SILT SAND + SILT
+ +
SAND + SILT CLAYSTONE + SILT SAND + SILT + SHALE 27 | P a g e
1809 1809 1809 1809 2102 2208 2316 2727 2796 3100 3112 3112 3112 3112 3112 3112 3112
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.23 1.24 1.24 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26
48 62 62 62 62 64 64 61 60 60 60 60 60 65 65 65 65
2-Jun 4-Jun 5-Jun 6-Jun 7-Jun 8-Jun 10-Jun 13-Jun 14-Jun 17-Jun 19-Jun 20-Jun 22-Jun 23-Jun 25-Jun 26-Jun 1-Jul
Casing Lowering BIT CHANGED to 8 1/2in. Casing Completed PDC bit ADDED LOGGING LOGGING
SAND + SILT SHALE SAND + SILT SHALE SAND + SILT SHALE SAND + SILT SHALE SAND + SILT SHALE SAND + SILT SAND + SILT SHALE SAND + SILT SHALE SAND + SILT SHALE SHALE SHALE SHALE SHALE SHALE SHALE SHALE SHALE
+ + + + +
+ + +
Estimated pore pressure data is obtained by subtracting safety factor from the mud weights. Fracture gradient data is provided by the company.
28 | P a g e
PORE (g/cc) 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.06 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.09 1.09 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.19 1.2 1.2 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22
PRESSURE MUD WEIGHT (lb/gal) 8.8457 8.76225 8.76225 8.76225 8.76225 8.76225 8.76225 8.76225 9.1795 9.1795 9.26295 9.26295 9.42985 9.42985 9.5133 9.5133 9.5133 9.59675 9.59675 9.59675 9.59675 10.014 10.014 10.014 10.014 10.014 10.014 10.26435 10.3478 10.3478 10.5147 10.5147 10.5147 10.5147 10.5147 10.5147 10.5147 10.5147 10.5147 10.5147
PORE PRESSURE (lb/gal) 8.5119 8.42845 8.42845 8.42845 8.42845 8.42845 8.42845 8.42845 8.8457 8.8457 8.92915 8.92915 9.09605 9.09605 9.1795 9.1795 9.1795 9.26295 9.26295 9.26295 9.26295 9.6802 9.6802 9.6802 9.6802 9.6802 9.6802 9.93055 10.014 10.014 10.1809 10.1809 10.1809 10.1809 10.1809 10.1809 10.1809 10.1809 10.1809 10.1809
FRACTURE GRADIENT (lb/gal)
9.85 9.955 10.09 10.1625 10.265 10.278 10.358 10.358 10.358 10.401 10.401 10.405 10.416 10.462 10.615 10.6315 10.66 10.66 10.709 10.8125 10.8515 10.8775 10.882 10.882 10.9025 10.9975 11.019 11.019
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Fig.10: Plot between Pressure (ppg) V/S Depth(m), indicating the casing shoes
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4.6.1. Differential Sticking Calculation: Mud Weight at 1820 m =10.525 Diff Stick Potential=(10.02-8.428)*0.052*5971.1286=494.31391(<2200 psi) 4.6.2. Surface Casing seat selection: EMW kick =[(total depth)/(depth of interest)]*(m) + OMW OMW = 10.02ppg ; m = Safety Factor = 10% = 0.1 ppg Total Depth= 3112 m=10209.9737 ft
Depth of Interest , ft 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1312.3359 1400 1500 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Depth of Interest , m 30.48 60.96 91.44 121.92 152.4 182.88 213.36 243.84 274.32 304.8 335.28 365.76 396.24 399.9999823 426.72 457.2 609.6 1219.2 1828.8 2438.4 3048 EMW 19.2299739 14.12498695 12.42332463 11.57249348 11.06199478 10.72166232 10.4785677 10.29624674 10.15444154 10.04099739 9.948179445 9.870831158 9.805382608 9.798000046 9.74928385 9.700664927 9.530498695 9.275249348 9.190166232 9.147624674 9.122099739 Fracture Gradient lb/gal 9.61524 9.63048 9.64572 9.66096 9.6762 9.69144 9.70668 9.72192 9.73716 9.7524 9.76764 9.78288 9.79812 9.799999991 9.81336 9.8286 9.9048 10.2096 10.5144 10.8192 11.124
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4.6.3. SURFACE CASING: Depth = 200m= 656.1679ft Burst Criteria: Load (fracture press + 368.50 1)*depth*0.052 39 Injection Pressure IP - 302.88 gasgrad*depth*0.052 97 Surface Pressure A graph has been plotted from above table. Dept h 200 0 Back up 287. 5695 0 Result ant 80.934 37 302.88 97 Design (R*1.1) 89.02781 333.1787
Collapse Criteria: Load Backup cement length 200 491.1679 0 mud length 0 0 0 A graph has been plotted from above table. Resultant 491.1679 0 Design 540.2847 0
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0 0
100
200
300
400 0 Burst Load Backup Load Resultant
200
400
600
50
50
Collapse Load Resultant Design
100
100
150 Design 200
150
200
250
250
0 0
100
Pressure (Psi) 200 300 400
500
600
50
100 Depth (m)
150
200
250
Fig.11 : Burst and Collapse Design of Surface Casing V/S depth By referring to charts, we conclude that recommended Grade : K55, 61ppf, BTC
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4.6.4. INTERMEDIATE CASING: X= 12.19 ft, Y=5893.4 ft Depth = 1800 m =5905.44 ft Burst Criteria: Load 3531. 453 2947. 569 2940. 909 Dept h 1800 3.717 646 0 Back up 2588. 095 5.345 408 0 Result ant 943.3 585 2942. 223 2940. 909 Design (R*1.1) 1037.694 3236.446 3235
Injection Pressure Surface Pressure
(fracture press 1)*depth*0.052
+ 3531. 453
IP - gasgrad*depth*0.052
Collapse Criteria: 0.052*formpress*CSD=mudgrad*"L"*0.052 L = 1444.78 m= 4740.099 ft Load cement length mud length 4593.176 2436.22 0 Depth 1400 0 Backup Resultant Design 940.622 930.5027 679.9066 0
1312.336 3418.556 1800
2563.446 855.1109 1590.309 845.9115 618.0969 0 0
1165.341 618.0969 355.1959 0
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0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1000
2000
3000
4000 0 200 400 Burst Load Backup Resultant Design 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 0 200 400 600 800 Depth (m) 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
500
1000
2500
3000
3500
Fig.12 : Burst and Collapse Design of Intermediate Casing V/S depth By referring to charts, we conclude that recommended Grade : L80, 43.5ppf, BTC
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4.6.5. PRODUCTION CASING: Packer fluid density = 9 lb/gal FBHP = 2000psi Depth =3092m=10144.36ft
Burst Criteria: Load 10144.36 6747.559 Depth 3092 Backup 4445.825 0 Resultant 2301.734 2000 Design (R*1.0) 2301.734 2000
FBHP 0 2000 0 A graph has been plotted from above table.
Collapse Criteria: Load 8530.184 4657.48 Mud 0 0 Depth Backup Resultant Design (R*1) 0 0 0 5865.754 4657.48 0 5865.754 4657.48 0 2600 0
Cementing 1614.173 5865.754 3092
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0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
5000
10000 0 Collapse Load Backup Resultant Design 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
5000
10000
Busrt Load Backup Resultant Design
0 0
1000
2000
5000
6000
7000
500
1000
Depth (m)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Fig.13 : Burst and Collapse Design of Production Casing V/S depth By referring to charts, we conclude that recommended Grade : L80, 9ppf,BTC
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5. THE DRILL STRING

The drill string is an important part of the rotarydrilling process. It represents one of the largestinvestments on the rig and its failure results inconsiderable loss of time and money. The drill stem primarily constitutes members usedfor drilling by the rotary method from swivel to thedrill bit. It consists of Kelly, drill pipe and bottom holeassembly. The drill pipe section includesconventional drill pipe and heavy weight drill pipe. The bottom hole assembly (BHA) may contain: Drill collars Stabilizers Jars Shock sub Bit-sub
The drill stem serves for fluid passage from theswivel to the bit, imparts rotary motion to the bit, allows weight to be set on the bit and lowers/raisesthe bit in the well. In addition, it provides stability tominimize vibration and bit bouncing, testingformation through drill stem operations and also permits through pipe evaluation for logs.
Fig.14: The drill stem members

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Fig.15: Neutral point in drill collar The neutral point is usually set to be slightly below the transition between the drill pipe and the drill collars say two or three drill collars below. For this in design of drill stem, a safety factor of 0.8 is used to restrict the neutral point within the drill collar assembly. The string above the neutral point is in tension, and the string below the neutral point is in compression. It helps to minimize directional control problems by providing stiffness to the BHA. It minimizes bit stability problems from vibrations, wobbling, bouncing etc. Spiral drill collars are used to prevent pressure differential sticking in the hole. They provide a passage for the drilling fluid to relieve the pressure differential. 5.1.DRILL STEM AUXILIARIES Various auxiliary tools are used with the drill stem, including drill stem subs, vibration dampeners, lifting subs, stabilisers, reamers, and pipe wipers and protectors. All should receive proper care andregular inspection. Drill Stem Subs Kelly Saver Sub Vibration Dampeners Stabilizers and Reamers
39 | P a g e
5.2.
Section 1 Depth 205m
Drill string design of well GNDDS
Hole size 17 in Mud weight 1.05 gm/cc 8.76ppg
Buoyancy factor = 1-(MW/65.5) = 1-(8.76/65.5) = 0.866 Safety factor WOB = 0.8 =10 tons = WOB/ ( S.FB.FCOS ) =10/ (0.80.866COS 0) =11 tons Available drill collar are :Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Length of one stand 56 m 56m Weight of on stand 6 tons 7.64 tons
Weght of drill collar in air
Adjusting the sizes of the drill collars to their effective WOB Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Total weight of drill collar Weight of one stand 6 tons 7.64 tons No . of stand used 1 1 Total weight of stands 6 tons 7.64 tons 13 tons
No of HWDP used =1 of 5 size of length 56 m
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Nominal weight of HWDP = 71.41 Kg/m Weight of one HWDP =71.41 56 = 4 tons Total weight of drill collar and HWDP is = 13 + 4 tons = 17 tons Length of drill pipe can be measured from the following 0.9 ( Yt) = (Wt. of DP + Wt. of DC + Wt. of HWDP) BF SF Where, PA = Theoretical Yield Strength. Yt = Drill Pipe Yield Strength. BF = Buoyancy Factor. SF = Safety Factor. Ldp =
Ldp = 141.78 0.9 10^3/ ( 0.8 0.866 29.02) (17/ 29.02) = 5490 m (feasible) Section 2 Depth 1640m Hole size 12 in Mud weight 1.2 gm/cc 10.02ppg
Buoyancy factor = 1-(MW/65.5) =1-(10.02/65.5) =0.847 Safety factor =0.8 41 | P a g e
WOB
= 15 tons = WOB/ ( S.FB.FCOS )
Weght of drill collar in air = 15/ (0.80.866COS 7.6)
= 22.33 tons Available drill collar are:Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Length of one stand 28m 112m Weight of on stand 6.1 tons 15.28tons
Adjusting the sizes of the drill collars to their effective WOB Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Total weight of drill collar Weight of one stand 6 .1tons 15.28 tons No . of stand used 2 1 Total weight of stands 12.2tons 15.28 tons 27 tons
No of HWDP used =10 of 5 size of length 56 m Nominal weight of HWDP = 71.41 Kg/m Weight of 10 HWDP = 71.41 56 10 = 40 tons Total weight of drill collar and HWDP is = 13 + 4 tons = 80 tons Length of drill pipe can be measured from the following 0.9 ( Yt) = (Wt. of DP + Wt. of DC + Wt. of HWDP) BF SF Where, 42 | P a g e
PA = Theoretical Yield Strength. Yt = Drill Pipe Yield Strength. BF = Buoyancy Factor. SF = Safety Factor. Ldp =
Ldp = 141.78 0.9 10^3/ ( 0.8 0.847 29.02) (80 10^3/ 29.02) = 3742 m (feasible) Section 3 Depth Hole size Mud weight = 3177 = 12 in = 1.3gm/cc 10.855ppg
Buoyancy factor = 1-(MW/65.5) =1-(8.76/65.5) =0.83 Safety factor WOB =0.8 = 25 tons
Weght of drill collar in air = WOB/ ( S.FB.FCOS ) = 25/ (0.80.83COS23 ) = 51 tons Available drill collar are :Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Length of one stand 56 m 168m Weight of on stand 6 tons 22.8tons
Adjusting the sizes of the drill collars to their effective WOB 43 | P a g e
Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Total weight of drill collar
Weight of one stand 6 .1tons 22.8
No . of stand used 3 2
Total weight of stands 18.3tons 45.6 tons 61 tons
No of HWDP used :- 10 of 5 size of length 56 m Nominal weight of HWDP :- 71.41 Kg/m Weight of 10 HWDP :- 71.41 56 10 40 tons Total weght of drill collar and HWDP is = 61 + 40 tons = 101 tons Length of drill pipe can be measured from the following 0.9 ( Yt) = (Wt. of DP + Wt. of DC + Wt. of HWDP) BF SF Where, PA = Theoretical Yield Strength. Yt = Drill Pipe Yield Strength. BF = Buoyancy Factor. SF = Safety Factor. Ldp =
Ldp = 141.78 0.9 10^3/ ( 0.8 0.83 29.02) (101 10^3 / 29.02) = 3140 m (feasible) Margin of overpull (MOP) Wt .whole assembly in the hole ( P) = B.F (wt. of drill pipe + wt. of HWDP +wt. of drill collar)
44 | P a g e
= 0.83 ( 3140 29.02 / 10^3+ 101 10^3) = 83.9 tons MOP = Pa-P = 141.78-83.9 = 57.9 tons
5.3.
Section 1 Depth 205m
Drill string design of well GNDEB
Hole size 17 in Mud weight 1.05 gm/cc 8.76ppg
Buoyancy factor = 1-(MW/65.5) = 1-(8.76/65.5) = 0.866 Safety factor WOB = 0.8 =10 tons = WOB/ ( S.FB.FCOS ) =10/ (0.80.866COS 0) =11 tons
Weght of drill collar in air
Available drill collar are :Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Length of one stand 56 m 56m Weight of on stand 6 tons 7.64 tons
Adjusting the sizes of the drill collars to their effective WOB
45 | P a g e
Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Total weight of drill collar
Weight of one stand 6 tons 7.64 tons
No . of stand used 1 1
Total weight of stands 6 tons 7.64 tons 13 tons
No of HWDP used =1 of 5 size of length 56 m Nominal weight of HWDP = 71.41 Kg/m Weight of one HWDP =71.41 56 = 4 tons Total weght of drill collar and HWDP is = 13 + 4 tons = 17 tons Length of drill pipe can be measured from the following 0.9 ( Yt) = (Wt. of DP + Wt. of DC + Wt. of HWDP) BF SF Where, PA = Theoretical Yield Strength. Yt = Drill Pipe Yield Strength. BF = Buoyancy Factor. SF = Safety Factor. Ldp =
Ldp = 141.78 0.9 10^3/ ( 0.8 0.866 29.02) (17/ 29.02) = 5490 m (feasible) Section 2 Depth 1810m Hole size 12 in Mud weight 1.2 gm/cc 10.02ppg
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Buoyancy factor = 1-(MW/65.5) =1-(10.02/65.5) =0.847 Safety factor WOB =0.8 = 15 tons = WOB/ ( S.FB.FCOS )
Weight of drill collar in air = 15/ (0.80.866COS 7.6) 22.25 tons Available drill collar are :Size 8 3 16 2 13/16
Length of one stand 28m 112m
Weight of on stand 6.1 tons 15.28tons
Adjusting the sizes of the drill collars to their effective WOB Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Total weight of drill collar Weight of one stand 6 .1tons 15.28 tons No . of stand used 2 1 Total weight of stands 12.2tons 15.28 tons 27 tons
No of HWDP used =10 of 5 size of length 56 m Nominal weight of HWDP = 71.41 Kg/m Weight of 10 HWDP = 71.41 56 10 = 40 tons Total weght of drill collar and HWDP is = 13 + 4 tons 47 | P a g e
= 80 tons Length of drill pipe can be measured from the following 0.9 ( Yt) = (Wt. of DP + Wt. of DC + Wt. of HWDP) BF SF Where, PA = Theoretical Yield Strength. Yt = Drill Pipe Yield Strength. BF = Buoyancy Factor. SF = Safety Factor.
Ldp
Ldp = 141.78 0.9 10^3/ ( 0.8 0.847 29.02) (80 10^3/ 29.02) = 3742 m (feasible)
Section 3 Depth 3112m Hole size = 12 in Mud weight = 1.3gm/cc 10.855ppg
Buoyancy factor = 1-(MW/65.5) =1-(8.76/65.5) =0.83 Safety factor WOB =0.8 = 25 tons
Weight of drill collar in air = WOB/ ( S.FB.FCOS ) 48 | P a g e
= 25/ (0.80.83COS23 ) = 51 tons Available drill collar are :Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Length of one stand 56 m 168m Weight of on stand 6 tons 22.8tons
Adjusting the sizes of the drill collars to their effective WOB Size 8 3 16 2 13/16 Total weight of drill collar Weight of one strand 6.1tons 22.8 No . of stand used 3 2 Total weight of stands 18.3tons 45.6 tons 61 tons
No of HWDP used :- 10 of 5 size of length 56 m Nominal weight of HWDP :- 71.41 Kg/m Weight of 10 HWDP :- 71.41 56 10 40 tons Total weght of drill collar and HWDP is = 61 + 40 tons = 101 tons Length of drill pipe can be measured from the following 0.9 ( Yt) = (Wt. of DP + Wt. of DC + Wt. of HWDP) BF SF Where, PA = Theoretical Yield Strength. Yt = Drill Pipe Yield Strength. 49 | P a g e
BF = Buoyancy Factor. SF = Safety Factor. Ldp =
Ldp = 141.78 0.9 10^3/ ( 0.8 0.83 29.02) (101 10^3 / 29.02) = 3140 m (feasible) Margin of overpull (MOP) Wt .whole assembly in the hole ( P) = B.F (wt. of drill pipe + wt. of HWDP +wt. of drill collar)
= 0.83 ( 3140 29.02 / 10^3+ 101 10^3) = 83.9 tons MOP = Pa-P = 141.78-83.9 =57.9 tons
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6. HYDRAULIC PROGRAMME
6.1.DRILLING FLUID Drilling Fluid or Drilling Mud is a critical component in the rotary drilling process. Its primary functions are to remove the drilled cuttings from the borehole while drilling and to prevent fluids from flowing from the formations being drilled, into the borehole. Since it is such an integral part of the drilling process, many of the problems encountered during the drilling of a well can be directly, or indirectly, attributed to the drilling fluids and therefore these fluids must be carefully selected and/or designed to fulfil their role in the drilling process. Functions and Properties of a Drilling Fluid The primary functions of a drilling fluid are: a) Remove cuttings from the bottom of the hole and carry them to the surface b) Prevent formation fluids from flowing into the wellbore c) Maintain wellbore stability d) Cool and lubricate the drill string and bit e) transmit hydraulic horsepower to bit f) Minimise settling of cuttings and weight material in suspension when the circulation is temporarily stopped. The mud however, should have properties which allow the cuttings to settle in the surface system. The drilling fluid must be selected and/or designed so that the physical and chemical properties of the fluid allow these functions to be fulfilled. However, when selecting the fluid, consideration must also be given to: a) The environmental impact of using the fluid b) The cost of the fluid c) The impact of the fluid on production from the pay zone.
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6.2.
SECTION: 1 Hole Size Mud weight Depth interval Drill Collar
Hydraulics design of well GNDDS
= = = =
17 inches 1.05 0 m to 205 m 8 3 6 2 5 Gd E 19.5 ppf XH A-850-PT, 2 Nos. = 56m = 56 m = 56 m
Drill Pipe Pump available
= =
Step: 1 Select Circulation rate for particular annular size and hole size from table D-1 Hole size Circulation rate Annular velocity = = = = = Step: 2 Table D-3 contains the pressure ratings (kg/cm2) and volumetric discharge (in litres per stroke) for various models of pumps using different liner sizes. Discharge is based on 100% volumetric efficiency of the pumps Liner size No. of pumps Operating Pressure Limit Step: 3 With the pump output found in Table D-3 and the circulation rate (l/min) selected, calculate SPM SPM = 85 2 = = = 7 2 100 kg/cm2 17 inches 3000 LPM 100 ft/min 30 m/min 0.5 m/sec
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Step: 4 Select surface equipment Surface equipment Step: 5 See Pressure Losses through surface equipment from Table D-5 For surface equipment Type -3 Circulation rate = 3000 LPM 6.94 kg/cm2 Type 3
Pressure Losses through surface = equipment Step - 6
Determine Pressure loss through drill pipe bore from Table D-6 Pressure loss for entire drill = pipe string Pressure loss through dill pipe = bore Pressure loss thorough entire = drill pipe string = Step: 7 Determine pressure loss in drill pipe annulus For 17 inches hole size and 5 drill pipe Pr. Loss through drill pipe = annulus Pr. loss = = Step: 8 Determine pressure loss through drill collar bore Pressure loss for entire drill = Length of drill collar 53 | P a g e 56 kg/cm2 0.0112 kg/cm2 0.2 kg/cm2/1000 m 1.5568 kg/cm2 56 kg/cm2 27.8 kg/cm2/1000 m Length of drill pipe
collar bore Circulation rate Drill collar Pr. Loss through D/C bore of 3 Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C bore = = 56 kg/cm2 .9352 kg/cm2 = = = 3000 LPM 8 3 16.7 kg/cm2/1000 m
Drill collar
Pr. Loss through D/C bore of = Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C bore = = Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C bore = = Step: 9
22.8 kg/cm2/1000 m
56 kg/cm2 12.768 kg/cm2
.9352 + 12.768 kg/cm2 13.7032 kg/cm2
Determine Pressure loss in Drill Collar Annulus Pressure loss for entire drill = collar annulus Circulation rate Pr. Loss through D/C annulus of 3 = .33908 kg/cm2 = 3000 LPM
Length of drill collar
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Pr.
Loss
through
D/C =
.10304 kg/cm2
Annulus of annulus
Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C = = .33908 + .10304 kg/cm2 .44212 kg/cm2
Step: 10
Actual system pressure loss
System pressure loss 6.94 + 1.5568 + 0.0112 + 13.702 + 0.44212 kg/cm2 22.65 kg/cm2 kg/cm2
Total Pr. loss
= =
Actual System Pressure loss
22.65
19.82 kg/cm2
Step: 11 Pressure available for nozzle selection is the difference is the difference between the Operating Pressure Limit and the actual system pressure loss, corrected to 1.2 sp. gr. Pressure available for nozzle = selection Pressure available Step: 12 Using the established circulation rate, select a jet nozzle size combination for which the pressure loss is equal to or less than the amount of pressure available (see Step-11) = kg/cm2 = 91.6323 kg/cm2
(Step 2 minus Step 10)
(100 19.82)
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Nozzle size Pr. drop Step: 13 Actual Pr. loss
17-17-18 85 kg/cm2
= =
85
kg/cm2
75.375 kg/cm2
Step: 14 Stand Pipe Pressure = System pressure loss excluding nozzle + pressure loss thorough the nozzles Stand pipe pressure = = 75.375 +19.82 kg/cm2 94.195 kg/cm2
Step: 15 Percentage of hydraulic horsepower available at bit %BHP %BHP = = = Step: 16 Jet velocity Jet velocity = = m/sec 80.02%
= Step: 17 BHHP/ sq. inch hole size =
104.02 m/sec
BHHP/ sq. inch hole size
m/sec
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2.0613 m/sec
SECTION: 2 Hole Size = 12 inches
Mud weight Depth interval Drill Collar
= = =
1.18 0 m to 1600 m 8 3 6 2 = 28 m = 112 m
= =
5 Gd E 19.5 ppf XH A-850-PT, 2 Nos.
= 1404 m
Step: 1 Select Circulation rate for particular annular size and hole size from table D-1 Hole size Circulation rate Annular velocity = = = = = Step: 2 Table D-3 contains the pressure ratings (kg/cm2) and volumetric discharge (in litres per stroke) for various models of pumps using different liner sizes. Discharge is based on 100% volumetric efficiency of the pumps Liner size No. of pumps Operating Pressure Limit = = = 2 100 kg/cm2 12 inches 2100 LPM 110 ft/min 33 m/min 0.55 m/sec
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Step: 3 With the pump output found in Table D-3 and the circulation rate (l/min) selected, calculate SPM SPM Step: 4 Select surface equipment Surface equipment Step: 5 See Pressure Losses through surface equipment from Table D-5 For surface equipment Type -3 Circulation rate = 2100 LPM 3.57 kg/cm2 Type 3 = 80 2
Pressure Losses through surface = equipment Step 6
Determine Pressure loss through drill pipe bore from Table D-6 Pressure loss for entire drill = pipe string Pressure loss through dill pipe = bore Pressure loss thorough entire = drill pipe string = Step: 7 Determine pressure loss in drill pipe annulus For 12 inches hole size and 5 drill pipe Pr. Loss through drill pipe = annulus Pr. Loss = 1404 kg/cm2 0.4 kg/cm2/1000 m 20.077 kg/cm2 1404 kg/cm2 14.3 kg/cm2/1000 m Length of drill pipe
58 | P a g e
= Step: 8
0.5616 kg/cm2
Determine pressure loss through drill collar bore Pressure loss for entire drill = collar bore Circulation rate Drill collar Pr. Loss through D/C bore of 3 Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C bore = = 28 kg/cm2 2.408 kg/cm2 = = = 2100 LPM 8 3 8.6 kg/cm2/1000 m Length of drill collar
Drill collar
11.7 kg/cm2/1000 m
112 kg/cm2 13.104 kg/cm2
2.408 + 13.104 kg/cm2 15.512 kg/cm2
Determine Pressure loss in Drill Collar Annulus Pressure loss for entire drill = collar annulus Circulation rate = 2100 LPM
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Drill collar Pr. Loss through D/C annulus Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C bore
= = = =
8 3 0.23 kg/cm2/100 m 28 kg/cm2 0.0644 kg/cm2
Drill collar Pr. Loss through D/C annulus Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C annulus
= = = =
0.23 kg/cm2/100 m 112 kg/cm2 0.258 kg/cm2
Total Pr. Loss through D/C annulus = = 0.258 + 0.0644 kg/cm2 0.3224
Step: 10 Add values obtained in Steps 5, 6 ,7 ,8 and 9 to obtain total pressure loss (excluding nozzles) Actual system pressure loss =
Total Pr. Loss
= =
= =
40.043
39.38 kg/cm2
Step: 11 Pressure available for nozzle selection is the difference is the difference between the Operating Pressure Limit and the actual system pressure loss, corrected to 1.2 sp. gr. Pressure available for nozzle = selection 60 | P a g e
Pressure available for nozzle = selection Step: 12
(100 39.38)
kg/cm2 = 61.64 kg/cm2
Using the established circulation rate, select a jet nozzle size combination for which the pressure loss is equal to or less than the amount of pressure available (see Step-11) Nozzle size Pr. Drop Step: 13 Actual Pr. Loss = = 57.4 kg/cm2 = 16-16-16 57.4 kg/cm2
56.44 kg/cm2
Step: 14 Stand Pipe Pressure = System pressure loss excluding nozzle + pressure loss thorough the nozzles Stand pipe pressure = = 56.4 + 39.38 kg/cm2 95.82 kg/cm2
Step: 15 Percentage of hydraulic horsepower available at bit %BHP =
%BHP
= = 58.86%
Step: 16
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Jet velocity
Jet velocity
m/sec
92.105 m/sec
m/sec
2.203 m/sec
= =
1.28 0 m to 3177 m = 168 m
6 2
= =
5 Gd E 19.5 ppf XH A-850-PT, 2 Nos.
= 2958 m
Step: 1 Select Circulation rate for particular annular size and hole size from table D-1 Hole size Circulation rate Annular velocity = = = = 8 inches 1800 LPM 180 ft/min 54 m/min 62 | P a g e
= Step: 2
0.9 m/sec
Table D-3 contains the pressure ratings (kg/cm2) and volumetric discharge (in litres per stroke) for various models of pumps using different liner sizes. Discharge is based on 100% volumetric efficiency of the pumps Liner size No. of pumps Operating Pressure Limit Step: 3 With the pump output found in Table D-3 and the circulation rate (l/min) selected, calculate SPM SPM Step: 4 Select surface equipment Surface equipment Type 3 = 110 = = = 2 90 kg/cm2
Step: 5 See Pressure Losses through surface equipment from Table D-5 For surface equipment Type -3 Circulation rate = 1800 LPM 2.68 kg/cm2
Pressure Losses through surface = equipment Step 6
Determine Pressure loss through drill pipe bore from Table D-6 Pressure loss for entire drill = pipe string Pressure loss through dill pipe = bore 10.8 kg/cm2/1000 m Length of drill pipe
63 | P a g e
Pressure loss thorough entire = drill pipe string = Step: 7
2958 kg/cm2 31.95 kg/cm2
Determine pressure loss in drill pipe annulus For 8 inches hole size and 5 drill pipe Pr. Loss through drill pipe = annulus Pr. Loss = = Step: 8 Determine pressure loss through drill collar bore Pressure loss for entire drill = collar bore Circulation rate Drill collar Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C bore = = 168 kg/cm2 14.784 kg/cm2 = = 1800 LPM Length of drill collar 2958 kg/cm2 16.86 kg/cm2 5.7 kg/cm2/1000 m
Pr. Loss through D/C bore of =
8.8 kg/cm2/1000 m
Step: 9 Determine Pressure loss in Drill Collar Annulus Pressure loss for entire drill = collar annulus Circulation rate = 1800 LPM
64 | P a g e
Pr. Loss through D/C annulus = Pressure annulus loss through D/C = = Step: 10 Add values obtained in Steps 5, 6 ,7 ,8 and 9 to obtain total pressure loss (excluding nozzles) Actual system pressure loss = System pressure loss 2.68 + 31.95 + 16.86 + 14.784 + 4.25 kg/cm2 70.524 kg/cm2 kg/cm2 168 kg/cm2 4.25 kg/cm2 2.53 kg/cm2/100
Total Pr. Loss
= =
= =
70.524
75.23 kg/cm2
Step: 11 Pressure available for nozzle selection is the difference is the difference between the Operating Pressure Limit and the actual system pressure loss, corrected to 1.2 sp. gr. Pressure available for nozzle = selection Pressure available for nozzle selection Step: 12 Using the established circulation rate, select a jet nozzle size combination for which the pressure loss is equal to or less than the amount of pressure available (see Step-11) Nozzle size Pr. drop = 18-20-20 16 kg/cm2 = (90 75.23) kg/cm2 = 13.85 kg/cm2
Step: 13 65 | P a g e
Actual Pr. loss
= =
16
kg/cm2
16.8 kg/cm2
Step: 15 Percentage of hydraulic horsepower available at bit %BHP %BHP = = = Step: 16 Jet velocity Jet velocity = = = m/sec 50.52 m/sec 18.83 %
Step: 17 BHHP/ sq. inch hole size =
m/sec
1.168 m/sec
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6.3.
SECTION: 1 Hole Size Mud weight Depth interval Drill Collar
Hydraulics design of well GNDEB
= = = =
17 inches 1.05 0 m to 200 m 8 3 6 2 5 Gd E 19.5 ppf XH A-1100-PT, 2 Nos. = 28m = 56 m = 56 m
= =
Step: 1 Select Circulation rate for particular annular size and hole size from table D-1 Hole size Circulation rate Annular velocity = = = = = Step: 2 Table D-3 contains the pressure ratings (kg/cm2) and volumetric discharge (in litres per stroke) for various models of pumps using different liner sizes. Discharge is based on 100% volumetric efficiency of the pumps Liner size No. of pumps Operating Pressure Limit Step: 3 With the pump output found in Table D-3 and the circulation rate (l/min) selected, calculate SPM SPM Step: 4 67 | P a g e = 85*2 = = = 7 2 130 kg/cm2 17 inches 3000 LPM 100 ft/min 30 m/min 0.5 m/sec
Select surface equipment Surface equipment Step: 5 See Pressure Losses through surface equipment from Table D-5 For surface equipment Type -3 Circulation rate = 3000 LPM 6.94 kg/cm2 Type 3
Determine Pressure loss through drill pipe bore from Table D-6 Pressure loss for entire drill = pipe string Pressure loss through dill pipe = bore Pressure loss thorough entire = drill pipe string = Step: 7 Determine pressure loss in drill pipe annulus For 17 inches hole size and 5 drill pipe Pr. Loss through drill pipe = annulus Pr. loss = = Step: 8 Determine pressure loss through drill collar bore Pressure loss for entire drill = collar bore Length of drill collar 56 kg/cm2 0.0112 kg/cm2 0.2 kg/cm2/1000 m 1.5568 kg/cm2 56 kg/cm2 27.8 kg/cm2/1000 m Length of drill pipe
68 | P a g e
Circulation rate Drill collar Pr. Loss through D/C bore of 3 Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C bore
= = = = =
3000 LPM 8 3 16.7 kg/cm2/1000 m 28 kg/cm2 4.676 kg/cm2
Drill collar
22.8 kg/cm2/1000 m
56 kg/cm2 12.768 kg/cm2
4.676 + 12.768 kg/cm2 17.444 kg/cm2
Determine Pressure loss in Drill Collar Annulus Pressure loss for entire drill = collar annulus Circulation rate Pr. Loss through D/C annulus of 3 Pr. Loss through = .33908 + .10304 kg/cm2 69 | P a g e = D/C = .33908 kg/cm2 .10304 kg/cm2 = 3000 LPM
Annulus of annulus
Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C
= Step: 10
.44212 kg/cm2
Actual system pressure loss
Total Pr. loss
= =
26.39412 23.09 kg/cm2
= Step: 11
Pressure available for nozzle selection is the difference is the difference between the Operating Pressure Limit and the actual system pressure loss, corrected to 1.2 sp. gr. Pressure available for nozzle = selection Pressure available = kg/cm2 = 122.182 kg/cm2
(130 23.09)
Step: 12 Using the established circulation rate, select a jet nozzle size combination for which the pressure loss is equal to or less than the amount of pressure available (see Step-11) Nozzle size Pr. drop Step: 13 Actual Pr. loss = 117.2 kg/cm2 70 | P a g e = 16-16-16 117.2 kg/cm2
= Step: 14 Stand Pipe Pressure =
102.54 kg/cm2
System pressure loss excluding nozzle + pressure loss thorough the nozzles
Stand pipe pressure
= =
102.54 +23.09 kg/cm2 125.63 kg/cm2
Step: 15 Percentage of hydraulic horsepower available at bit %BHP %BHP = = = Step: 16 Jet velocity Jet velocity = = m/sec 81.62 %
131.57 m/sec
m/sec
= SECTION: 2 Hole Size =
2.8042 m/sec
12 inches
Mud weight
1.20 71 | P a g e
Depth interval Drill Collar
= =
0 m to 1800 m 8 3 6 2 = 28 m = 112 m
= =
5 Gd E 19.5 ppf XH A-1100-PT, 2 Nos.
= 1604 m
Step: 1 Select Circulation rate for particular annular size and hole size from table D-1 Hole size Circulation rate Annular velocity = = = = = Step: 2 Table D-3 contains the pressure ratings (kg/cm2) and volumetric discharge (in litres per stroke) for various models of pumps using different liner sizes. Discharge is based on 100% volumetric efficiency of the pumps Liner size No. of pumps Operating Pressure Limit Step: 3 With the pump output found in Table D-3 and the circulation rate (l/min) selected, calculate SPM SPM Step: 4 Select surface equipment Surface equipment Type 3 = 80 2 = = = 2 100 kg/cm2 12 inches 2100 LPM 110 ft/min 33 m/min 0.55 m/sec
72 | P a g e
Step: 5 See Pressure Losses through surface equipment from Table D-5 For surface equipment Type -3 Circulation rate = 2100 LPM 3.57 kg/cm2
Determine Pressure loss through drill pipe bore from Table D-6 Pressure loss for entire drill = pipe string Pressure loss through dill pipe = bore Pressure loss thorough entire = drill pipe string = Step: 7 Determine pressure loss in drill pipe annulus For 12 inches hole size and 5 drill pipe Pr. Loss through drill pipe = annulus Pr. loss = 1604 kg/cm2 0.6416 kg/cm2 0.4 kg/cm2/1000 m 22.937 kg/cm2 1604 kg/cm2 14.3 kg/cm2/1000 m Length of drill pipe
= Step: 8
Determine pressure loss through drill collar bore Pressure loss for entire drill = collar bore Circulation rate = 2100 LPM Length of drill collar
73 | P a g e
Drill collar Pr. Loss through D/C bore of 3 Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C bore
= = = =
8 3 8.6 kg/cm2/1000 m 28 kg/cm2 2.408 kg/cm2
Drill collar
11.7 kg/cm2/1000 m
112 kg/cm2 13.104 kg/cm2
2.408 + 13.104 kg/cm2 15.512 kg/cm2
Determine Pressure loss in Drill Collar Annulus Pressure loss for entire drill = collar annulus Circulation rate Drill collar Pr. Loss through D/C annulus Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C bore = = Drill collar Pr. Loss through D/C annulus = = 28 kg/cm2 0.0644 kg/cm2 = = = 2100 LPM 8 3 0.23 kg/cm2/100 m
0.23 kg/cm2/100 m 74 | P a g e
Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C annulus = = Total Pr. Loss through D/C annulus = = 0.258 + 0.0644 kg/cm2 0.3224 112 kg/cm2 0.258 kg/cm2
Step: 10 Add values obtained in Steps 5, 6 ,7 ,8 and 9 to obtain total pressure loss (excluding nozzles) Actual system pressure loss =
Total Pr. loss
= =
= =
42.983
42.983 kg/cm2
Step: 11 Pressure available for nozzle selection is the difference is the difference between the Operating Pressure Limit and the actual system pressure loss, corrected to 1.2 sp. gr. Pressure available for nozzle = selection Pressure available for nozzle = selection Step: 12 Using the established circulation rate, select a jet nozzle size combination for which the pressure loss is equal to or less than the amount of pressure available (see Step-11) kg/cm2 = 57.027 kg/cm2
(100 42.983)
75 | P a g e
Nozzle size Pr. drop Step: 13 Actual Pr. loss
16-16-17 52.6 kg/cm2
= =
52.6
kg/cm2
52.6 kg/cm2
Step: 15 Percentage of hydraulic horsepower available at bit %BHP =
%BHP
= = 55.03%
Step: 16 Jet velocity =
Jet velocity
m/sec
= Step: 17
92.267 m/sec
76 | P a g e
m/sec
2.06 m/sec
= =
1.26 0 m to 3092 m = 168 m
6 2
Drill Pipe Pump available Step: 1
= =
5 Gd E 19.5 ppf XH A-1100-PT, 2 Nos.
= 2868 m
Select Circulation rate for particular annular size and hole size from table D-1 Hole size Circulation rate Annular velocity = = = = = Step: 2 Table D-3 contains the pressure ratings (kg/cm2) and volumetric discharge (in litres per stroke) for various models of pumps using different liner sizes. Discharge is based on 100% volumetric efficiency of the pumps Liner size = 77 | P a g e 8 inches 1800 LPM 180 ft/min 54 m/min 0.9 m/sec
No. of pumps Operating Pressure Limit Step: 3
= =
2 90 kg/cm2
With the pump output found in Table D-3 and the circulation rate (l/min) selected, calculate SPM SPM Step: 4 Select surface equipment Surface equipment Step: 5 See Pressure Losses through surface equipment from Table D-5 For surface equipment Type -3 Circulation rate = 1800 LPM 2.68 kg/cm2 Type 3 = 110
Determine Pressure loss through drill pipe bore from Table D-6 Pressure loss for entire drill = pipe string Pressure loss through dill pipe = bore Pressure loss thorough entire = drill pipe string = Step: 7 Determine pressure loss in drill pipe annulus For 8 inches hole size and 5 drill pipe Pr. Loss through drill pipe = annulus 78 | P a g e 5.7 kg/cm2/1000 m 30.97 kg/cm2 2868 kg/cm2 10.8 kg/cm2/1000 m Length of drill pipe
Pr. loss
= =
2868 kg/cm2 16.3476 kg/cm2
Step: 8 Determine pressure loss through drill collar bore Pressure loss for entire drill = collar bore Circulation rate Drill collar = = 1800 LPM Length of drill collar
Pr. Loss through D/C bore of = Total Pr. Loss thorough D/C bore = =
8.8 kg/cm2/1000 m
168 kg/cm2 14.784 kg/cm2
Step: 9 Determine Pressure loss in Drill Collar Annulus Pressure loss for entire drill = collar annulus Circulation rate Pr. Loss through D/C annulus = Pressure annulus loss through D/C = = Step: 10 Add values obtained in Steps 5, 6 ,7 ,8 and 9 to obtain total pressure loss (excluding nozzles) Actual system pressure loss = System pressure loss 79 | P a g e 168 kg/cm2 4.25 kg/cm2 2.53 kg/cm2/100 = 1800 LPM
Total Pr. loss
= =
2.68 + 30.97 + 16.3476 + 14.784 + 4.25 kg/cm2 69.0316 kg/cm2 kg/cm2
= =
69.0316 72.48 kg/cm2
Step: 11 Pressure available for nozzle selection is the difference is the difference between the Operating Pressure Limit and the actual system pressure loss, corrected to 1.2 sp. gr. Pressure available for nozzle = selection Pressure available for nozzle selection Step: 12 Using the established circulation rate, select a jet nozzle size combination for which the pressure loss is equal to or less than the amount of pressure available (see Step-11) Nozzle size Pr. drop = 18-20-20 16 kg/cm2 = (90 72.48) kg/cm2 = 16.59 kg/cm2
Step: 13 Actual Pr. loss = = Step: 14 Stand Pipe Pressure = System pressure loss excluding nozzle + pressure loss thorough the nozzles Stand pipe pressure = = 16.8 + 72.42 kg/cm2 89.22 kg/cm2 16 kg/cm2
16.8 kg/cm2
80 | P a g e
Step: 15 Percentage of hydraulic horsepower available at bit %BHP %BHP = = = Step: 16 Jet velocity Jet velocity = = = Step: 17 BHHP/ sq. inch hole size = m/sec 50.52 m/sec 18.83 %
m/sec
1.168 m/sec
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7. CEMENTING
Cement is used primarily as an impermeable seal material in oil and gas well drilling. It is most widely used as a seal between casing and the borehole, bonding the casing to the formation and providing a barrier to the flow of fluids from, or into, the formations behind the casing and from, or into, the subsequent hole section. Cement is also used for remedial or repair work on producing wells. It is used for instance to seal off perforated casing when a producing zone starts to produce a large amount of water and/or to repair casing leaks. Functions of Oil Well Cement The most important functions of a cement sheath between the casing and the borehole are: a) To prevent the movement of fluids from one formation to another or from the formations to surface through the annulus between the casing and the borehole. b) To support the casing string (specifically surface casing) c) To protect the casing from corrosive fluids in the formations. However, the prevention of fluid migration is by far the most important function of the cement sheath between the casing and the borehole. Cement is only require to support the casing in the case of surface casing where the axial loads on the casing, due to the weight of the installed Wellhead and BOP connected to the top of the casing, are extremely high. 7.1.PRIMARY CEMENTING The objective of a primary cement job is to place the cement slurry in the annulus behind the casing. In most cases this can be done in a single operation, by pumping cement down the casing, through the casing shoe and up into the annulus. However, in longer casing strings and in particular where the formations are weak and may not be able to support the hydrostatic pressure generated by a very long column of cement slurry, the cement job may be carried out in two stages. The first stage is completed in the manner described above, with the exception that the cement slurry does not fill the entire annulus, but reaches only a pre-determined height above the shoe. The second stage is carried out by including a special tool in the casing string which can be opened, allowing cement to be pumped from the casing into the annulus. The tool is called a multi stage cementing tool and is placed in the casing string at the point at which the bottom of the second stage is required. This is known as a two stage cementing operation.
82 | P a g e
The height of the cement sheath, above the casing shoe, in the annulus depends on the particular objectives of the cementing operations. In the case of the surface and the conductor casing the whole annulus is generally cemented so that the casing is prevented from buckling under the very high axial loads produced by the weight of the wellhead and the BOP. In the case of the intermediate and production casing the top of the cement sheath (Top of CementTOC) is generally selected to be approximately 300-500 ft above any formation that could cause problems in the annulus of the casing string being cemented. 7.2.SQUEEZE CEMENTING A common method for repairing faulty primary casing jobs or performing remedial operations on the hole is squeeze cementing. Major applications for squeeze cementing are as follows: a) supplement a faulty primary casing cement job b) reduce water-oil, water-gas or gas-oil ration c) abandon a productive zone temporarily d) isolate a zone before perforation for production (block squeezers) or before fracturing e) repair casing leaks f) stop lost circulation in an open hole while drilling g) bring a well under control
Retarders; Calcium lignosulpho nate CMHEC Saturated salt solution Extenders; Bentonite Pozzolan
Acclerators; CaCl2 NaCl Mud contaminan ts; Diesel NaOH Cement Slurry
Friction reducers (dispersants); Polymers Calcium ligno sulphonate
Fluid loss additives; Organic polymers CMHEC
Heavy weight material; Barite Haematite
Fig. 16: Major Cement Additives
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8. Analysis and comparison of GNDDS & GNDEB

The two wells were analysed critically. Some of the points of differences are listed below: Attributes Casing Seat Selection GNDDS Surface Casing : 200m Intermediate Casing : 1600m Production Casing : 3177 BHA Design Hydraulic Design Similar GNDEB Surface Casing : 200m Intermediate Casing : 1800m Production Casing : 3092m Similar
All the aspects are same except the nozzle jet velocity. Jet Velocity = 104m/s Jet velocity = 92.1m/s
Stuck-up problem
chances
and Stuck-up at 2564m and then No stuck-up till the target regular stuck-up after 50m. zone. Reason: As the KOP is at deeper depth and drift from the vertical is high, as well as the angle of inclination is higher (24.35o), so it was very difficult to clean the hole regularly. Hence, it increased the chances of wellbore geometry stuck-up.
KOP Inclination Well Profile Days to complete Estimated cost as per ECP
1630m Max. angle : 24.35o L-profile 106 days (till date) Rs. 13,56,25,193/-
650m Max. angle : 20.24o S-profile 75 days Rs. 17,12,56,153/Reason for high cost as compared to GNDDS : 1.) Due to S-profile 2.) KCl-PHPA mud handling was costly in S-profile
84 | P a g e
9. FIELD VISITS
9.1.Visit to GGS-3: There are total 8 Group Gathering Stations (GGS) located in the Ankleshwar field. We got an opportunity to visit one of these Group Gathering Stations (GGS), it was GGS-3. The reservoir fluid produced at 19 nearby wells comes to GGS-3. This Group Gathering Station consisted of following facilities, owing to the requirement of the fluids produced in the nearby wells. 1-Compressor Unit Medium Pressure and Low Pressure Headers 2-phase Vertical Separators. 1-Test Separator 3 Storage Tanks Gravity Settler Unit Injection Header The functions performed at the GGS-3, by these facilities, with respect to the requirements of the fluids produced from the nearby wells were: The pressure of the gas separated at GGS-3 is not sufficient enough for its transportation to the Central Tank Farm in Gandhar, so a Compression Unit is present at GGS-3, which provides enough pressure gradient for its transportation to the CTF (Gandhar). Since, the gas produced at the nearby wells is not of high pressure, so the need of High Pressure Headers is obviated. As a consequence, only Medium and Low Pressure Headers are required. 2-phase Separator system ensures Separation of gas and liquids from the produced reservoir fluid. After Separator, the fluid is passed through the Gravity Settler, where further separation is achieved and the fluid is transported to CTF (Gandhar). There is also a facility of Injection Header. High pressure gas from the GCS (Gas Collection Station) at 35.5kg/cm2 arrives at GGS-3 with the motive of being injected in the nearby wells for secondary recovery through Gas Lift System (GLS).
85 | P a g e
The fluids processed at the GGS-3 are transported to the Central Tank Facility (CTF) located at Gandhar. The injection gas from Hazira gets transported to the Gas Collection Station (GCS) at a pressure of 56kg/cm2 from Hazira. From the GCS, this gas is transported to the various GGS at a pressure of 35.5kg/cm2. The Injection Headers present at the GGS transport the gas to the nearby wells for the purpose of Secondary Recovery through Gas Lift System. 9.2.Visit to the rig Carwell-10: In Area-1 (near Ankleshwar) of Ankleshwar Oil Field, the pay zone depth is considerably shallow as compared to the pay zone depths available in the Gandhar and other regions. Hence, use of Medium and Large rigs in this region is obviated. Carwell-10 is a mobile rig used to drill wells of shallow depths (about 1000-2000 m), as compared to its counterparts. The drilling rig is small in size, robust and can be transported easily to the desired drilling sites. Cost of Small rigs comes about Rs. 4-4.5 lakh/day as compared to Rs.8 lakhs/day for Medium sized rigs and Rs. 15 lakh/day for Large rigs. So, mobile rigs prove to be economical and easy to handle in such areas. Directional drilling was being performed at the site where Carwell-10 was used. Well profile was of S-shape. The Casing Policy employed at the site was 3-CP i.e. Surface Casing, Intermediate Casing and Production Casing. For the purpose of monitoring the well trajectory and tool location, various tools were used located at above 18 m from the drill bit. These tools include Non-magnetic drill collar. Magnetic shots (direction sensor) DCs Other remaining equipments
The Bottom Hole Assembly consisted of drill bit, sleeve stabilizer and drill collars. Stainer was used in the drill pipe which floats at the upper surface of the drill pipe, due to buoyancy provided by the drilling mud. Its function is to prevent choking by solid particles. The various features of the well being drilled by Carwell-10 is provided below:
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Well Depth - 1050m Rig Capacity 30 ton Mud Weight 1.4 gm/cc Kick Off Point (KOP) 110m Gas Reservoir Buildup Angle 23.5o Azimuth 86.9o Dip length 9m 9.3.Visit to the rig F-6100-2: As the nomenclature of the rig suggests, F-6100-2 is a mechanical rig with maximum drilling capacity of 6100m. The rig was being employed in the Gandhar region where the pay zone depth is considerably more as compared to the pay zone depth of the near Ankleshwar field. Hence, mobile rigs cannot be used for such deep depths, so F-6100-2 is being used. We went to this drilling site on 20-6-12. When we went to the site, drilling of the well was over and Production Casing was being lowered in the well. This is a very important stage for the rig crew; they were very vigilant on this day. Directional Drilling had been performed on this well site. The features of this well are mentioned below: Well Profile : S-shape Target Depth : 3092m Casing Policy : 3-CP Mud Weight : 1.25 Viscosity of Mud : 065 The Casing Policy is shown below in detail:
Phase No. 1. 2. 3. Name of Casing Surface Casing Intermediate Casing Production Casing Casing Size 13 3/8 9 5/8 7 Depth 203m 1802m 3092m
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9.4.Visit to the rig E-1400-7: The name of the drilling rig is E-1400-7, which according to its nomenclature suggests that the rig is electrical drilling rig and a motor of 1400 HP is used to derive the functions of the drilling rig. The drilling site for this rig was close to the drill site where Rig F-6100-2 was being employed. Again, the well depth was over 3500m, so mobile rigs or smaller rigs could not have been used. The main feature of the drilling rig E-1400-7 was that Top Drive System (TDS) was used instead of Kelly and Kelly Bushing to provide rotary to the drill pipe. When we went to the site, 2nd phase of drilling had been completed. Blow Out Preventor (BOP) was being changed for the course of further drilling into deeper depths and high pressure formations. Here also, Directional Drilling had being performed on the well site. The other features on E1400-7 were: Well Profile : S Profile Target Depth : 3543m Casing Policy : 4-CP Mud Weight : 1.19 Viscosity of Mud : 058 The Casing Policy is shown below in detail :
Phase No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Name of Casing Surface Casing Intermediate Casing Intermediate Casing Production Casing Casing Size 18 5/8 13 3/8 9 5/8 7 Depth 189 1800 3150 3543
9.5.Visit to SCADA System: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is an application tool of Information Technology in the Oil and Gas business. It has enabled ONGC to bridge one more gap that existed in process control realm of ONGC. SCADA system has made possible for the real time data flow from well-head to boardroom.
88 | P a g e
Features of Proposed SCADA System: The proposed system has a 3-tier architecture. The SCADA system shall include all Production installations, 75 Drilling Rigs and 2 Plants covering Onshore and Offshore operations. For Offshore Production installations SCADA system shall acquire data from each well. However, for onshore it is proposed that SCADA system be implemented to monitor the production process parameters from GGS level onwards, while the systems selected will have expansion capability to monitor the Well-head locations subsequently. Further, it is planned to implement SCADA up to Well level at Gandhar GGS-3 for 12 high producing wells, as a Pilot. Tier-I: Production/Drilling Installation/Plants The system proposed at the Production/Drilling installations (viz. Process Platform, GGS/CTF/CPF, Drilling Rigs, and Plants etc.) will gather process/well/drilling/plant information and will have independent functionality and will meet the day-to-day requirement of the operating personnel at the installation. Real time Oil field Operation Data from Production Installation (viz. Well head data for offshore, Well test data, Instantaneous and Cumulative production rates, Custody Transfer data etc.) will be collected by the SCADA system from Field instruments. Tier-II: Asset/Basin/Forward Base HQ. The Tier-1 SCADA Systems shall be networked with the Asset SCADA system through SATCOM/Microwave links. Real time Operation control centers have been planned at this tier to enable the management at the Asset Head Quarters to monitor the activities of the production/drilling installations pertaining to their Assets in the real time domain, consolidate the individual installation data and analyze the data with the help of application packages and convert real time information into knowledge. Tier III: Corporate Office, New Delhi. Only required data related to Key-parameters will be pooled from all Tier-II locations at the Corporate HQ. Drilling Rig data however shall be pooled to IDT for further consolidation and analysis. The Time-stamped SCADA database generated at Tier-II locations i.e. Assets/Basin/Forward bases will be used by EPINET and Tier-III data will be used by ICE/SAP. EPINET shall get various Production and Drilling related data from SCADA system at regular pre-defined interval.
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REFERENCES
Referred Books Bais P. S.: Drilling Operations Manual, Institute of Drilling Technology, ONGC Ltd., Dehradun (1987). Adams Neal J.: Drilling Engineering, A complete Well Planning Approach, PennWell Publishing Company, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1985. Rabia H.:Well Engineering & Construction, Entrac Consulting, 2002. International Association of Drilling Contractors: IADC Drilling Manual, Technical Toolboxes Inc., Houston, Texas, 2000. Baker Hughes INTEQ (1995). Drilling Engineering Workbook.
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Drilling Plan Anlaysis and Comparison of Two Directional Well of Gandhar Field

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Drilling Plan Anlaysis and Comparison of Two Directional Well of Gandhar Field

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Drilling Plan, Analysis and Comparison of two directional wells of Gandhar Field

By PRAKHAR MATHUR - 09BT01180

1. ABOUT ONGC Ltd. ANKLESHWAR ASSET

Ankleshwar Asset fields

Fig.1: Fields of Akleshwar asset and their location

Details of well GNDDS and GNDEB

Fig.3: Mud level inside casing after lost circulation

BURST CALCULATIONS Burst Pressure, B is given by

B = Internal Pressure External Pressure

Fig.4 Burst design

Fig.5 Burst design for production casing

Casing Plan of well GNDDS

MUD MUD CHANGE

A graph has been plotted from above table.

cement length mud length

A graph has been plotted from above table.

400 0 50 Burst Load 100 150 200 250

100 150 200 250

Backup Resultant Design

Collapse Load Resultant Design

Pressure (psi)) 300 400

100 Depth (m)

Burst Design Collapse Design

Fig.7: Burst and Collapse Design of Surface Casing V/S depth

By referring to charts, we conclude that recommended Grade: K55, 61ppf, BTC

A graph has been plotted from above table.

A graph has been plotted from above table.

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

Collapse Load Backup Resultant Design

Pressure (Psi) 1500 2000

600 Burst Design Collapse Design 1000

Load 6878.07086 6 2000

A graph has been plotted from above table.

A graph has been plotted from above table.

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Collapse Load Backup Resultant Design

Pressure (Psi) 3000 4000

Burst Design Collapse Design

Casing Plan of well GNDEB

LITHOLOGY ALLUVIUM ALLUVIUM + + + + + + + + +

SAND + SILT CLAYSTONE + SILT SAND + SILT + SHALE 27 | P a g e

FRACTURE GRADIENT (lb/gal)

400 0 Burst Load Backup Load Resultant

Collapse Load Resultant Design

150 Design 200

Pressure (Psi) 200 300 400

100 Depth (m)

Burst Design Collapse Design

Injection Pressure Surface Pressure

(fracture press 1)*depth*0.052

A graph has been plotted from above table.

1312.336 3418.556 1800

2563.446 855.1109 1590.309 845.9115 618.0969 0 0

1165.341 618.0969 355.1959 0

A graph has been plotted from above table.

Collapse Load Backup Resultant Design

Pressure (Psi) 1500 2000

Burst Design Collapse Design

FBHP 0 2000 0 A graph has been plotted from above table.

Cementing 1614.173 5865.754 3092

A graph has been plotted from above table.

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

(fracture press 1)depth0.052