Semester1 APWorld Study Guide

By:BrianLin

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Prehistory Greatcivilizationshaveawellorganizedworkforce,bigpopulation,and advancedtechnology. 100,000yearsago,humansbeganmigratingoutofAfrica. Thesemigrationsrequirednewtechnologies,newbotanicaland biologicalknowledge,andnewwaysofliving. PaleolithicEra:Eraoftheforagers Longesterainhumanhistory. Duringthistimewithnowrittenevidence,researchersusedthefollowingways tounderstandhistory. Archeologicalevidence:physicalremains Humanskeletalremains Remainsofmeals Stonetools Evidencefromnaturalenvironment Artisticcreations Anthropologicalevidence:studiesofmodernforagingcommunities Geneticevidence:comparativestudies 50,000yearsago:Megafaunalextinctions. Manylargeanimalsweredriventoextinctionbyhunters. Firestickfarming. Regularburningofvegetationonlandclearedundergrowth, depositedash,encouragedgrowthofnewshootsthatwould attractgrazinganimalsandanimalsthatpreyonthem. Technologicalchangebegantoaccelerate. Migrationstonewcontinentsandnewenvironments. Moreprecisestonetools.Cavepaintingsandsculpturesbegan toemerge. 13,000yearsago:Peopleacquiredfoodfromhuntingandgathering(foraging). Verylowlevelsofproductivity. Lowpopulationdensities. Livedinsmallfamilygroups. Creatednetworksthatsmoothedexchangeofgoods,people, andideasbetweenneighboringgroups. Notionsofkinshipprovidedallnecessaryrulesofbehavior. Womenprobablytookresponsibilityofchildrearingand
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gatheringfood.Menhunted. Lowlifeexpectancies. 12,500yearsago:GlobaltemperaturesdroppedandanewIceAgebegan.The MiddleEastsufferedanenvironmentalcollapse.Peoplewereforcedtotravel farthertofindanysourceoffood. 11,500yearsago:Aroundthistime,thedroughtendedintheMiddleEast. Remainsofagranarywerefound,whichsuggeststhatsometimeduringthe drought,peoplebecamefarmers. Domesticationprocessofchanging,breeding,andimprovingcrops throughhumaninterference. Farmerschangedplantsforeverbychoosingthebestseedstogetthe bestcrop. Thistransitionfromhuntinggatheringtofarmingwasaturningpointin humanhistory. 9,000yearsago:Animalsbecameasteadysourceoffood. Periodendedwiththeappearanceofthefirstagriculturalcommunities. Knowledgebegantoaccumulatefasterthanitwaslostwiththeadoptionof symboliclanguage. Appearanceofcommunitiesofaffluentforagerspreparedwayfortheagrarian eraofhumanhistory. Usedextensivetechnologies,whichallowedhumanstooccupylarger areaswithoutincreasingsizeofindividualcommunities. Sometimestheyusedmoreintensivetechnologiestocreatelargerand moresedentarycommunities. Allowedthemtobelessnomadicandtospendlongerperiods atonehome. Occurred15,00020,000yearsagoinMesopotamia.

Civilizations Peoplechosetosecurefoodthroughagricultureduetopopulationpressureand climaticconditions. Earlyfarmersconstructedagriculturalvillagesbecausehuntingandgathering couldnotsupporttheincreasingnumbersofpeoples. NeolithicAge Namedafterthetoolsmadeinthisperiodnotthecrops.Farmingrequiredthe peopletomakenewtoolsfromstone. Innovationnotborrowedorimposedfromtheoutside Diffusionthespreadofideasfromoneculturetoanother.
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 Innovativeprimaryurbanizationhappenedin: Mesopotamia TheNile TheIndus TheHuangHe TheNiger Mexico AndesMountains Ascitiesstartedtoform,theearlystatewasborn,withitsspecialized organization,centralizedrule,andpowerfularmies. Recordkeepingwasdevelopedto: Keeptrackofbusinesstransactions. Keeptrackofadministrativeorders. Recordproclamationsofrulers. Recordritualsofpriests. Recordlegendsofgods. Recordhistoryofthecity. Firstsystemofwritingevolvedaround3300BCEinSumer. Cuneiform Usedforreligious,business,political,andliterarypurposes. SumerinMesopotamia Toprovidefoodinthehot,dryclimateofMesopotamia,farmershadtobuild irrigationditchesandcanalstoprovidewaterforthefields. Createdaformofgovernmentcalledacitystate. Acitystatewasanindependentpoliticalunitfrequentwarswere foughtbetweencitystates. Aftersometimekingsandpriestsexercisedpoliticalruleineachcitystate. Conceptofcitizenship(civicloyalty)wasdeveloped. ReligiousbeliefsandpracticeswereabigpartofSumer. Sumeriansbelievedsurvivaldependedonthewillofgods. Muchpowerresidedinthepriest. Manyimportantfunctionswereperformedinziggurats(stepped pyramids). Controlledhugeretinues Retainedfieldworkerstofarmthetemplesestates. Rituals Royalburials
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 Inventedthewheelimprovedtheplowdevelopedthecanaltohelpwater transportation. Metallurgistsusedbronzefortoolsandweapons. Numbersysteminbase60wasinvented. Firstlegalcode:CodeofHammurabi Citystatesconstantlywarredwitheachother,whicheventuallyweakened them. Conqueredbyoutsider,whoaddedSumertotheirempires. Accomplishmentsofearlycitystates Increaseinhumanpopulation. Economicgrowth. Effectiveorganizationforcommontasks. Creativebreakthroughsinjustabouteverything. Inaugurationofaruleoflaw. Formationofnonkinbasedcommunitywithasenseofpurposeandhumanity. Despiteallthis,citystatescouldnotworkoutasystemofgovernmentandregulation thatwouldenablethemtoliveinpeace. Egypt NileRiverprovidedwaterandsiltfornaturalirrigation. Deserts,cataracts,andtheMediterraneanSeaprovideddefenseagainst invasion. Duetothisprotection,AncientEgyptwasruledbyindigenousdynasties foralmost2,600years. Egyptiansdevelopedhieroglyphics. PharaohsgainedapositionasgodsafterEgyptwasunified. Egyptiansbelievedthatpharaohskepttheforcesofnatureinbalance. Egyptwasruledbymonarchynotindividualcitystates. EarlyChina ShangDynasty BasedinHuangHeValley Kingsruledthestate. Builtcapitalsasadministrativeandreligiouscenters. Organizedpeopletoconstrictirrigationchannelsanddikesforflood control. Earlychinesescriptwerefoundonoraclebones. Kingsmediatedbetweenthespiritworldandhumans Kingsbelievedtheywereofdivinedescent.
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 Shangcraftedbronzeandusedhorsedrawnchariots. ZhouDynasty Leftbehindsubstantialamountofwrittendocuments. BookofDocuments DevelopedconceptofMandateofHeaven. BookofSongs CollectionofChinasearliestpoetry. Transformedwarfare Developedcalvary Introducedinfantry CreatedmuchlargerstatethantheShangDynasty. Hadadecentralizedadministration. Contributedtopoliticalinstability. MesoamericaandAndeanSouthAmerica Citiesbeganasreligiouscenters Developedintocitystateswithimportantfunctionsinpoliticsandtrade. Werenotbuiltonmajorriversystems. Didnotusemetalintheirtools. Wheelsandanimalswerenotusedfortransportation. NowrittenlanguageexceptfortheMaya. TeotihuacandominatedvalleyofMexico. Mayancivilization Constantwarfarebetweencitystates. Practicedpolytheismandofferedbloodsacrificestogods. Monumentalarchitecture Writtenlanguage Accuratecalendar Developedmathsystemwhichincludedconceptof0 Recapofthefirstcities Newscaleanddensityinhumansettlementpatterns. Newtechnology:metallurgy Monumentalscaleinarchitecture Specializationandhierarchyinsocial,political,andeconomiclife. Citiesbecamecentersofexchangeofgoodsandideas. Inventionofwriting Citiesrequiredcomplex,hierarchical,government Citieswerereligiouscenters
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 Citydefensesprotectedinhabitants Empires Empireextensionofpoliticalrulebyonepersonoverotherdifferentpeoples Growfromconquest Buildstructuresthatdisplaypower Establishvasttradenetworks Includediversepeopleundersingle,centralizedrule. Createdbureaucraticadministrationstoenablefunctioningofasinglepolitical entity. Collectionoftaxesfromcitizensandtributesfromtheconquered Insureuniformityoflanguage,currency,weightsandmeasures,andlegal systems. Hegemonyrulethatsubjectsacceptwillinglyiftheycanbepersuadedthatitis intheirbestinterests Dominanceexerciseofsheerpower Causesofdeclineofempires Failureofleadership Overextensionofadministration Collapseofeconomy Doubtsoverideologyofempire Militarydefeat RomanRepublic BuiltonsevenhillsbesideTiberRiver Startedoutasarepublic Republic Republicagovernmentinwhichpowerresidesinabodyofcitizensand consistsofrepresentativeselectedbythem Governedbypatricians Restofthepeoplewereplebeians TwelveTableslawsoftherepublic Plebeianseventuallygotpoliticalrights Twoconsulscommandedthearmyanddirectedthegovernment Senatewasconsistedof300patriciansandmademajorlaws Assemblieswereconsistedofplebeiansandmademinorlaws Republiccouldappointadictator Hadabsolutepowertomakelawsandcommandarmy Powerlastedfor6months
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 ChosenbyconsulsandelectedbySenate MilitarypowerwasakeyfactortoRomesgreatness Romepreferedtorulebyhegemony,ultimatelyitwoulduseforceifnecessary. Patronclientrelationshippatron(usuallyapatrician)offerslegalprotection andoftenrepresentationwhileclient(usuallyaplebeian)offersobedience, services,andmoneyinexchange Paterfamiliasfatherofthefamily Hadabsolutepoweroverallmembersofthefamily Continuedtohavecontrolovereconomiclivesofdaughtersevenafter theirmarriage Theendoftherepublic Generalsfoughteachotherforpoliticalpower CivilwarsinRome Armygeneralsbeginseizingmorepower JuliusCaesar Governedasabsoluteruler GrantedRomancitizenshiptomanypeopleinprovinces AppointedfriendsandsupporterstoSenate Createdjobsforpoorbyconstructingnewpublicbuildings Startedcolonieswherepeoplewithoutlandcouldownproperty Increasedpayforsoldiers Setupnewcalendar RomanEmpire PaxRomanaRomanpeace Romeatthepeakofitspower Periodofpeaceandprosperitywithintheempire Augustus Romesmostableemperor Believedthatawellorderedfamilywaslinkedwithawellordered empire Soughttorevivefamilyorder Createdacivilservice Grainsupply Taxcollection Postalsystem Romansconstructednewcitiesasadministrative,military,andfinancialcenters Inventionofconcrete
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 Builtbridges,aqueducts,forts,stadiums,andbaths Aslongaspeopleworshippedemperoranddidnotquestionlegitimacyofstate, diversereligiouspracticeswerepermittedwithinempire. Empirecollapsedduetomanyreasons LossoffertilityinItaliansoil Highinflation Evasionoftaxes Disloyaltyofsoldiers Governmentcorruption Deficitspending Diseases Useofmercenariesinarmy Divisionofwmpire Unemployment Lossofpatriotism GermanicInvasions Nowarplunder Huninvasions Civilwar Increasedpovertyloveofluxury Coolerclimate,lesscrops Goldandsilverdrain Heavytaxes Gapbetweenrichandpoor Relianceonslavelabor Lossofinterestinpublicaffairs Disruptionoftrade EasternEmpire Constantinoplewasthenewcapital LastedlongerthanWesternempire JustinianCode CodificationofRomansystemoflaw Providedfoundationforimperialadministration BasisofmodernEuropeanlaw Emperorheadedbothstateandchurch Economicprosperitybasedonagriculture,industry,andtrade. QinDynasty
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FirstempireinChinesehistory QinShiHuang Enormouspublicworksprojects Ruledthroughbureaucracy Emperorchosepeopleforofficebasedonability Workwasrewardedorpunishedaccordingtoanofficialsefficiency andfidelity Createdstandardized: Weightsandmeasures Coinage Sizeofroadsandlengthofcartaxles Legalcode WrittenformofChineselanguage HanDynasty Choseeducatedscholarsasgovernmentofficials EstablishedacademicstoteachknowledgeofConfucianism Eventuallyneededanexamtobecomeagovernmentofficial Newtechnologies Expansionofironindustry Mining Paperproduction Compass Harnessforhorses Improvedplow Hydraulicengineering Tappingnaturalgas Gainedrevenuetosupportarmedforcesandimperialcourtby: Raisedtaxesonland Devaluedcoinage confiscatedlandofnobility Soldofficesandtitles Establishedgovernmentmonopolies Tookovergraintrade OpeningoffirstSilkRoad Confucianismrefinementofonesethicsandpersonalvirtues Legalismprincipleofstrictadherencetolawsandleader Daoismphilosophyofspontaneityintheforceofnatureandthecosmos
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IndianEmpires Importanttexts Vedas Hymns,prayers,spells,andritualinstructions Mahabharata Longestpoemintheworld Civilwarfoughtbetweentwobranchesofthesamefamily BhagavadGita:divineadviceonlife,death,andrebirth Eachpersonhasuniquedharma,determinedbyonescaste Ramayana emphasizedmaritaldevotion MauryanEmpire ChandraguptaMauryaemperorofMauryanEmpire ArthasastraattributedtoKautilya Cutthroatviewofinterstatecompetition Largestatesswallowedsmallones(Justiceofthefish) Theenemyofmyenemyismyfriend Menhadpoweroverwomenandwereresponsibleforprotectingthem. Womenwereexpectedtorunthehouseholdandobeymen Emperorstriedtobuildhighlycentralizedadministrationwithwellpaid bureaucrats,powerfulmilitary,andefficientsystemofspies. Asokabroughtempiretogreatestextent. HeconvertedtoBuddhism,areligioncommittedtononviolenceafterhesaw thecarnageofhisconquests. Hetriedtorulewithfairness,tolerance,andhonesty. SentBuddhistmissionariesthroughouthisempiretospreadBuddhism. AfterhisdeaththeMauryanEmpirecollapsed. GuptaEmpire MuchsmallerthanMauryanEmpire NotascentralizedasMauryanrule Emperorcreatedtheaterstatetopersuadeoutlyingregionstofollowtheir lead. Powerfularmymaintainedtightcontrolincoreofempire GoldenAgeforLearning Mathematics Arabicnumeralsanddecimalsystem Conceptsofzeroandnegativenumbers
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 Quadraticequationsandthevalueofpi Calculatedlengthofsolaryear Astronomy ProvedEarthwasround ProvedEarthrotatedonanaxis Medicine Medicalguidesdescribedmorethan1,000diseasesandover 500plants Performedsurgery Literatureandperformingarts Kalidasa:poetandplaywright Panchatantra:seriesof87storieswithmorallessons HunasinvadedtheempireandendedGuptarule Religions Hinduism OldestofworldsleadingreligionsevolvedinIndia BlendofAryanandnonAryantraditionsinIndia Helpspeopledealwithmanyspiritualandphysicalpainsofdailylife Souloflivingbeingiscalledatman AtmantriestoreachMoksha(union)withBrahman Tryingtoreachimperfectgoalssuchasmaterialrichesandpersonalpleasures bringaboutsufferingandpain ReincarnationhappensuntiltheyreachBrahman Rigveda:hymnstoAryangodsintroducedoriginandrationaleofcastesystem Castesystem Probablythemostunequalandhierarchicalsocialsystemintheworld. Eachcastewassubjecttodifferentrules Onlyuppercasteswerepermittedtoreceiveformaleducation,and separatecasteswerenottointermarrynorevendinewitheachother. Rulerssupportedpriestswhilepriestsaffirmedauthorityofrulers Templestookonimportanteconomicfunctionsinbankingandmoneylending

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Buddhism SiddharthaGautmawasfounderofBuddhism Herealizedthatpainwasanintegralpartoflife. Soughtaremedyforit Triedtoachieveenlightenmentthroughmeditation Hetriedtopushawaypunishmentandpromisesofrewards. Achievedenlightenment FourNobleTruths Allworldlylifecontainssuffering Thecauseofsufferingisdesire Thereisanendtosuffering:enlightenment Followingtheeightfoldpathcanleadtotheendofsuffering Rightunderstanding Rightconcentration Rightthought Rightspeech Rightaction Rightlivelihood Righteffort Rightmindfulness FivePrecepts Iwillrefrainfromkillinglivecreatures. Iwillrefrainfromstealingfromothers Iwillrefrainfromsexualmisconduct
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 Iwillrefrainfromlying,harshlanguage,slander,oridlechit chat Iwillrefrainfromintoxicantswhichleadtolossofmindfulness Releasefromcycleofmortalityandpainiscallednirvana Judaism BasedonacovenantbetweenGodandAbraham AbrahamsdescendantswouldforeverworshipGod GodinturnwillforeverwatchoverandprotectHebrewpeople JewsbelievedGodpromisedIsraeltoAbraham TaNaKh ConsistofbooksofBiblewritteninHebrewlanguage TellofmanynarrativesofGod Essentialbeliefs Goddemandsobedienceandadministersrewardsandpunishments fairly,inaccordwithfixedlaws Godspoweraffectsdestinyofindividualsandnations Godworksthroughcommunityofchosenpeople:Hebrews Godpromisesspecificgeographicalhomeland:Israel Godprovideslegalsystemstoguideproperbehavior Governsmanyaspectsoflife 10CommandmentsdictatebehaviortowardGod,parents,and fellowhumans Godprovidesasacredcalender Jewswereconqueredtwiceandwereexiledandlostethnicheritage EventuallywereallowedbacktoIsraelandreconstructtheirlives Judeaspiritualcenter Jewspreservedcohesionthroughacceptanceofauthorityofsacredscriptures andpersistenceinseeingthemselvesaschosenpeopleofGod

Christianity ItsfirstteacherJesus EmergedfromJudaismduringRomanrule Jesusteachingsonethicsattractedattention Promisedeternallifeinheavenforsoulsofbelievers Jesusperformedmiracles Romangovernmentsawhimasaheretic Jesusfollowersproclaimedhimtobeasourceofeternallife,miracle worker,andsonofGod

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 RomangovernmentexecutedJesusbycrucification Jesussteachings BaptismsignifiedentryofanewbelieverintoChristiancommunity PassovermealwastransformedintoEucharist,orHolyCommunion, whichsignifiedforgivenessofsins. Preachedthatlifeonearthwouldsoonchangedramatically RepeatedlyspokeofKingdomofHeaveninwhichthepoorwouldbe favored. ScoffedatJewishdietarylawsandchallengedSabbathrestrictions Believedthatfuturelayinheavennotonearth Peter:Jesusdisciple,welcomednonJewsintotheChurch Paul:Secondfounderandgreatestearlymissionaryofthenewfaith ConvertedtobeliefinJesusasSonofGod LinkedChristiancommunitiesthroughmissionaryvoyagesandseriesof letters PromisedeternallifetothosewhobelievedinJesuspower Formulatednewconceptoforiginalsinandredemption Constantine,aRomanemperor,declaredchristianityalegalreligionaftera militarywin. HefundedChristianleadersandconstructionofchurches Hewithdrewsupportfrompaganreligions MadeChristianitydefactoreligionofEmpire ConstantinetookpartinChurchaffairs SponsoredCouncilofNicaea DecidedofficialdoctrinesofChurch SetuphierarchicalChurchorganizationbasedonthatofEmpire BecameChristianonhisdeathbed EmperorTheodosius:christianitytobeastatereligion Islam IslammeanssubmissiontothewordofGod,calledAllah MuslimsusetheKorantoknowGodswords StoriesofMuhammadslife,words,anddeedsprovideMuslimswithmodelsof arighteouslife Meccacenterofreligiouspilgrimageandtrade AlsositeofKaaba MuhammadwasvisitedbyGabrielsentbyAllahMuhammadwasinstructedto reciteGodswords
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 MuslimsconsiderKorantobeabsolute,uncorruptedwordofGod FivePillarsofIslam Declaringthecreed,ThereisnogodbutGod,andMuhammadishis prophet. PrayingfivetimesdailywhilefacingMeccaandifpossibleprayingalso inpublicassemblyatmiddayateachFriday Givingalmstothepoorinthecommunity FastingeachdayinthemonthofRamadan MakingtheHajj SixthpillarJihad(sacredstruggle) ThosewhoobserveIslamfaithfullywillspenditinparadise Thosewhodontwillspendeternityinhell Godhaspowerovereverything Muslimleadershipcreatedpositionofcaliph,successortotheProphet FirstfourcaliphswerechosenfromMuhammadsrelativesandcompanions Civilwarsbeganbetweenvariouspolitical,economic,tribal,andreligious groups Shia:caliphshouldbechosenfromProphetsfamily RecognizedonlydescendentsofProphetsfamilyasreligiousleaders Sunni:caliphshouldreflectsunnaofProphet,butdidnthavetocomefromhis family Umayyadcaliphs Constructedbeautifulmosquesinmajorcities ConvertedtonsofpeopletoIslam ConqueredandruledpartsofSpain Abbasidcaliphs OverthrewUmayyadsandbuiltanewcapitalatBaghdad Recruitedwidelyamongallpeoplesofempiretofilladministrativeand militarypositions HuleguconqueredBaghdad,executedcaliphandendedAbbasid empire Sufiamemberofoneoftheorderspracticingmysticalformsofworship Practicedpiousasceticism WantedtoexperienceGoddirectlyastheultimatereality,emphasized devotionalloveofGodandpeople AttractedotherstoIslamthroughtheirsimplefaith,personalloveofGod,and dedicationtoneedsofothers
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OftenservedasmissionariesofIslam RashidalDin:firstworldhistorian IbnKhaldunstressedcyclicaltheory HouseofWisdomGreek,Indian,andPersianwritingsweretranslatedinto Arabic ArabstransmittedHindinumerals,decimalsystem,andconceptofzero Developedalgebra Believedinheliocentricuniverse alRazi:compiledmedicalencyclopedia Islamservedasnetworkofcommunication LearnedpapermakingfromtheChinese Hadlargestagriculturalexchangeinworldhistory Improvedandinventednewformsofirrigation Increasedanddiversifiedagriculturalproductivity Populationincreaseandurbangrowth ChineseDynasties Shang,Zhou,Qin,Han,Sui,Tang,Song,Yuan,Ming,Qing,Republic Rememberthesong?) SuiDynasty Whilebuildingastrongcentralgovernment,Suiemperorsplacedenormous demandsontheirsubjects Constructedpalacesandgranaries Repaireddefensivewalls Leviedhightaxes Demandedcompulsorylaborfromsubjects ConstructionofGrandCanal FacilitatedtradebetweennorthandsouthChina Establishedeconomicfoundationforpoliticalandculturalunity Constructionprojectsspearheadedconsiderablegrowth,butbecame unpopularbecauseoftheirdependenceonhightaxesandforcedlabor TangDynasty EmperorTangTaizong:ablerulerwhoworkedhardtopromotestable governmentandeconomicprosperity SawhimselfasaConfucianruler Bothpriceofriceandtaxratewerelow Extensivecommunicationsnetwork GrandCanal
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 Equalfieldsystemgoverneddistributionoffarmland Purpose:toensurefairdistributionofland Governmentwasstaffedbyofficialschosenonmerit,asmeasuredby performanceoncivilserviceexams NeededknowledgeinChineseliterature,philosophy,history Mostwonpostsbecauseofintellectualability OneoflargestempiresinChinesehistory Maintainedtributaryrelationshipswithotherlands Fosteredtrade,culturalexchanges,anddiplomaticcontacts Declinedtotheincompetentemperorsthatneglectedduties SongDynasty Highlycentralizedgovernment,butdidnthaveaverystrongarmy Emperorsemphasizedciviladministration,industry,education,andarts Expandedbureaucracygenerouslyrewardedloyalgovernmentofficials Placedmilitaryundersupervisionofcivilians Hugebureaucracydrainedimperialtreasury Promptedtworebellions Bureaucratsdominatedgovernmentsomuchthatitwasimpossibletoreform system Noexperiencedarmygenerals DeclinedafternomadscapturedKaifeng MongolseventuallydefeatedtheSongDynasty EconomicDevelopmentinTangandSongChina Agriculturalproductionwastheleadingfactorofeconomicdevelopment Newandoldtechniquesboostedagriculture Hugepopulationgrowthsandurbanization Venerationoffamilyancestorsbecameextremelyimportant Footbindingletmalescontrolwomenaffairs Porcelainspreadeverywhere,demandwashigh Metalsbecamestrongerwithnewtechniques Alchemistsdiscoveredgunpowder,whichwasusedinnewinventions PrintingbecamecommonandtheChineseprintedmoreworks Builtnewshipsandacompass Developedbanks Developedthefirstuseofpapermoney Developedchecks Moneybecameimportanttoeverydaylife
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 TradeturnedChinaintoacosmopolitansociety Chinesedevelopedtastesforexoticgoodswhichfosteredeconomicgrowth ManyreligionsspreadthroughChina Buddhismbecameextremelypopular AttractedChinesebecauseofitshighstandardsofmorality,its intellectualsophistication,anditspromiseforsalvation ExplainedBuddhistconceptsusingChineseculturaltraditions NewtypesofBuddhismwasborninChina SomepeopleresentedBuddhism Emperoreventuallybannedforeignreligions ConfucianismchangedfromtheinfluenceofBuddhismNeoconfucianism InfluencedKorea,Vietnam,andJapan Trade Itwasmostlyindirect,achainofseparatetransactionsinwhichgoodstraveled fartherthanindividualmerchants. Economiceffectsoninterregionaltrade Alteredconsumption Affecteddaytodayworkinglives Socialeffectsoninterregionaltrade Tradersbecameadistinctsocialgroup Socialmobility Allowedelitegroupstodistinguishthemselvesfromcommoners Politicaleffectsoninterregionaltrade Motivatedcreationofstatesindifferentpartsoftheworld Problems Trade Controlledprivately Controlledbystate Howauthoritiesshoulddealwithmerchants Spreadnewreligions BuddhismfromIndiatoCentralandEastAsia IslamfromNorthAfricaacrossSaharaDeserttoWestAfrica Spreadtechnologicalinnovations Environmental DiseasesthatdevastatedEurasia Plantsandanimals SilkRoads
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 Landbasedtraderouteslinkedpastoralandagriculturalpeoplesaswellas largecivilizations Arelaytradeinwhichgoodswerepasseddowntheline,changinghands manytimesbeforereachingfinaldestination BythebeginningoftheCommonEra,indirecttradingconnection,often brokeredbypastoralpeoples,linkedclassicalcivilizationsinnetworkof transcontinentalexchange SilkRoadtradingnetworksprosperedthemostwhenlarge,powerfulstates providedsecurityformerchantsandtravelers ClassicalEra RomanandChineseempiresanchoredlongdistancecommerceat westernandeasternendsofEurasia 7thand8thcenturiesCE ByzantineEmpire,MuslimAbbasidDynasty,andTangDynasty createdbeltofstrongstatesacrossEurasia 13thand14thcenturiesCE MongolempireencompassedalmostentirerouteofSilkRoadsina singlestate,givingrenewedvitalitytolongdistancetrade MostgoodscarriedonSilkroadswereluxuryproduct,destinedforelitepeople Silkwashighlydesired Chinahadamonopolyonthesilkindustry Technologybegantospreadbythe6thcenturyCE SilkwasusedascurrencyincentralAsia Symbolofhighsocialstatus AssociatedwiththesacredinexpandingreligionsofBuddhismandChristianity AlthoughvolumeoftradeonSilkRoadswassmall,ithadimportanteconomic andsocialconsequences Somepeasantsgaveupcultivationoffoodtoproduceproductsthat werepopularontheSilkRoads Wellplacedindividualscouldbenefitimmenselyfromlongdistance trade SpreadofBuddhism BuddhismspreadfromIndiathroughoutCentralandEastAsiaas merchantstraveledtheSilkRoads Merchantspreferreditsuniversalmessafe TookholdinoasiscitiesofCentralAsia ChangesinBuddhism
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 SomedoctrineschangedBuddhabecameadeity ReligiousartinfluencedEuropeaninfluences Disease HumancontactalongSilkRoadsexposedpeopletonewdiseasesfor whichtheyhadlittleimmunity SmallpoxandmeaslesdevastatedRomanEmpireandHan China 13th14thcenturiesCEMongolunificationoflandmassfacilitated spreadofBlackDeath OnethirdofEuropeanpopulationperished AffectedChinaandIslamicWorldtoo SeaRoads Veniceemergedasamajorcityofcommerce,linkingMediterraneanSeatoa largenetworkofseabornetradeinIndianOceanbasin Between5001500,IndianOceanrepresentedworldslargestseabased systemofexchange,stretchingfromsouthernChinatoeasternAfrica Desireforscarcegoodsmotivatedtrade Transportationcostswerelower Couldcarrymorebulkgoodsdestinedformassmarket SilkRoadswerelimitedtoluxurygoodsforwealthyconsumers Monsoonwindsandimprovingtechnologyofshipbuildingandoceanic navigationfacilitatedIndianOceantrade Commerceoperatedthroughurbantradecentersstrungoutaround entireIndianOceanbasin Earliestseagoingventureshuggedcoastforshortdistances Malaysailorssailedacrossthousandsofmilesofopenoceanfrom IndonesiatoMadagascar Introducesnewfoods Indiawasfulcrumofgrowingcommercialnetwork BuddhismandHinduismbegantotakeholdinSoutheastIndia EconomicandpoliticalrevivalofChinaunderTangandSongdynasties Reestablishedunifiedstatewhichencouragedmaritimetrade GrowthofChineseeconomysentChineseproductspouringintoIndian Oceantrade,whileprovidingvastmarketforIndianandSoutheast Asiangoods Chinesetechnologicalinnovationsaddedtomomentumofcommercial growth
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 IslamroseandspreadthroughmuchofAfroEurasia Islamwasfriendlytocommerciallife CreationofArabEmpire StretchesfromAtlanticOceanthroughMediterraneanBasinall thewaytoIndiaprovidedavastarenaforMuslimtraders IndianOceantradenetworkbecameincreasinglyIslamic KingdomofSrivijaya DominatedsearoutethroughStraitofMalacca Leviedtaxesonpassingships Taxesprovidedrevenuetopayforsecurity Createdmilitaryandnavalforces KingdomofSailendra(Java) ConstructedBorobudur,largestBuddhistmonumentintheworld IllustratepenetrationofIndianculturethroughoutSoutheast Asia IslameventuallyreachedSoutheastAsia Africancivilizations Swahilicivilizationtookshapeassetofcommercialcitystatesstretching alongEastAfricancoast,fromSomaliatoMozambique FollowingriseofIslam,engagedinextensivetradinginwesternIndian Ocean Localpeopleandrulersfoundopportunityforwealthandpowerin growingdemandforEastAfricanproductsinArabia,Persia,India,and beyond Africanmerchantclassdeveloped,villagesturnedintosizabletowns, clanchiefsbecamekings Accumulatedgoodsfrominteriorandexchangedthemforproducts fromdistantcivilizations ManyrulingfamiliesclaimedAraborPersianoriginsasawaytobolster prestige SwahililanguagewasgrammaticallyAfrican,writteninArabicscriptand containedArabicloanwords SwahilicivilizationrapidlyadoptedIslam GreatZimbabwewasapowerfulstateinland LinkedtoIndianOceantrade Sourceofgold:wealthmeasuredinlargeherdsofcattle Constructedhugestoneenclosures
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SandRoads Gold,salt,andslaves:tradeandempireinWestAfrica IntroductionofcamelwasahugefactorinAfricancommerciallife NorthAfricansorganizedcamelcaravansacrossdesert Saharantraderouteslaideconomicbasisforconstructionofseriesofstates, empires,andcitystates Allweremonarchies Allsecuredrevenuebytaxingmerchantswhoconductedtrade Acquiredreputationforgreatriches SlaveryfoundpartinwestAfrica Workedasagriculturallaborers,minerscraftsmen,stateofficials, domesticservants Slavetradedeveloped Islamaccompaniedtrade Americannetwork Absenceofdomesticatedanimals,wheeledvehicles,largeoceangoingvessels North/southorientationmeantthatanyspreadofagriculturalproductswould beimpededbydistinctclimaticandvegetationzones Slowspreadingofculturalelements MostnetworksofcommunicationandexchangeinAmericaslaywithin,rather thanbetween,thetwocivilizationareasintheWesternHemispherethoseof MesoamericaandtheAndes EuropeanChristendom Duringpostclassicalera,Christianityprovidedsomeculturalcommonalityfor diversesocietiesofWesternEurasia,muchasChinesecivilizationand BuddhismdidforEastAsia EuropeanChristendomwasdeeplydivided,unlikeChinesecivilization EuropeeventuallybecameglobalcenterofChristianity ContinuedtraditionsofRomanEmpire Roads Taxationsystem Militarystructures Centralizedadministration Imperialcourt Laws ChristianChurch Byzantinestate
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 SmallerthanclassicalRomanEmpire,itstillremainedmajorforceineastern Mediterraneanuntilabout1200 ItscapitalofConstantinople,emperorclaimedtogovernallcreationasGods worldlyrepresentative EndedaftercapturebyOttomanTurks ByzantineChurch Emperorassumedroleofbothcaesar,headofstate,andpope,headof Church Becameknownascaesaropapism Emperorappointedpatriarch,orleader,ofOrthodoxChurch andsometimesmadedecisionsaboutdoctrine EmperortreatedChurchasdepartmentofgovernment EasternOrthodoxChristianityhadpervasiveinfluenceoneveryaspect ofByzantinelife WhileEasternOrthodoxChristianityandLatinChristianityhadmuchin common,eachbegantocompetepoliticallywiththeotherforterritory andfortherighttoclaimRomanimperiallegacy AlthoughLatinremainedthelanguageoftheChurchintheWest, ByzantinesusedtheGreeklanguage EasternOrthodoxleadersrejectedclaimsofRomanpopestobefinal authorityforallChristians 1054:RomanpopeandOrthodoxpatriarchformallydeclaredeach otherwasnottrueChristian 1204:WesternCrusaders,insteadofattackingMuslims,seized Constantinople ByzantineandtheWorld Byzantiumsabilitytodefenditscoreregionsfromattackdelayedit fromgettingconquered Centralplayerinlongdistancetradewithcommerciallinkstomostof theknownworld PreservedmuchofancientGreekandRomanlearning,transmittedthis classicalheritagetoIslamicworldandChristianwest EasternOrthodoxChristianityspreadamongSlavicspeakingpeoples CyrilandMethodius,developedalphabet,basedonGreek letters,withwhichSlaviclanguagescouldbewritten CyrillicalphabetenabledtranslationofBibleintoSlavic languagesandaidedconversionofpersonstoChristianity
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 ScandinaviansandSlavsformedstatecalledKievanRusalong DnieperRiver Kievemergedasprominentcity ProsperedduetotradewithByzantiumandScandinavia 989:PrinceVladimirofKievdecidedthatallhissubjectsshould converttoEasternOrthodoxChristianity(conversionfromtop down) RusborrowedextensivelywithByzantium Cyrillicalphabet,politicalidealsofimperialcontrolof church,missionariestoinstructsubjectsinnewfaith OrthodoxyhelpedunifyRussianpeopleandprovided religiouslegitimacyforprincesofKievanRus WesternEurope(5001000) MuchofcharacterizedRomancivilizationdeclinedinEurope Largescaledcentralizedrulevanished Diseaseandwarfarereducedpopulationbymorethan25% Landundercultivationcontracted UrbanlifediminishedWesternEuroperevertedtolargelyrural existence Publicbuildingscrumbled OutsideItaly,longdistancetradedriedup Roadsdeterioated Moneyexchangegavewaytobarter Literacylostground Barbarianpeoplesbecamedominant WesternEuropescenterofgravitymovedawayfromMediterranean towardnorthandwest MuchthatwasRomanpersisted GermanicpeoplesarosetoreplaceRomanauthority DeeplyinfluencedbyRomanculture Createddistinctethnicidentitiesamongthemthroughcontact withRomanEmpire GermanickingsembracedRomanlawtoprovideorderintheirnew states SeveraloflargerGermanickingdomstriedtorecreateunityofRoman Empire CarolingianEmpireunderCharlemagne
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 9621100:HolyRomanEmpireinGermanstatesandnorthern Italy EffortswereunsuccessfulinrevivinganythingclosetoRoman imperialproperty Societyandchurch Fragmentedanddecentralizedsocietyemerged,knownasfeudalism Thousandsofindependent,selfsufficient,andisolatedestatesor manors,political,economic,andsocialpowerwasexercisedbywarrior eliteoflandowninglords,ornobles Inconstantcompetition,lesserlordsandknightssworeallegianceto greaterlordsorkingsandthusbecomingtheirvassals,receivinglands andplunderinreturnformilitaryservice Suchreciprocaltiesbetweensuperiorandsubordinatewerealso apparentatbottomofsocialhierarchy,asRomanstyleslavery graduallygavewaytoserfdom Serfswerenotpersonalpropertyofmasters Boundtomastersestatesaspeasantlaborersandowed variouspaymentstolordofmanor Womenrequiredtoweaveclothandmakeclothingforlord, menworkedinfields Inreturn,serffamilyreceivedsmallfarmandprotection providedbythelord Inviolenttimes,theonlysecurityavailabletomanypersonslay inthesecommunities,wheretiestokin,manor,andlord constitutedprimaryhumanloyalties AlsofillingvacuumofthefallenWesternRomanEmpirewasRoman CatholicChurch HierarchalorganizationwasmodeledonthatofEmpireand tookoversomeofitspolitical,administrative,educational,and welfarefunctions Latin=languageofchurch Churchbecameextremelywealthy OrdinarypeoplefollowedrulersandwerebaptizedasChristians ProcesssimilartoBuddhismsappealinChina Borepromiseofsuperior,supernaturalpowers Itsspreadwasoftenassociatedwithmiracles Sometimescoercionwasneeded,butsoftermethodsoften
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prevailed Willingtoaccommodateconsiderablerangeofearliercultural practices,absorbingthemintoemergingChristiantradition By1100,mostofEuropeadoptedChristianity Churchandpoliticalrulerssometimescooperatedandsometimes competed Somerulersofferedprotectionandencouragedfaithinreturn, Churchofferedreligiouslegitimacyoverrule CompetedoverrighttoappointhighChurchofficials ChangeinWest10001300 RepeatedlyinvadedbyMuslims,Magyars,andVikings 10001300:HighMiddleAgessawexpansionandgrowthinEurope Openednewlandsforcultivation Newvillageswereorganizedonwhatusedtobewastelands andforests Increaseproductionassociatedwithagriculturalexpansionstimulated considerablegrowthinlongdistancetrade Urbanizationhappened Attractednewgroupsofpeople Organizedthemselvesintoguilds Women'sRoles Newsubstantialopportunities Butby15thcentury,opportunitiesweredeclining Religiouslife Substantialnumbersofwomen,particularlyfromaristocraticfamilies wereattractedtosecludedlifewithinnunnery Offeredrelativefreedomfrommalecontrol Oneoffewplaceswherewomencouldexerciseauthorityand obtaineducation Forafewwomen,religiouslifebroughtpublicprominenceandspiritual influence Monarchsbegantoconsolidateauthority Scandinavianandotherstatesbegantoappear,eachwithitsowndistinct languageandculture HighMiddleAges WesternhalfofChristendomwasonrisewhileeasternhalfwasin decline
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 Expansioncharacteristics Territorialconquest Empirebuilding Settlementofnewlands Vigoroustradinginitiatives Missionaryactivity Vikingssetoffontransatlanticventures Merchants,travelers,diplomats,andmissionariesbroughtEuropean societyintomoreintensivecontactwithdistantpeoplesandcommercial networks MostdramaticexampleofWesternEuropeanexpansiveness:the Crusades,aseriesofholywarsthatbeganin1095 UndertakenatGodscommandsandauthorizedbyPope Requiredparticipantstoswearavowinreturnforan indulgence,whichremovedpenaltiesfromanyconfessedsins, aswellasimmunityfromlawsuitsandmoratorium Religiouswars DrewuponChristianpietyandwarriorvaluesofelite MostfamousCrusade:aimedatwrestingJerusalemandchristianholy placesfromIslamiccontrol CrusadesdemonstratedgrowingEuropeancapacityfororganization, finance,transportation,andrecruitment Demonstratedconsiderablecruelty PervasivefeatureinEuropeanexpansion Conquered: Muslims PagansalongBalticSea ByzantinesandRussians ChristianhereticsandenemiesofthePope LittlelastingpoliticalorreligiousimpactonMiddleEast Unabletoinducemuchconversion MuslimscholarshipalongwithancientGreekandRomanlearning,came intoWesternEurope Crusadeshardenedculturalbarriers RiftdeepenedbetweenEasternOrthodoxyandRoman Catholicism ChristianantisemitismworsenedasCrusaderscrusades
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 GeneralStuff RomanCatholicChurchmaintaineddegreeofindependencefromstate authority Highrankingnobles,actingthroughformalcouncilshadrightto approvenewtaxes 3waypowerstruggleamongkings,warrioraristocrats,andchurch leadersenabledurbanbasedmerchantstoachieveunusual independencefrompoliticalauthority Merchantsexercisedlocalpower,wonrighttomakeand enforcetheirownlawsandappointtheirownofficials RelativeweaknessofEuropesrulersledtodevelopmentof representativeinstitutionsthroughwhereviewsofpeoplecanbe expressed Mongols EstablishedlargestlandbasedempireinhumanhistoryspanningfromPacificto EasternEurope Broughtmajorcivilizationsintofarmoredirectcontact Leftonlymodestculturalimprintontheworld HoweverexercisedenormousimpactonotherpeoplesthroughoutEurasia GenghisKhan ReorganizedMongolsocialstructureintomilitaryunitsbasedon decimalsystems Warriorsdisplayedimpressiveloyaltytoleaders,whorewardedtheir troopswithenormousflowofwealthfromconqueredcivilizations MongolslearnedsiegewarfarefromChinese Gainedreputationforbrutalityandutterdestructiveness Mobilizedhumanandmaterialresourcesofempiretosupportarmy Censustakingmadesystematictaxationpossibleofconqueredpeople Centralizedbureaucracy Domesticpoliciesappealedtoconqueredpeople Offeredmerchants10%ormoreaboveaskingpriceallowed freeuseofrelaystationsfortransportinggoods Mongoladministratorsheldhighestdecisionmakingposts,but ChineseandMuslimsheldmanyadvisoryandlowerlevel positions Practicedreligioustoleranceaslongasconqueredwereloyalto imperialrule
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 Chinawasmostdifficulttoconquer Result:UnificationofdividedChina ManyChinesebelievedthatMongolsweregrantedMandateofHeaven ExtractedasmuchwealthfromChinaaspossible TriedtoaccommodatethemselvestoChineseculture,economyand government UseChinesetaxationsystemandpostalsystem GavethemselvesChinesedynastictitle:Yuan KublaiKhanruledlikebenevolentChineseemperor Improvedroadsandbuiltcanals Loweredsometaxes Patronizedscholarsandartists Limiteddeathpenaltyandtorture Supportedpeasantagriculture Practicedreligioustoleration ChinesestillviewedMongolruleasharsh,exploitative,foreign,and resented Ignoredtraditionalexaminationsystemandreliedonforeignerstoserve asofficials LawdiscriminatedagainstChinese ForbadeintermarriageandprohibitedChinesescholarsfromlearning newMongolscript SupportedmerchantsandartisansfarmorethanChinesebureaucrats PersiaandtheMongols Destructive Laidwastetolands EventuallyhelpsrestorePersia RussiaandtheMongols Evenmoredestructive Didnotoccupy Hadlittletooffer Chinatrading Mosteconomicallyadvanced Internaltradeoutweighedexternaltrade Mingforbiddenoverseatrading BusinessandtheChurch Churchhadadimviewonprivateprofitandwealth
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ForbadeChristianstotakeandgiveinterestonloans Jewsdidmuchofthework ChurchforbadeJewstohavetheirownland Eventuallyforcedthemtoliveinghettos AscommerceincreasedtheChurchbegantoreviseitsoppositionto business Renaissance RebirthofClassicalideals SawasreconnectionbacktoRomeandGreece SoughttoestablishlinkbetweenAncientRomanandGreektexts Universities Foundedtopreserve,enhance,transmitknowledge AmerindianWorld ToltecsandMexica SharedreligiousandculturaltraditionsofTeotihuacan Foughtrelentlesslyamongthemselves Toltecsmaintainedlargeandpowerfularmy Toltecshadacompactregionalempire Exactedtributefromsubjectpeoplesandtransformedcapitalinto wealthycity Mexica(Aztecs) SettledonislandinLakeTexcocoandfoundedcapitalcityTenochtitlan there Demandedtribute Joinedforceswithneighboringcities Exacttributefromsubjectpeoples Sometimesveryoppressiveonsubjectpeoples Noelaboratebureaucracyoradministration Simplyconqueredsubjectsandassessedtribute,leavinggovernance andthecollectionortributeinthehandsoftheconqueredpeoples themselves Didnotkeepastandingarmy Simplyassembledforceswhenneeded Rigidlyhierarchical Warriorsrespected Womenservedaschildrearersandhomemakers Principalfunctionwastobearchildren
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 Priestlyclassalsorankedhigh Presidedoverreligiousceremonies Commonersworkedforjustabouteverything Delivered periodic tributes to state agents which goes into the granary Sacrificesimportanttoappeasethegods Huitzilopochtliwargod Incas Lived in region around Lake Titicaca, but expanded empire through muchofwesternSouthAmerica Ruledasmilitaryandadministrativeelite Administrationrestedwithalargeclassofbureaucrats Quipurecordedstatisticalinformationthroughoutempire Cuzco served as administrative, religious, and ceremonial center of the empire ConsideredrulerasthesonoftheSunGod IntiSunGod Viracochacreatoroftheworld,humankind,andallelseintheuniverse Strongmoraldimension

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