Australian Jobs 2012

Ministers foreword
2012
AUSTRALIAN JOBS
AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012
Contents
National, state and territory labour markets
Labour market overview National overview New South Wales Victoria Queensland South Australia Western Australia Tasmania Northern Territory Australian Capital Territory 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12
INTRODUCTION
The Australian Jobs publication presents summary information for people exploring careers, and education and training options, as well as those currently looking for work or wanting assistance to enter or re-enter the labour market. The publication includes past and projected employment trends, by industry and occupation, as well as information about skills. Australian Jobs provides a snapshot of the Australian labour market and introduces readers to a range of information about the workforce, employment and training. The data may spark the interest of some readers to explore more detailed information about particular occupations, industries or local labour markets. If further information is required, a page of useful websites and links is included on the inside back cover of the publication. Clearly, a higher skilled workforce has benets for the economy and for individuals. In recognition of the importance of skills and employment, the Australian Government has recently announced a number of initiatives to skill more Australians, and it also supports job seekers through Job Services Australia. Information about these initiatives is included on pages 32 and 33. The Australian labour market is continuously changing, as we move to a sustainable, low carbon economy. This year, the Australian Jobs publication includes information to help readers understand structural change and the skills and attributes that employers are looking for in 2012, covering employability skills and skills for sustainability (see page 28). Although information contained in Australian Jobs 2012 is as up-to-date as we can make it, the labour market can change quickly and the skills needed by employers vary across industries and geographic locations. Consequently, employment and training decisions need to be based on a range of information including expectations about pay, working conditions, skills and interests as well as training requirements and long term goals. Consider information from a wide range of sources. School careers advisers, Australian and state/territory government websites and employment service providers can all help (see page 43 for useful sites).
Industries
Industry overview Structural change Apprentices and trainees by industry Accommodation and Food Services Administrative and Support Services Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Arts and Recreation Services Construction Education and Training Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services Financial and Insurance Services Health Care and Social Assistance Information Media and Telecommunications Manufacturing Mining Other Services Professional, Scientic and Technical Services Public Administration and Safety Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services Retail Trade Transport, Postal and Warehousing Wholesale Trade 13 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24
Occupations and skills

Occupational overview Skill level overview The next ve years What do employers look for when recruiting? Which jobs have the best prospects? Education and employment Employment and education services 25 26 27 28 29 30 32
Inquiries about Australian Jobs should be directed to AustralianJobs@deewr.gov.au
Australian Jobs Matrix

Guide to the Australian Jobs Matrix Australian Jobs Matrix Australian Jobs 2012 data sources Useful websites and links 34 35 42 43
The contents of Australian Jobs 2012 are based on information available at the time of publication. Over time, the reliability of the data and analysis may diminish. The Commonwealth, its ofcers, employees and agents do not accept responsibility for any inaccuracies contained in the report or for any negligence in the compilation of the report and disclaim liability for any loss suffered by any person arising from the use of this report. Labour market information must be used cautiously as employment prospects can change over time and vary by region. It is important in making and assessing career choices to consider all factors, including interest and aptitudes, remuneration and expectations, and the requirements of occupations.
Ministers foreword
The Australian economy is continuously adapting to change. We are currently in an important era of generational change driven by growing demand from Asian markets, new technologies, the shift to a low carbon economy and the challenges of an ageing workforce. There is a key role for government in managing the transformation process and maximising the opportunities for all Australians to participate in meaningful and productive work. Over the past year, the pace of employment growth in Australia has moderated. While Australia has not been immune from international economic conditions, we still have one of the strongest economies in theindustrialised world with one of the lowest unemployment rates. Highlighting the resilience of our labour market is the fact that record numbers of Australians have a job. While some industries and regionsare clearly doing it tough in a difficult economic climate, others arerecording particularly strong jobs growth, providing many opportunities for Australian job seekers. The Australian Government understands the importance that having a job has for individuals and families and also the importance to theeconomy of a skilled and productive workforce. It continues to be committed to providing opportunities for all Australians to have rewarding employment through better access to training, higher standards of education, improved childcare and employment services anda strong economy. In addition, the Building Australias Future Workforce package is providing a significant investment in increasing participation among key groups who are at risk of falling behind. The Government is also investing a further $8.5 billion in employment services over the next four years to assist people back into employment. Supporting more Australians to gain skills, the Government has announced a wide array of initiatives. As part of its $1.75 billion offer to the states and territories to reform the training system, the Commonwealth is asking states and territories to introduce an entitlement to training for anyone of working age without a Certificate III or higher qualification. It has also made landmark reforms which have already enhanced access to university study, with the number of students enrolled at a record high. In addition, the establishment of the My University and the My Skills (to be released later in 2012) websites provides Australians with vital and comparable information to help them to choose the right training options. Australian Jobs 2012 also supports this aim by providing a wealth of information about the current and future labour market, including information about industries, occupations and states and territories. It also provides an insight into Australian Government services that can assist those interested in employment, education or training. I encourage you to consider the valuable analysis of the labour market which is included in Australian Jobs and to explore the other useful resources referenced in this publication.
Bill Shorten
LABOUR MARKET OVERVIEW

The changing labour market
Technological change, greater labour market flexibility and economic reforms have helped to transform peoples working arrangements and have been associated with a significant improvement in labour market conditions between the end of the early 1990s recession and the onset of the global recession in September 2008. Indeed, over the 15 years to September 2008, employment growth was exceptionally strong, increasing by around 3.2million (an annual average rate of 2.3%). Full-time employment rose by 1.9million over the period (an annual average rate of 1.9%), while part-time employment increased by 1.3 million (an annual average rate of 3.5%), although the rise in part-time employment was off a much lower base.
Regional labour markets

Recently, Australia has seen the emergence of a multispeed economy and labour market, with some states, regions and sectors performing strongly, while others struggle. For instance, the resource-rich states of Western Australia and Queensland continue to benefit from high commodity prices and the associated Mining boom, while the trade-exposed sectors in states such as Victoria and Tasmania, are feeling the effects of the high Australian dollar and weaker demand, resulting in softer labour market conditions. Over the year to March 2012, employment increased significantly in Western Australia, up by 44 900 (or 3.7%), and the unemployment ratedeclined by 0.3 percentage points to 4.1%, well below the national figure of 5.2%. The States participation rate increased by 0.7 percentage points over the year to 68.9%, the highest of any state. By contrast, labour market conditions in Victoria (with greater exposure toManufacturing, which is hard hit by the high Australian dollar and competitive pressures) deteriorated over the year to March 2012. Employment fell by 22 800 (or 0.8%) over the year, and the unemployment rate rose by 1.4 percentage points to 5.8% in March 2012. Over the period, the participation rate fell by 0.4percentage points to 65.3%. The multispeed nature of the economy is also evident at the regional level. InMarch 2012, the disparity in regional unemployment rates (the highest and lowest) was at 8.5 percentage points, only just below the 9.9 percentage points recorded in August 2009, at the height of the global recession, and well above the 4.9 percentage points recorded in April 2008.
Recent developments in the labourmarket

Following the onset of the global recession in September 2008, the Australian labour market deteriorated, with employment growth stalling and the unemployment rate peaking at 5.9% in June 2009. Nevertheless, the Australian economy and labour market displayed remarkable resilience and fared much better than most other major advanced economies over 2010, with employment growing by a robust 3.3%, the unemployment rate falling to 4.9% in December 2010 and the participation rate1 reaching a near record high of 65.8%. Since then, however, financial market volatility and global uncertainty have resulted in a fall in business confidence and a hesitancy on the part of firms to hire new staff, while a strong Australian dollar together with cautious consumer sentiment have dampened economic and labour market activity in the non-mining sectors. As a consequence, the pace of trend employment growth has slowed, to an average of 6500 jobs per month in March 2012 (significantly below the recent peak of 38 000 jobs per month in August 2010), while the unemployment rate has edged up to 5.2% in March 2012. Despite the softening in labour market conditions over the year to March 2012, the Australian labour market remains one of the best performing in the advanced world, with an unemployment rate around half that of the Euro Area (10.8%) and well below the rate in the United States (8.2%) and United Kingdom (8.3%).
Regional Disparity, March 2008 to March 2012

14 12 10 Unemployment rate (%) 8 6 4.9 percentage points 4 2 0 9.9 percentage points 8.5 percentage points
Unemployment Rate and Annual Employment Growth, March 1992 to March 2012 (%)
12 10 Unemployment Rate (%) 8 6 4 2 0
8 Annual Employment Growth (%) 6 4 2 0 -2 -4
Source: ABS Labour Force Survey
Canterbury-Bankstown, in Sydney, provides an illustration of a poorly performing region. Employment declined by 6300 (or 4.3%) over the year to March 2012, and the unemployment rate stood at 7.7% in March 2012, well above the national average, and the participation rate stood at 56.5%, well below the national average of around 65%. By contrast, employment in Remainder-Balance WA (see page 10 for map) increased by a robust 7300 (or 5.1%) over the year to March 2012, strengthening from the increase recorded over the year to November 2011. Theunemployment rate declined by 1.6percentage points over the year to2.4% in March 2012, the lowest of any region in Australia. Thelarge decrease in the unemployment rate occurred in conjunction with a strong (0.8 percentage point) increase in the participation rate over the year to March 2012, to 70.3%, well above the comparable national average.
Source: ABS Labour Force Survey
1 The participation rate is the proportion of people aged 15 years or older who are either working or looking for work.
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Annual Employment Growth (%)
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Lowest Unemployment Rate Highest Unemployment Rate
For more information see www.deewr.gov.au/lmip
NATIONAL OVERVIEW
Australias labour market
Employment November 2011 (number) 5 year change to November 2011 (%) Working part-time (%) Female (%) Aged 45 years or older (%) Employment outside state capital cities (%) Educational profile With a Bachelor degree or higher (%) With VET qualifications at Cert III or higher (%) Without post-school qualifications (%) 11 456 500 10.4 30 46 38 37 27 29 37
Regional labour markets

There are sound opportunities for employment outside Australias state capital cities. More than one in every three of the nations workers (37% of the workforce or more than 4 million people) are employed in regional Australia. The labour market varies markedly across regions with a number of areas experiencing strong employment growth and low unemployment rates. Evenin regions where unemployment is relatively high, some employers experience difficulty recruiting, particularly for skilled occupations. Workers in regional areas are less likely to have studied after they have left school than those in the state capital cities, and many do not have the skills needed for local vacancies (skill shortages are particularly evident in some regional areas). Tertiary education is accessible to Australians across the country, including in regional locations, and clearly there are real advantages for workers in regional Australia to gain post-school qualifications to meet theskill needs of employers. It is also interesting to note that over the year to November 2011, regional employment growth exceeded the capital city growth rate in all states except Tasmania. This highlights the increasing demand for workers in regional Australia. The table below compares key labour market data across state capital cities and regional areas. It shows that, generally speaking, the workforce tends to be older in regional areas than in metropolitan areas. This suggests there will be strong demand for workers in these areas to replace those who retire over the next decade.
Australias population is around 22.6 million and almost 11.5 million Australians are employed. The workforce is highly concentrated with more than three in four workers employed in the three most populous states. NewSouth Wales is the largest employing state (with 3.6 million workers), followed by Victoria (almost 2.9 million), and Queensland (2.4 million). Thesmallest employing state is Tasmania (237600 workers), although theACT and the Northern Territory have smaller workforces. The largest numbers of new jobs created over the five years to November 2011 were in the three largest states of Victoria (up by 307 200 or 12.0%), NewSouth Wales (288 100 or 8.7%) and Queensland (234 000 or 11.1%). Although the employment growth rate was strongest in the Northern Territory, the small size of its workforce means there was a relatively smallnumber of new jobs, 19 000 (or around 2% of new jobs nationally). Australia has an ageing workforce, with almost two out of every five workers (38%) aged 45 years or older, up from 33% a decade ago.
Employment by Location
Employment Employt change 1 year to Nov 2011 000 % Employt change 5 years to Nov 2011 000 190.1 135.3 252.2 92.3 97.3 174.7 47.0 14.6 125.3 31.7 6.2 6.8 288.1 307.2 234.0 53.0 151.2 13.7 19.0 9.6 1077.4 % 8.8 12.1 13.3 14.3 10.0 16.0 8.4 7.3 15.7 11.4 6.4 5.4 8.7 12.0 11.1 6.9 13.9 6.1 18.2 4.9 10.4 Employment profile Aged younger Aged 45 than 25 years or Female years older % 45 45 45 45 46 46 47 44 45 42 49 46 45 45 46 46 44 47 47 48 46 % 16 16 17 16 19 17 18 15 18 15 17 17 16 17 18 17 17 17 16 17 17 % 36 43 36 43 35 40 39 46 37 42 42 44 39 38 38 41 38 43 37 36 38 Educational profile Employed persons without post-school qualifications % 36 43 39 46 43 49 44 52 42 50 43 49 35 36 39 41 41 41 43 29 37
Employt Nov 2011 000 Cities and regions Sydney Regional NSW Melbourne Regional VIC Brisbane Regional QLD Adelaide Regional SA Perth Regional WA Hobart Regional Tasmania States and territories New South Wales Victoria Queensland South Australia Western Australia Tasmania Northern Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia 2346.3 1256.3 2143.4 736.0 1071.9 1264.4 605.7 214.2 922.7 310.6 103.9 133.8 3605.2 2875.6 2351.0 820.9 1238.7 237.6 123.7 204.2 11 456.5
Working part-time % 28 33 29 33 27 30 33 32 30 25 35 34 30 31 28 34 29 35 18 25 30
47.1 2.1 32.2 2.6 40.4 1.9 28.6 4.0 10.1 1.0 23.5 1.9 5.6 0.9 4.8 2.3 15.0 1.7 8.4 2.8 1.9 1.8 -0.4 -0.3 6.1 0.2 13.5 0.5 20.5 0.9 6.5 0.8 14.6 1.2 -0.1 0.0 1.2 1.0 -1.0 -0.5 62.8 0.6
Sources: ABS Labour Force Survey. ABS Survey of Education and Work. 2006 Census.
NEW SOUTH WALES

New South Wales is the largest employing state, with almost one in every three Australian workers (3.6 million). Employment is concentrated in Sydney which has almost two thirds of the states employment. The largest employing industries are Health Care and Social Assistance (416 200), Retail Trade (384 100) and Professional, Scientic and Technical Services (305 000), which collectively account for about 30% of employment. Employment rose by 8.7% or 288 100 over the ve years to November 2011, compared with national growth of 10.4%. The largest numbers of new jobs are in Health Care and Social Assistance (85 900), Accommodation and Food Services (41 500) and Professional, Scientic and Technical Services (40 300). Over the year to November 2011, employment increased by 0.2%, compared with national growth of 0.6%. The workforce is relatively highly skilled with 64% of workers holding a post-school qualication. It also has a slightly higher proportion of workers who hold a Bachelor degree or higher qualication than the national average (29% compared with 27%). Around 70% of workers are employed full-time, and 45% are female.
Regional New South Wales

Slightly more than one third of workers in the state are employed in regional areas. Around 60% of these people work in three of the nine regions: Newcastle; Northern, North Western and Central West; and RichmondTweed and Mid-North Coast. Over the year to November 2011, employment grew more strongly in regional New South Wales than it did in Sydney (2.6% compared with 2.1%). The strongest growth was in South Eastern (up by 8.9% or 9500). Employment fell in two regions, with the largest fall being in the Hunter. The largest employing industries in regional New South Wales are Health Care and Social Assistance (155 000), Retail Trade (139 600) and Manufacturing (109 000). Over the year to November 2011, most new jobs were in Accommodation and Food Services (13 100) and Professional, Scientic and Technical Services (9700). Regional areas have a lower proportion of people participating in the workforce (60% compared with 66% in Sydney).
Employment by Region, Nov 2011 (% of state total)
Employment Change, Year to Nov 2011 (%)
Population and Employment

Population 1 year change to June 2011 % 1.3 0.8 0.4 1.3 1.1 0.6 1.2 0.8 0.7 -0.4 1.1 Employment 1 year change to Nov 2011 000 47.1 15.5 1.7 5.4 -2.0 2.5 2.4 9.5 -3.2 0.5 6.1 % 2.1 6.9 1.3 2.0 -3.9 2.0 3.8 8.9 -1.3 5.2 0.2 Employment prole (% of regions workforce) Aged younger than 25 years % 16 15 16 18 13 17 20 13 17 7 16 Aged 45 Bachelor years or degree or older higher qual % 36 47 46 36 51 39 45 51 44 38 39 % 29 15 14 17 11 19 16 17 14 12 29 Cert III/IV or higher VET qual % 26 31 29 33 34 33 34 30 29 27 30 Without postschool qual % 36 43 47 41 45 38 40 43 46 51 35
June 2011 Sydney Richmond-Tweed and Mid-North Coast Murray-Murrumbidgee Newcastle Hunter Wollongong Illawarra South Eastern Northern, North Western and Central West Far West New South Wales 000 4627.3 560.8 279.5 552.8 105.8 293.5 145.4 221.1 493.5 22.5 7302.2
Nov 2011 000 2346.3 238.8 137.6 271.5 49.2 127.0 65.1 116.3 241.2
% of total % 65.1 6.6 3.8 7.5 1.4 3.5 1.8 3.2 6.7
9.6 0.3 3605.2 100.0
Sources: ABS Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2011. Employment data are ABS LFS Nov 2011 (state data are trend, capital city and regional gures are 12 month average). Educational attainment data for states are ABS Survey of Education and Work 2011, state capital city and regional gures are from ABS 2006 Census (latest available)
VICTORIA
Victoria is the second largest employing state, with a quarter of the nations employment (almost 2.9 million). The largest employing industries are Health Care and Social Assistance (336 700), Retail Trade (317 200) and Manufacturing (302 700), which combined have around one third of state employment. Employment increased by 12.0% (or 307 200) over the five years to November 2011, a slightly stronger growth rate than the national average of10.4%. Employment rose in 17 of the 19 industries, with the largest numbers of new jobs created in Health Care and Social Assistance (63500), Construction (41 700) and Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (39 400). The largest fall in employment was in Manufacturing (down by 15200 or 4.8%). Over the year to November 2011, employment in Victoria increased by 0.5% compared with national growth of 0.6%. The Victorian workforce is relatively highly skilled with 30% of workers holding aBachelor degree or higher qualification compared with 27% nationally. About 45% of workers are female and 31% of workers are employed part-time (compared with 46% and 30% respectively for Australia). Theproportion of Victorian workers who are aged 45 years and older isthesame as the national average (38%).
Regional Victoria
State employment is highly concentrated in Melbourne which accounts foralmost three in four workers. Outside the state capital, employment isrelatively evenly distributed across the five regions, with each having between 3.7% and 6.8% of the states workers. The largest employing regions are Barwon-Western District (196 700) and Goulburn-OvensMurray (149 100). Over the year to November 2011, employment growth was strongest in Loddon-Mallee (up by 7.8% or 10 300) and Central Highlands-Wimmera (4.8% or 4800). The largest employing industries in regional Victoria are Health Care and Social Assistance (94 600), Retail Trade (93 700) and Manufacturing (79800). Over the year to November 2011, the largest numbers of jobs created in regional Victoria were in Retail Trade (up by 12 800) and Health Care and Social Assistance (10000). Regional Victoria has a relatively low proportion of people participating inthe workforce (64% compared with 67% in Melbourne).

Population 1 year change to June 2011 % 1.6 1.2 1.3 0.8 1.0 1.6 1.5 Employment 1 year change to Nov 2011 000 40.4 1.6 4.8 10.3 5.8 6.0 13.5 % 1.9 0.8 4.8 7.8 4.0 4.4 0.5 Employment profile (% of regions workforce) Aged younger than 25 years % 17 16 17 16 18 15 17 Aged 45 Bachelor years or degree or older higher qual % 36 44 36 41 49 44 38 % 28 17 17 16 14 14 30 Cert III/IV or higher VET qual % 25 30 29 29 30 32 28 Without postschool qual % 39 45 46 47 48 46 36
June 2011 Melbourne Barwon-Western District Central Highlands-Wimmera Loddon-Mallee Goulburn-Ovens-Murray All Gippsland Victoria 000 4137.4 401.6 211.9 283.3 316.5 270.5 5621.2
Nov 2011
% of total
000 % 2143.4 74.4 196.7 6.8 105.6 3.7 143.0 5.0 149.1 5.2 141.6 4.9 2875.6 100.0
Sources: ABS Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2011. Employment data are ABS LFS Nov 2011 (state data are trend, capital city and regional figures are 12 month average). Educational attainment data for states are ABS Survey of Education and Work 2011, state capital city and regional figures are from ABS 2006 Census (latest available)
QUEENSLAND
Queensland is the third largest employing state, with 2.4 million workers. The largest employing industries are Health Care and Social Assistance (272 600), Retail Trade (256 400) and Construction (235 400), which together account for almost one third of the states employment. Employment increased by 11.1% (or 234 000) over the five years to November 2011, compared with national growth of 10.4%. The largest numbers of new jobs were in Health Care and Social Assistance (71 900), Mining (25 300) and Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (24 500). Employment fell in Manufacturing (down by 8700 or 4.6%). Over the year to November 2011, employment in Queensland rose by 0.9%, stronger than the national growth rate of 0.6%. Queensland has a slightly higher proportion of workers who do not hold post-school qualifications than the national average (39% compared with 37%). It also has a lower proportion of workers who hold a Bachelor degree or higher qualification (23% compared with 27%). About 28% of workers are employed part-time (compared with 30% nationally).
Regional Queensland
Employment is regionally dispersed with 54% of employment outside Brisbane. Over the year to November 2011, regional employment growth was stronger than metropolitan growth (1.9% compared with 1.0% in Brisbane). The largest employing regions outside Brisbane are the Gold Coast (one in eight Queensland workers is employed in this region) and Mackay-FitzroyCentral West which accounts for almost one in ten (9.4%). Over the year to November 2011, employment growth was strongest in Mackay-FitzroyCentral West (up by 5.5% or 11500), and the Gold Coast (3.7% or 10 900). Similar to the state as a whole, the largest employing industries in regional Queensland are Retail Trade (151 000), Health Care and Social Assistance (142 800) and Construction (139 400). The largest numbers of new jobs in regional areas over the year to November 2011 were in Mining (up by 11 500), Health Care and Social Assistance (9900) and Construction (7100). Regional areas have a lower proportion of people participating in the workforce (66% compared with 69% in Brisbane).

Population 1 year change June to June 2011 2011 Brisbane Sunshine Coast West Moreton Wide Bay-Burnett Mackay-Fitzroy-Central West Darling Downs-South West Northern-North West Far North Gold Coast Queensland 000 2029.4 335.3 84.4 302.9 411.5 272.4 270.3 278.1 596.0 4580.3 % 1.7 1.5 2.2 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.9 1.3 1.9 1.7 Employment 1 year change to Nov 2011 000 % 10.1 1.0 4.5 2.9 1.4 3.6 -5.0 -4.1 11.5 5.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.4 -0.3 10.9 3.7 20.5 0.9 Employment profile (% of regions workforce) Aged younger than 25 years % 19 16 12 17 18 19 18 18 16 18 Aged 45 Bachelor years or degree or older higher qual % 35 43 47 45 34 41 38 36 41 38 % 23 15 9 11 12 14 15 14 15 23 Cert III/IV or higher VET qual % 26 32 27 29 29 26 28 30 30 31 Without postschool qual % 43 44 56 51 51 52 50 47 46 39
Nov 2011
% of total
000 % 1071.9 45.9 158.9 6.8 39.6 1.7 118.8 5.1 220.2 9.4 138.6 5.9 149.6 6.4 134.6 5.8 303.9 13.0 2351.0 100.0
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
South Australia is the second smallest employing state, with 7% of the nations employment (820 900). The largest employing industries are Health Care and Social Assistance (102 200), Retail Trade (92 500) and Manufacturing (78 800). Combined, these industries employ one in every three workers in the state. Employment increased by 6.9% (or 53 000) over the five years to November 2011, a lower growth rate than the national average of 10.4%. Employment rose in 12 of the 19 industries, with the largest numbers of new jobs being in Construction (17 200), Accommodation and Food Services (12 500) and Professional, Scientific and Technical Services (11000). Over the year to November 2011, employment grew more stronglythan the national rate, up by 0.8% compared with 0.6%. South Australia has a slightly lower proportion of workers who hold post-school qualifications than the national average (58% compared with61%), and a lower proportion holding a Bachelor degree or higher qualification (23% compared with 27%). South Australias workforce has a relatively old age profile, with 41% of workers aged 45 years or older compared with 38% nationally. It also has aslightly higher proportion of its workers employed part-time than the national average (34% compared with 30%). The proportion of female workers is the same as the national average (46%).
Regional South Australia

Employment is highly concentrated in Adelaide which employs almost three in every four of the states workers. Outside the state capital city there are two labour force regions. They differ markedly in terms of both geographic area and employment size. Southern and Eastern SA accounts for 16.9% ofstate employment and Northern and Western SA, which covers a much larger area, accounts for 9.2%. Over the year to November 2011, both regions recorded employment growth, with Southern and Eastern SA up by1.4% and Northern and Western SA by 3.9%. The largest employing industries in regional South Australia are Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (31 400), Manufacturing (23 100) and Retail Trade (21500). Over the year to November 2011, the largest numbers of new jobs in regional South Australia were in Accommodation and Food Services (up by 2400) and Administrative and Support Services (1900). The participation rate in regional areas is much the same as that in Adelaide (63% compared with 64%).

Population 1 year change June to June 2011 2011 000 Adelaide Southern and Eastern SA Northern and Western SA South Australia 1213.0 278.8 164.5 1656.3 % 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.8 Employment 1 year change to Nov 2011 000 5.6 2.0 2.8 6.5 % 0.9 1.4 3.9 0.8 Employment profile (% of regions workforce) Aged younger than 25 years % 18 14 16 17 Aged 45 Bachelor years or degree or older higher qual % 39 47 43 41 % 21 11 11 23 Cert III/IV or higher VET qual % 27 28 27 29 Without postschool qual % 44 52 53 41
Nov 2011 000 605.7 138.8 75.3
% of total % 73.9 16.9 9.2
820.9 100.0
WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Western Australia is the fourth largest employing state, with around one in ten Australian workers (1.2 million). The largest employing industries are Construction (130 800), Retail Trade (129 100) and Health Care and Social Assistance (127 800). Together, these industries account for 31% of the states jobs. Employment increased by 13.9% (or 151 200) over the ve years to November 2011, outstripping the national growth rate of 10.4%. Employment rose in 15 of the 19 industries. The largest numbers of new jobs were in Mining (40 300), Health Care and Social Assistance (25 100) and Construction (20 000). Over the year to November 2011, employment increased by 1.2% compared with national growth of 0.6%. About 41% of workers in Western Australia do not hold post-school qualications, slightly higher than the national average (37%). A lower proportion of workers in Western Australia hold a Bachelor degree or higher qualication than the national average (22% compared with 27%). A slightly lower proportion of the states workforce is female compared with the national average (44% compared with 46%). The workforce prole is similar, though, to the national average in terms of full-time employment (71% of workers are employed full-time compared with 70% nationally), and the proportion of workers aged 45 years or older (38%, the same as the national gure).
Regional Western Australia

Employment is highly concentrated in Perth which accounts for three quarters of the states employment. In regional Western Australia, employment is spread fairly evenly across the two regions, Lower Western WA and Remainder-Balance WA, although these regions have markedly different geographic size. Over the year to November 2011, most new jobs in regional areas were created in Lower Western WA (up by 6400 or 4.0%). The largest numbers of new jobs in regional areas over the year to November 2011 were in Mining (up by 5600), Health Care and Social Assistance (3800) and Retail Trade (3100). Regional areas have a slightly lower proportion of people participating in the workforce (67%) compared with Perth (69%).

Population 1 year change June to June 2011 2011 Perth Lower Western WA Remainder - Balance WA Western Australia 000 1738.8 340.3 270.2 2349.3 % 2.5 2.5 1.8 2.4 Employment 1 year change to Nov 2011 000 15.0 6.4 2.0 14.6 % 1.7 4.0 1.4 1.2 Employment prole (% of regions workforce) Aged younger than 25 years % 18 15 15 17 Aged 45 Bachelor years or degree or older higher qual % 37 40 44 38 % 22 12 12 22 Cert III/IV or higher VET qual % 28 29 29 30 Without postschool qual % 42 49 50 41
Nov 2011 000 922.7 166.4 144.3
% of total % 74.8 13.5 11.7
1238.7 100.0
Sources: ABS Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2011. Employment data are ABS LFS Nov 2011 (state data are trend, capital city and regional gures are 12 month average). Educational attainment data for states are ABS Survey of Education and Work, 2011, state capital city and regional gures are from ABS 2006 Census (latest available)
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TASMANIA
Tasmania is the smallest employing state, with 2% of the nations employment (237 600). The largest employing industries are Health Care and Social Assistance (30 600), Retail Trade (26 800) and Construction (21 100), which together account for one third of the states employment. Over the ve years to November 2011, Tasmanias employment increased by 6.1% (or 13 700) compared with national growth of 10.4%. Twelve of the 19 industries increased their employment, with the largest numbers of new jobs created in Construction (4800), Health Care and Social Assistance (3900) and Education and Training (3500). Over the year to November 2011, the level of employment was unchanged, compared with growth of 0.6% at the national level. Tasmania has a higher proportion of workers who do not hold post-school qualications than the national average (41% compared with 37%) and a lower proportion of workers hold a Bachelor degree or higher qualication (22% compared with 27% nationally). The Tasmanian workforce has a particularly old age prole, with 43% of workers aged 45 years or older, the highest of any state or territory. It also has a higher proportion of its workers employed part-time than the national average (35% compared with 30%).
Regional Tasmania
Tasmania has the most regionally diverse workforce in Australia with around 56% of employment located outside Hobart. Regional employment is concentrated in Mersey-Lyell and Northern which combined account for half of the states workers. Over the year to November 2011, employment fell slightly in regional Tasmania, down by 0.3%, but employment rose in Northern (up by 0.3%) and Mersey-Lyell (0.2%). In regional Tasmania, the largest employing industries are Health Care and Social Assistance (17 100), Retail Trade (14 600) and Construction (13 300). The largest numbers of new regional jobs over the year to November 2011 were created in Construction (2200) and Accommodation and Food Services (1500). There is only a slight difference in the proportion of people participating in the workforce between regional areas of Tasmania (60%) and Hobart (62%).

Population 1 year change June to June 2011 2011 Hobart Southern Northern Mersey-Lyell Tasmania 000 216.7 38.1 142.8 112.9 510.5 % 1.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.6 Employment 1 year change to Nov 2011 000 1.9 -0.7 0.2 0.1 -0.1 % 1.8 -4.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 Employment prole (% of regions workforce) Aged younger than 25 years % 17 13 18 16 17 Aged 45 Bachelor years or degree or older higher qual % 42 57 41 42 43 % 22 12 15 11 22 Cert III/IV or higher VET qual % 27 28 28 30 31 Without postschool qual % 43 50 48 50 41
Nov 2011 000 103.9 15.6 68.6 49.7
% of total % 43.7 6.6 28.8 20.9
237.6 100.0
Sources: ABS Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2011. Employment data are ABS LFS Nov 2011 (state data are trend, capital city and regional gures are 12 month average). Educational attainment data for states are ABS Survey of Education and Work, 2011, state capital city and regional gures are from ABS 2006 Census (latest available)
11
NORTHERN TERRITORY
Population June 2011 (000) 1 year change to June 2011 (%) Employment November 2011 (000) 1 year change to Nov 2011 (000) 1 year change to Nov 2011 (%) Aged younger than 25 years (%) Aged 45 years or older (%) Educational prole (% of NT workforce) Bachelor degree or higher qualication (%) With VET qualications at Cert III or higher (%) Without post-school qualications (%) 230.4 0.4 123.7 1.2 1.0 16 37 24 28 43
AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

Population June 2011 (000) 1 year change to June 2011 (%) Employment November 2011 (000) 1 year change to Nov 2011 (000) 1 year change to Nov 2011 (%) Aged younger than 25 years (%) Aged 45 years or older (%) Educational prole (% of ACT workforce) Bachelor degree or higher qualication (%) With VET qualications at Cert III or higher (%) Without post-school qualications (%) 365.6 1.9 204.2 -1.0 -0.5 17 36 44 22 29
Sources: ABS Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2011. ABS LFS Nov 2011, trend. ABS Survey of Education and Work, 2011
Sources: ABS Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2011. ABS LFS Nov 2011, trend. ABS Survey of Education and Work, 2011
The Northern Territory has Australias smallest labour market, with 1% of national employment (123 700). However, the proportion of people participating in the workforce is higher than in any state, and equal to the Australian Capital Territory (73% compared with 66% nationally). Employment increased strongly over the ve years to November 2011, up by 18.2% (or 19 000), compared with national growth of 10.4%. Growth was relatively strong over the year to November 2011, rising by 1.0% compared with national growth of 0.6%. The largest employing industries in the Northern Territory are Public Administration and Safety (18 300), Health Care and Social Assistance (13 200) and Construction (12 200), which together account for slightly more than one third of the Territorys employment. Over the ve years to November 2011, the largest numbers of new jobs were in Construction (up by 3900), Education and Training and Public Administration and Safety (each up by 2700). The workforce has a relatively low skill prole. About 43% of workers do not hold post-school qualications compared with 37% nationally. About 47% of workers are female and just 18% of Territory workers are employed part-time (compared with 30% nationally).
The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) accounts for slightly less than 2% of national employment (204 200). The largest employing industries are Public Administration and Safety (62 800), Professional, Scientic and Technical Services (19 000) and Health Care and Social Assistance (18 400), which collectively account for almost half of the workforce. Employment increased by 4.9% (or 9600) over the ve years to November 2011, compared with national growth of 10.4%. The largest gains were in Public Administration and Safety (up by 8300), Construction (2900) and Health Care and Social Assistance (2700). Over the year to November 2011, employment fell by 0.5% compared with national growth of 0.6%. The workforce is highly skilled with 69% of workers holding a post-school qualication compared with 61% nationally. A high proportion of workers hold a Bachelor degree or higher qualication (44% compared with the national average of 27%), but a relatively small proportion hold Certicate III or higher vocational education and training qualications (22% compared with 29% nationally). This reects the concentration of the ACTs employment in industries which generally require university qualications and the relatively small proportion in Manufacturing and Construction. The proportion of people participating in the workforce is higher in the ACT than the national average (73% compared with 66%). A lower proportion of the workforce is employed part-time than the national average (25% compared with 30%) and a smaller proportion of workers are aged 45 years or older (36% compared with 38%).
12
Industries
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
Which are the largest employing industries?
There are 19 broad industries in Australia. In employment terms, the largest are Health Care and Social Assistance, Retail Trade and Construction which each employ more than 1 million workers. Manufacturing is also a large employer, with almost 950 000. These four industries combined, employ two in every ve Australian workers. It is interesting that, although the Mining industry experienced the largest percentage rise in employment over the ve years to November 2011 (75.5%), it had only the fourth largest number of new jobs and accounts for 2% of national employment. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment fell in Manufacturing, but there are still more people employed in Manufacturing than there are in the Arts and Recreation Services; Information Media and Telecommunications; Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services; and Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services industries combined. The decline in Manufacturing is part of a long-term trend reecting structural adjustment in the Australian economy (information about structural adjustment is provided on page 14). Many industries, such as Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing ; Mining; and Manufacturing create thousands of jobs in other industries, such as Transport, Postal and Warehousing ; Professional, Scientic and Technical Services ; and Construction.
Where are the new jobs?

Over the ve years to November 2011, around 1.1 million jobs were created. The largest growth was in Health Care and Social Assistance (up by 276 000) Professional, Scientic and Technical Services (122 300) Education and Training (114 700) Mining (102 900) Construction (100 700).
Which industries had declining employment?

Employment declined in four industries over the ve years to November 2011, in Manufacturing (down by 72 100) Information Media and Telecommunications (46 800) Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (25 400) Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services (2600).
Which industries have the most jobs in regional locations?

Although Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing has the highest proportion of its employment in regional areas (87%), followed by Mining (61%), the largest numbers of jobs in regional Australia are in Health Care and Social Assistance (almost half a million) Retail Trade (more than 470 000) Construction (around 407 000).
Industry Employment
Employment prole (% of industrys workforce) Aged 45 Working years or part-time Female older % % % 57 56 22 40 52 41 27 30 56 44 47 33 14 11 33 38 69 49 9 25 43 18 53 31 43 79 47 19 42 31 14 26 41 3 16 34 29 41 37 22 43 36 17 47 45 26 50 39 48 56 28 19 22 48 16 33 42 30 46 38 Projected growth to 2016-17
Industry 000 Accommodation and Food Services 773.4 Administrative and Support Services 399.7 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 327.1 Arts and Recreation Services 213.4 Construction 1045.5 Education and Training 859.2 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 154.4 Financial and Insurance Services 432.1 Health Care and Social Assistance 1343.4 Information Media and Telecommunications 203.7 Manufacturing 945.6 Mining 239.1 Other Services 452.7 Professional, Scientic and Technical Services 865.7 Public Administration and Safety 738.1 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services 193.8 Retail Trade 1219.1 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 580.1 Wholesale Trade 424.7 Total (all industries) 11 456.5
Employment Nov 2011 5 year % of change workforce to Nov 2011 % 000 % 7 85.5 12.4 3 45.4 12.8 3 -25.4 -7.2 2 35.3 19.8 9 100.7 10.7 7 114.7 15.4 1 48.4 45.7 4 30.3 7.5 12 276.0 25.9 2 -46.8 -18.7 8 -72.1 -7.1 2 102.9 75.5 4 38.3 9.2 8 122.3 16.5 6 98.4 15.4 2 -2.6 -1.3 11 34.6 2.9 5 68.4 13.4 4 15.8 3.9 100 1077.4 10.4
Outside state capital % 39 35 87 34 39 36 44 20 37 21 35 61 38 24 43 33 39 33 28 37
000 30.9 17.7 5.5 7.8 131.2 61.3 17.9 18.5 241.8 4.6 -85.6 103.7 18.4 108.2 31.2 6.7 50.4 42.0 17.0 829.3
% 4.0 4.4 1.7 3.7 12.6 7.1 11.6 4.3 18.0 2.3 -9.0 43.4 4.1 12.5 4.2 3.5 4.1 7.2 4.0 7.2
Sources: ABS Labour Force Survey, DEEWR trend and four quarter average data. DEEWR employment projections
For more information see www.skillsinfo.gov.au
13
Industries
STRUCTURAL CHANGE
The labour market is changing continuously
The Australian labour market is always changing. Each year, for example, about a million people change jobs, with hundreds of thousands changing industries around 300 000 businesses open, while a similar number close or change ownership. The lasting shifts in employment and economic activity are referred to as structural change. Information about recent changes in industry and occupational shares of employment can be found on pages 13 and 25 respectively. The ageing of the workforce, increased participation of women and greater exibility in working hours have all contributed to the labour market of 2012 looking very different to that of a hundred years ago. Jobs are becoming more highly skilled and our workforce is more highly educated. Our economy is more globalised, facing strong competition from overseas in some sectors. In addition, industries, as well as individuals, need to reduce pollution to avoid the worst effects of climate change. These changes bring both opportunities and challenges. Service industries have always been important, but structural changes have resulted in signicant growth in these sectors in recent decades. Since the 1980s, the fastest growing services have been social services, such as Health Care and Social Assistance and Education and Training, and business services, such as Professional, Scientic and Technical Services . In 1910, less than 40% of the Australian workforce was employed in services industries. Now, services industries employ over three quarters of Australian workers. The economy has continued to change over the last decade. Australia experienced strong employment growth over the ten years to November 2011, with rises in growth industries (mainly services) more than offsetting declines in industries such as Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing; Manufacturing; and Information, Media and Telecommunications.
Many factors contribute to change

Changes in the structure of the Australian economy and labour market have been driven by a range of factors, many interconnected. Sometimes the drivers of change are sudden, but most are part of a steady, evolving trend. Some of these factors include economic reforms and changes to workplace relations increasing labour force participation changing consumer preferences technological advances international competition international trade.
What has happened over the last century?

The industrial structure of the Australian economy has changed markedly over the last century, made clear when you look at the Australian Bureau of Statistics Year Book Australia which was rst published in 1908. Over time, the economy has transitioned from one that was centred on agricultural produce and manufactured goods towards services. For most of the rst half of the 20th century, around half of Australias workers were employed in Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing ; Mining and Manufacturing. Today, these industries represent 13% of the workforce. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing was the largest contributor to the Australian economy at the start of the 20th century and the largest employing industry. Its share of the workforce has steadily declined for many decades and drought has had an impact on the number employed. In 1910, this industry employed around 422 000 people, or 26% of Australias workers. Today, this industry accounts for 3% of employment with 327 100 workers. The early decades of the 20th century saw Manufacturing expand, until it reached its peak in the early 1960s. Over the last half century its share of Australian employment has fallen. In 1910, Manufacturing accounted for slightly more than 20% of total employment, with textiles and clothing manufacturing the most signicant activity. In the mid 1940s it employed 33% of Australian workers. The structure of the industry in Australia changed around this time, with metals, engineering and vehicles the largest employing area. Manufacturing remains a large industry, employing 945 600 workers, but it now accounts for 8% of jobs. As Manufacturings share of employment has fallen, the share of the workforce involved in the provision of services has risen. Service sector jobs are a very broad grouping of industries excluding Manufacturing ; Mining ; Construction ; Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing ; and Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services.
What is likely to happen in the next century?

No one can know what will happen over the next hundred years. Global and domestic pressures are contributing to an acceleration in structural change. The Australian economy is facing major, generational change driven, in part, by the rise of Asian economies, new technologies and the shift to a green economy. Because we can never predict what the global economy or new technology will deliver next, it is important for our workforce to be exible to be able to adapt quickly to change. While our Manufacturing sector continues to downsize, there are opportunities for Australian manufacturers to move into the production of world class, sophisticated technologies. Australias high levels of technology and skills will assist manufacturers to nd new products and markets in which Australia can become a world leader. Factors like the following are likely to contribute to changes. Changes in the international economic and geopolitical landscape as a result of the growing importance of Asia. Today, China, Japan, the Republic of Korea and India are our top four export markets. Australia is well placed to access growing markets for food, energy, education, tourism and other high value-added goods and services in Asia. The strong growth in Mining and the ow on effects. Our ageing population, which will mean that Australia will have a lower proportion of the population working. The development and application of new technologies such as high speed broadband which will support businesses to drive productivity improvements. A greater focus on environmental efciency changing the way industries operate and the skills they need in their workforce.
14
Industries
APPRENTICES AND TRAINEES BY INDUSTRY

Apprenticeships and traineeships are available across all sectors of the economy and include training in traditional trades as well as a diverse range of other careers. They provide an attractive training option by combining practical work with structured training to give students a nationally recognised qualication with important industry experience, which is valued by employers. More information about Australian Apprenticeships is provided on page 33. In line with signicantly differing occupational proles across industries, there is marked variation in the number of apprentices and trainees by industry. Some, such as Health Care and Social Assistance and Education and Training have large numbers of professional workers and consequently high proportions of their workforces hold higher education qualications at the Bachelor degree or higher level. Other industries, including those in which trade occupations are the largest employers, rely more heavily on the vocational education and training sector to develop their skilled workers, and some have large numbers of apprentices and trainees. The industries with the largest numbers of apprentices and trainees in-training are Construction (79 300 in-training) Manufacturing (56 500) Accommodation and Food Services (46 700) Other Services (42 700) Retail Trade (38 000). While there are training opportunities in all industries and across locations, apprentices and trainees in Mining and Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing are more likely to be employed in regional areas, reecting the geographic prole of these industries.
ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICES

Employment November 2011 (number) 5 year change to November 2011 (%) Working part-time (%) Female (%) Aged 45 years or older (%) Employment outside state capital cities (%) Educational prole With a Bachelor degree or higher (%) With VET qualications at Cert III or higher (%) Without post-school qualications (%) This industry All industries 773 400 11 456 500 12.4 10.4 57 30 56 46 22 38 39 37 11 22 61 27 29 37
Accommodation and Food Services employs 773 400 workers. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment rose by 85 500 (or 12.4%). A large number of new jobs were created in Food and Beverage Services (up by 86 500), but this was partially offset by a fall in Accommodation (down by 7500). Over the next ve years, employment in Accommodation and Food Services is expected to increase by 30 900 (or 4.0%), driven by continued growth in Food and Beverage Services. This industry has the highest proportion of young workers (aged younger than 25 years) of any industry (45%) and a higher proportion of females than the average for all industries (56% compared with 46%). Part-time employment is common and many people combine work in this sector with study. This industry provides good entry-level opportunities to the labour market. More than three in every ve workers do not hold post-school qualications. Accommodation and Food Services is an important employer in regional Australia, with more than 300 000 workers outside the state capital cities. Accommodation and Food Services accounts for 7% of national employment, but in some regions it accounts for a higher proportion of the workforce (up to 17%).
Apprentices and Trainees In-Training by Industry (000)

Construction Manufacturing Accommodation and Food Services Other Services Retail Trade Administrative and Support Services Health Care and Social Assistance Transport, Postal and Warehousing Public Administration and Safety Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Wholesale Trade Education and Training Financial and Insurance Services Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services Information Media and Telecommunications Arts and Recreation Services Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services Mining Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 0 8.6 7.7 8.2 7.2 5.7 6.9 5.2 6.6 4.0 5.6 2.1 5.4 5.7 4.5 2.2 3.4 1.9 2.7 1.6 2.5 6.2 1.0 5.8 10 16.9 31.0 32.5 48.3
24.0 29.8
Accommodation and Food Services as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
26.0 16.7 22.5 15.5 19.7 16.7 19.3 13.7 16.1
20
30
40
50
60 Source: ABS Labour Force Survey, November 2011 (regional titles are available in the States and territories section from page 6)
Capital cities Source: NCVER Apprentices and Trainees Collection, September 2011
Regional locations
15
Industries
ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT SERVICES

AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING

Employment November 2011 (number) 5 year change to November 2011 (%) Working part-time (%) Female (%) Aged 45 years or older (%) Employment outside state capital cities (%) Educational prole With a Bachelor degree or higher (%) With VET qualications at Cert III or higher (%) Without post-school qualications (%) This industry All industries 327 100 11 456 500 -7.2 10.4 27 30 30 46 56 38 87 37 12 25 55 27 29 37
Administrative and Support Services employs 399 700 workers. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment grew strongly, up by 45 400 (or 12.8%). Employment increased in both subdivisions, but the largest number of new jobs are in Building Cleaning, Pest Control and Other Support Services, which includes employment and travel services, up by 29 500 (or 17.5%). Administrative and Support Services employment is expected to increase by 17 700 (or 4.4%) over the next ve years with the largest number of new jobs likely to be in Building Cleaning, Pest Control and Other Support Services. Compared with all industries, workers in this industry are more likely to be female (52% compared with 46%) and aged 45 years or older (41% compared with 38% for all industries). Part-time employment is common with 40% of workers employed part-time compared with 30% for all industries. This industrys workforce has a relatively low skill prole (about 45% of workers do not hold post-school qualications). Around 140 000 workers in regional Australia are employed in Administrative and Support Services. The Administrative and Support Services industry accounts for around 3% of national employment. While some regions rely slightly more on this industry for employment than others, there is relatively limited variation across regions.
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing is a relatively small employing industry with 327 100 workers. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment fell by 25 400 (or 7.2%). Employment losses in Fruit and Tree Nut Growing (down by 12 400) and Nursery and Floriculture Production (6600), were partially offset by rises in Dairy Cattle Farming (up by 7600), Fishing (1700) and Aquaculture (1300). Over the next ve years Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing employment is expected to increase by 5500 (or 1.7%). The industry has a relatively old age prole (many in the industry continue working beyond the usual retirement age) and females make up a relatively low proportion of employment (30% compared with 46% for all industries). More than half the workers do not hold post-school qualications, suggesting on-the-job training and experience contribute signicantly to skills. Industry bodies have, though, noted the need for more formal training. The vast majority of jobs in this industry (around 285 000 or 87%) are outside the state capital cities. Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing accounts for a relatively small proportion of Australias employment (3%), but in many regional areas it is a major employer. This is particularly the case in Far West New South Wales, where one in ve workers is directly employed in this industry (21%), and in Southern and Eastern South Australia, where 16% of workers are employed in the sector.
Administrative and Support Services as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
Source: ABS Labour Force Survey, November 2011 (regional titles are available in the States and territories section from page 6)
16
Industries
ARTS AND RECREATION SERVICES

CONSTRUCTION
Employment November 2011 (number) 5 year change to November 2011 (%) Working part-time (%) Female (%) Aged 45 years or older (%) Employment outside state capital cities (%) Educational prole With a Bachelor degree or higher (%) With VET qualications at Cert III or higher (%) Without post-school qualications (%) This industry All industries 1 045 500 11 456 500 10.7 10.4 14 30 11 46 33 38 39 37 8 46 38 27 29 37
The Arts and Recreation Services industry employs 213 400 workers (2% of national employment). It covers a diverse range of activities including the operation of museums, parks and gardens, creative and performing arts, and professional and recreational sports. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment rose by 35 300 (or 19.8%). Most new jobs are in Creative and Performing Arts Activities (up by 10 000) and Heritage Activities (9400). Over the next ve years, employment is expected to increase by 7800 (or 3.7%), driven by growth in Sports and Recreation Activities. This industrys workforce is relatively young with one third of workers aged 45 years or older (compared with 38% in all industries). Many workers are employed part-time (44% compared with 30% for all industries). A slightly higher proportion of workers in this industry do not hold post-school qualications than the national average (42% compared with 37%). Most employment in Arts and Recreation Services is based in the state capital cities. Around 34% (around 72 000 workers) in the industry are employed in regional Australia, and there is little variation in employment share across regions outside the state capital cities, with most having less than 3% of their workforce employed in this industry.
Construction is the third largest employing industry in Australia, with more than one million workers (9% of national employment). Over the ve years to November 2011, employment increased by 10.7% (or 100 700). This growth was mainly driven by Construction Services (up by 47 500) and Building Construction (21 700). Construction employment is expected to rise by 131 200 (or 12.6%) over the next ve years, with most new jobs expected to continue to be created in Construction Services. The vast majority of workers are males who are employed full-time. Females have a low share of Construction industry employment (just 11% compared with 46% across all industries) and 14% of workers are employed part-time. A relatively low proportion of the workforce holds higher education qualications. Consistent with the largest occupations in this industry being trades (four of the top ve) 46% of workers hold vocational education and training qualications at the Certicate III or higher level, well above the average of 29% across all industries. Around 407 000 workers in regional Australia are employed in Construction, 39% of the industrys employment. Some regions have a relatively high proportion of their workforce employed in this industry. For example, the Gold Coast has more than 14% of its workers in this industry.
Arts and Recreation Services as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
Construction as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
17
Industries
EDUCATION AND TRAINING

ELECTRICITY, GAS, WATER AND WASTE SERVICES

Education and Training has 859 200 workers. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment increased by 15.4% (or 114 700). Most new jobs are in Adult, Community and Other Education and Tertiary Education. Over the next ve years, Education and Training employment is expected to increase by 61 300 (or 7.1%), with almost half the new jobs expected to be in Preschool and School Education. The industry has a relatively older workforce with almost half the workers aged 45 years or older compared with 38% in all industries. Almost seven in ten workers are female and there are good opportunities for part-time work with 38% of workers employed on a part-time basis. This is a highly skilled industry, just 15% of workers do not hold a post-school qualication. Reecting the very large numbers of professionals employed in this industry, mainly teachers, the higher education sector is a key contributor of skills. More than three in every ve workers (64%) hold a Bachelor degree or higher qualication. More than 305 000 people are employed in Education and Training in regional Australia, 36% of the industrys workers. Reecting the need for education and training services in every region, the employment share does not vary much across Australian regions. The lowest proportion is around 5% in the Illawarra in New South Wales and the highest is almost 10% in West Moreton, Queensland.
Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services is the smallest employing industry with 154 400 workers (1% of national employment). The industry experienced strong employment growth over the ve years to November 2011, up by 45.7% (or 48 400). Most new jobs are in Electricity Supply (up by 26 800) and Waste Collection, Treatment and Disposal Services (19 800). Over the next ve years, employment in Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services is expected to increase by 17 900 (or 11.6%). This industry is male dominated (three in four workers are male) and the majority of employment is full-time (91%). The industry also has a slightly higher proportion of older workers compared with all industries (43% are aged 45 years or older compared with 38%). The industry is relatively highly skilled. About 31% of workers do not hold post-school qualications compared with 37% across all industries. Almost two in ve workers hold a Certicate III or higher vocational education and training qualication. This industry provides good job opportunities in regional areas. Around 44% of workers in the industry (more than 67 000) are employed in regional Australia, higher than the average for all industries (37%). There are limited differences in employment share from region to region, with around half the regions having less than 1.5% of their workers in this industry.
Education and Training as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
18
Industries
FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE SERVICES

HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

The Financial and Insurance Services industry is a relatively small employing industry, with 432 100 workers. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment rose by 30 300 (or 7.5%). Most new jobs are in Auxiliary Finance and Insurance Services (up by 31 100 or 28.4%), with growth in this subdivision and a smaller rise in Insurance and Superannuation Funds partially offset by a fall in employment in Finance. Employment is expected to increase by 18 500 (or 4.3%) over the next ve years. Relatively few people work part-time (18%) compared with all industries (30%). More than half of the workforce is female (53%) which is higher than the all industries average (46%). About 31% of workers are aged 45 years or older compared with 38% in all industries. The higher education sector plays an important role in the provision of skills, with more than two in every ve workers holding a Bachelor degree or higher qualication. Around a quarter of workers have Certicate III or higher vocational education and training qualications. The majority of large nance and insurance companies operate from state capital cities, resulting in employment in this industry being highly concentrated in metropolitan areas. Around 20% (more than 85 000 people) are employed in regional Australia, the lowest proportion of any industry.
The Health Care and Social Assistance industry has experienced strong growth over the past decade and is now Australias largest employing industry with more than 1.3 million workers (12% of national employment). Over the ve years to November 2011, employment increased by 276 000 (or 25.9%). Employment growth was strong across all subdivisions but the largest number of new jobs was in Medical and Other Health Care Services (up by 108 700 or 36.1%), which covers services like pathology, medical and dental practitioners and physiotherapy. Over the next ve years, employment in Health Care and Social Assistance is expected to increase by 241 800 (or 18.0%), providing more new jobs than any other industry. The workforce is female dominated (79%) and 43% of workers are employed part-time (compared with 30% across all industries). About 47% of workers are aged 45 years or older compared with 38% for all industries. The Health Care and Social Assistance industry is highly skilled, with many of the large employing occupations requiring tertiary qualications. This industry employs slightly fewer than half a million people in regional Australia. Although the industry represents 12% of Australias workforce it has a higher proportion in some regions. For example, Far West New South Wales has 17% of its jobs in this industry.
Financial and Insurance Services as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
Health Care and Social Assistance as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
19
Industries
INFORMATION MEDIA AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

MANUFACTURING
Information Media and Telecommunications is a diverse industry including newspaper and Internet publishing, radio and broadcasting. It employs 203 700 workers. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment fell by 46 800 (or 18.7%). Over the next ve years, employment is expected to increase by 4600 (or 2.3%). Although there is likely to be a slight rise overall, there is some disparity across subdivisions. Four of the seven are expected to increase employment, with the largest number of new jobs in Telecommunications Services. The majority of workers are employed full-time (81%) and 42% of workers are female, slightly lower than the all industries average (46%). A smaller proportion of workers in this industry are aged 45 years or older (31%) compared with the average across all industries (38%). Less than one third of workers do not hold post-school qualications, compared with 37% for all industries. Workers are less likely to hold vocational education and training qualications (23% compared with 29%), but are considerably more likely to have a Bachelor degree or higher qualication (40% compared with 27%) than the average for all industries. Employment is concentrated in the state capital cities, but this industry employs around 43 000 workers in regional Australia.
Just over a decade ago, Manufacturing was Australias largest employing industry, now it is fourth. However, it still employs 945 600 workers or 8% of Australias workforce. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment fell by 72 100 (or 7.1%). The decline was evident in ten of the 15 subdivisions, including Transport Equipment Manufacturing (down by 24 600) and Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing (19 200). There were some job gains, though, in subdivisions such as Primary Metal and Metal Product Manufacturing (up by 12 900). Employment in Manufacturing is expected to fall over the next ve years, down by 85 600 (or 9.0%), but is expected to rise in four subdivisions, including in Primary Metal and Metal Product Manufacturing. The workforce is dominated by males (74%) and most employment is full-time (86%). A slightly larger proportion of workers in this industry are aged 45 years or older (41%) compared with all industries (38%). A relatively high proportion of workers do not hold post-school qualications (42% compared with 37% across all industries), but the workforce has become more skilled with a higher proportion now in skilled occupations than a decade ago. The largest occupations are engineering trades and, as a result, vocational education and training is a vital source of skills. There are around one third of a million Manufacturing jobs in regional Australia. This industry accounts for around 8% of national employment, but in some regional areas it has a much higher proportion of the local workforce.
Information Media and Telecommunications as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
Manufacturing as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
20
Industries
MINING
OTHER SERVICES
Mining employs around 239 100 workers. Employment rose strongly over the ve years to November 2011, up by 75.5% (or 102 900). Most new jobs are in Metal Ore Mining (up by 37 900 or 79.1%) and Coal Mining (21 100 or 75.5%). Over the next ve years, employment is expected to increase by 43.4% (or 103 700), the strongest growth rate of any industry. The majority of workers are male (84%) and almost all are employed full-time (97%). A smaller proportion of workers are aged 45 years or older (34%) compared with the average across all industries (38%). The vocational education and training sector is a major contributor of skills with more than two in ve workers holding Certicate III or higher vocational education and training qualications. The higher education sector is also a key source of skilled workers, with professionals such as engineers and geologists being vital to the industry. Three in every ve Mining workers (around 140 000 people) are employed in regional Australia, with large numbers of workers ying in and out of regional locations. While Mining directly accounts for 2% of employment in Australia, some regions are highly dependent on the industry for employment. For example, in the resource rich area of Remainder-Balance WA (which incorporates the vast majority of regional Western Australia), around 18% of the workforce is employed in Mining, the highest of any region in Australia.
Other Services is a diverse industry which includes personal services and selected repair and maintenance activities. The industry has 452 700 workers. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment grew by 9.2% (or 38 300). Most new jobs are in the Personal and Other Services, which includes personal care, funeral and religious services, (up by 20 500) and Repair and Maintenance (15 400) sectors. Over the next ve years, employment is projected to grow by 18 400 (or 4.1%). About half the new jobs are expected to be in each of the Repair and Maintenance, and Personal and Other Services sectors. A slightly lower proportion of the workforce in this industry is female (41%) compared with all industries (46%). Consistent with technicians and trades workers being the largest employing occupations, the vocational education and training sector provides a signicant contribution to skills in this industry. Almost half of workers (47%) hold a Certicate III or higher vocational education and training qualication, compared with 29% for all industries. Other Services employs 4% of Australias workforce, with more than 172 000 people working in regional Australia (38% of industry employment). The region with the highest proportion of its workers in this industry is Wollongong (where 6.6% of the regions employment is in Other Services ), and the lowest is Southern Tasmania (1.9%).
Mining as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
Other Services as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
21
Industries
PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SERVICES

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SAFETY

Professional, Scientic and Technical Services has 865 700 workers. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment rose by 122 300 (or 16.5%), with many new jobs in Computer System Design and Related Services and Architectural, Engineering and Technical Services. Architectural, Engineering and Technical Services is expected to also provide more than 40% of the projected 108 200 new jobs in Professional, Scientic and Technical Services over the next ve years. Professional, Scientic and Technical Services includes a diverse range of activities such as legal and accounting services, veterinary services and computer system design. About 56% of workers have a Bachelor degree or higher qualication, more than twice the average for all industries (27%). A relatively low proportion of workers in this industry are employed part-time (22% compared with 30% for all industries). The proportion of workers who are aged 45 years or older is slightly lower in this industry than it is across all occupations (36% compared with 38%). Employment is concentrated in the state capital cities. The industry also has, though, a relatively high proportion of its workers employed in the ACT where it accounts for 9% of the workforce. There are slightly fewer than 210 000 workers employed in the Professional, Scientic and Technical Services industry outside the state capital cities, almost a quarter of the industrys workers.
Public Administration and Safety has employment of 738 100, about 6% of the Australian workforce. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment grew by 98 400 (or 15.4%). The largest numbers of new jobs were in Public Administration (up by 79 900) and Public Order, Safety and Regulatory Services (16 300). In the next ve years, employment is expected to increase by 31 200 (or 4.2%). Females comprise 47% of the industrys workforce (compared with 46% for all industries), and 17% of workers are employed part-time (compared with 30% for all industries). About 45% of workers are aged 45 years or older compared with the 38% across all industries. Around 29% of workers do not hold post-school qualications, well below the all industries average of 37%. About 36% hold a Bachelor degree or higher qualication (compared with 27% for all industries) and the proportion holding a Certicate III or higher vocational education and training qualication is similar to the average for all occupations. Public Administration and Safety has a signicantly higher proportion of its workforce (43% or more than 310 000 people) outside the state capital cities than the average across all industries (37%). In the ACT, which is home to the Australian Governments administration, this industry accounts for about 31% of the workforce.
Professional, Scientic and Technical Services as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
Public Administration and Safety as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
22
Industries
RENTAL, HIRING AND REAL ESTATE SERVICES

RETAIL TRADE
The Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services industry employs around 193 800 people, accounting for 2% of national employment. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment fell by 2600 (or 1.3%). Employment is expected to increase by 6700 (or 3.5%) over the next ve years. The new jobs are anticipated to be in Property Operators and Real Estate Services (up by 7600). This rise, though, will be partially offset by a fall in Rental and Hiring Services (except Real Estate), which covers activities like motor vehicle and bloodstock leasing. Half the workers in the industry are female, higher than the all industries average of 46%, and a slightly lower proportion of employment is part-time (26% compared with 30%). Around 40% of workers in the industry do not hold post-school qualications, slightly higher than the all industries average (37%), but almost one in three holds a Certicate III or higher vocational education and training qualication (compared with 29% for all industries). Around one third of jobs (more than 64 000) in the Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services industry are in regional Australia. The industrys share of local employment does not vary much across the regions, with the highest share being around 3% in the Gold Coast.
Retail Trade is Australias second largest employing industry, with more than 1.2 million workers. Over the ve years to November 2011, employment rose by 34 600 (or 2.9%). There are ve major subdivisions in this industry, and employment increased in three, with the small Non-Store Retailing and Retail Commission-Based Retailing sector showing the strongest growth (up by 147.1% or 9900). The largest number of new jobs, though, was in Food Retailing (up by 22 200 or 6.2%). Employment in Retail Trade is expected to increase by 50 400 (or 4.1%) over the next ve years. About 56% of workers are female and almost half of Retail Trade employment is part-time (48%). This industrys workforce also has a young age prole. About 59% of workers do not hold post-school qualications, compared with 37% for all industries, making Retail Trade an ideal entry point to the labour market. Almost two in every ve Retail jobs are outside the state capital cities, making it a signicant source of jobs in regional areas, employing around 470 000 workers. The industry has about 11% of national employment, but its share of local employment is as high as 15% in Wide-Bay Burnett in Queensland and 14% on the Sunshine Coast, also in Queensland.
Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
Retail Trade as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
23
Industries
TRANSPORT, POSTAL AND WAREHOUSING

Employment November 2011 (number) 5 year change to November 2011 (%) Working part-time (%) Female (%) Aged 45 years or older (%) Employment outside state capital cities (%) Educational profile With a Bachelor degree or higher (%) With VET qualifications at Cert III or higher (%) Without post-school qualifications (%) This industry All industries 580 100 11 456 500 13.4 10.4 19 30 22 46 48 38 33 37 14 30 47 27 29 37
WHOLESALE TRADE
Employment November 2011 (number) 5 year change to November 2011 (%) Working part-time (%) Female (%) Aged 45 years or older (%) Employment outside state capital cities (%) Educational profile With a Bachelor degree or higher (%) With VET qualifications at Cert III or higher (%) Without post-school qualifications (%) This industry All industries 424 700 11 456 500 3.9 10.4 16 30 33 46 42 38 28 37 21 24 47 27 29 37
Transport, Postal and Warehousing employs around 580 100 workers, accounting for 5% of the national workforce. Over the five years to November 2011, employment grew strongly, up by 13.4% (or 68400). Most new jobs are in Rail Transport (up by 20200) and Transport Support Services (18 000). Over the next five years, employment is expected to increase by 42000 (or 7.2%). The industrys workforce is relatively old (48% of workers are aged 45years or older compared with 38% across all industries). The majority of workers in the industry are male (78%) and the vast majority of employment is full-time (81%). This workforce has a relatively low skill profile. Almost half the workers in this industry (47%) do not hold post-school qualifications, compared with 37% for all industries. The vocational education and training sector is an important contributor of skills, with 30% of workers holding Certificate III or higher vocational education and training qualifications. Transport, Postal and Warehousing employs more than 190000 people in regional Australia (one in three of its workers is employed outside the state capital cities). This is slightly lower than the average for all industries (37%). The industry employs 5% of the Australian workforce, however, it employs up to 7.5% in some regions and less than 1% in Far West in New South Wales.
The Wholesale Trade industry employs 424700 workers. Over the five years to November 2011, employment increased by 3.9% (or 15800). Employment rose in most subdivisions, with the largest increase being in Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling (up by 28000). Rises were partially offset by falls in Basic Material Wholesaling and Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts Wholesaling. Employment is expected to rise by 17000 (or 4.0%) over the next five years, with the largest employment gains expected in Machinery and Equipment Wholesaling, and Grocery, Liquor and Tobacco Product Wholesaling. A relatively high proportion of workers are male (67%) compared with all industries (54%). The majority of workers are employed full-time (84%) and 42%are aged 45 years or older, higher than the average for all industries (38%). Almost half the workers in this industry do not hold post-school qualifications, suggesting that there are good opportunities for entry-level positions. Employment is concentrated in the state capital cities. Just 28% of workers (around 120000) are employed in regional Australia, well below the average for all industries (37%). Outside the state capital cities some regions, such as Southern and Eastern SA, West Moreton in Queensland and Northern, North Western and Central West in New South Wales have arelatively high proportion of their workforces in the industry (around 4%).
Transport, Postal and Warehousing as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
Wholesale Trade as a % of Total Employment in Each Region
24
OCCUPATIONAL OVERVIEW
In which occupations do Australians work?
About one in three Australian workers is a Manager or Professional. The largest occupational group in employment terms is Professionals, with more than 2.4 million workers. Professional jobs generally require completion of a Bachelor degree or higher qualication. Another 30% of Australians are employed as Technicians and Trades Workers or Clerical and Administrative Workers. Entry to occupations in these groups differs, but generally requires vocational education and training or equivalent experience. There are 25 occupations (of the more than 350 included in the Australian Jobs Matrix which begins on page 35) which employ more than 100 000 people. The ve largest employing occupations in Australia are Sales Assistants, General (499 000) Managers, Retail (240 900) Nurses, Registered (228 000) Clerks, General (187 200) Truck Drivers (184 800).
Hours of work
Employment in Australia is a mix of jobs that are full-time, part-time, permanent and casual. This blend of job opportunities responds to both the needs of employers and workers. There is quite a marked variation in hours of work across the major occupational groups. More than half of those employed as Sales Workers and Community and Personal Service Workers are employed part-time. This suggests these occupations offer good opportunities for people seeking shorter work hours to balance employment with study or caring responsibilities. Females also make up a larger proportion of these workforces than the national workforce average (more than 60% compared with 46% across all occupations).
Age prole
An important element behind the changing nature of the Australian labour market has been the ageing workforce. In 2011, 38% of Australian workers were aged 45 years or older, and the workforce is ageing, meaning that this proportion is projected to increase. Occupations with a high proportion of workers aged 45 years or older are likely to provide additional opportunities for job seekers as workers retire over the next decade. The Managers group has the oldest age prole, with half of these workers aged 45 years or older reecting, in part, the many years of experience generally required for these jobs. Machinery Operators and Drivers and Clerical and Administrative Workers also have relatively older age proles (47% and 42% are aged 45 years or older, respectively).
Which occupations have grown?

More than 1 million new jobs were created in Australia in the ve years to November 2011. Professionals accounted for more than one third of these. In percentage terms, employment growth was strongest for Community and Personal Service Workers. The increasing need for highly skilled workers is shown in the relative employment change across occupational groups over the ve years to November 2011. The largest numbers of new jobs were for Professionals (up by 368 600) Community and Personal Service Workers which generally require a vocational education and training qualication or equivalent (196 000). Employment in the lowest skilled group, Labourers, fell by 11 600. At the specic occupation level, the largest numbers of new jobs over the ve years to November 2011 were for Clerks, General (up by 64 700) Nurses, Registered (49 000) Managers, Advertising and Sales (34 900) Sales Assistants, General (32 600) Carers, Aged and Disabled (32 300).
Occupations in regional locations

The occupational groups with the highest proportion of their employment in regional areas are Labourers (47%) and Machinery Operators and Drivers (44%). Although Professionals has a low proportion of its workforce employed outside the state capital cities, it is a large group and there are around 700 000 jobs in regional Australia. Shortages of Professionals in elds such as agriculture, health and engineering are also evident in a number of regional locations, so employment prospects for people with relevant qualications and experience are good.
Occupational Employment
Employment Nov 2011 % of workforce % 13 21 15 10 15 9 7 10 100 5 year change 000 % 163.7 12.4 368.6 17.8 108.8 6.9 196.0 22.0 117.2 7.3 43.6 4.3 104.8 15.1 -11.6 -1.0 1077.4 10.4 Outside state capitals % 40 28 41 39 33 36 44 47 37 Employment prole (% of occupational group) Working part-time Female % % 12 35 23 52 14 13 53 68 36 76 56 62 14 9 43 34 30 46 Aged 45 years or older % 50 39 33 33 42 25 47 37 38 Projected growth to 2016-17
Managers Professionals Technicians and Trades Workers Community and Personal Service Workers Clerical and Administrative Workers Sales Workers Machinery Operators and Drivers Labourers Total (all occupations)
000 1483.3 2438.4 1689.0 1088.6 1731.5 1048.9 799.8 1150.1 11 456.5
000 94.2 254.7 146.5 118.9 97.7 29.0 51.3 37.0 829.3
% 6.4 10.4 8.7 10.9 5.6 2.8 6.4 3.2 7.2
Source: ABS Labour Force Survey. DEEWR employment projections.
25
SKILL LEVEL OVERVIEW

The previous page examined the labour market by occupation. To understand changes in the level of skill of the Australian workforce, and the importance of acquiring skills, it is useful to also examine employment trends by skill level. Generally, the higher the skill level the greater the amount of formal education or training, previous experience and on-the-job training is required to competently perform in an occupation. Skill levels are indicative, and for many occupations, some years of relevant experience can substitute for formal qualications. More than 3.2 million workers are employed in an occupation assessed at skill level 1 (equivalent to a Bachelor Degree or higher qualication), which includes Managers and Professionals. The next highest skill levels, 2 and 3 (which are equivalent to vocational education and training at the Certicate III or higher level) combined account for more than 2.9 million people. The range of occupations in this category is very broad, including some in each of Community and Personal Service Workers, Clerical and Administrative Workers, Sales Workers, Machinery Operators and Drivers and Labourers. Over the ve years to November 2011, the strongest employment growth was recorded at skill level 1 (up by 15.9% or 446 300 jobs) with employment in relatively low skilled occupations (skill level 5) increasing by only 2.4% (or 45 000). The rise in employment in skilled occupations has not only occurred over the recent past. Since 1990, employment growth for jobs that generally require a qualication at the Diploma level or higher (or extensive on-the-job experience) has outstripped the growth in low skilled jobs (employment growth of 78% for occupations at skill levels 1 and 2 over this period compared with 17% growth for skill level 5 occupations). The value of studying to gain skills is not only highlighted by the growth in employment in skilled occupations, but also in relative unemployment rates and starting salaries for graduates. Page 30 provides information on the relationship between education and employment. It is evident, too, that this trend will continue with the majority of occupations expected to experience jobs growth over the next ve years requiring a high level of skill, highlighting the importance of developing skills and undertaking further education and training to increase your employment opportunities.
Skill Level 5, 7.2%
Most new jobs will be in skilled occupations

More than half the projected growth in jobs over the next ve years is expected to be in the highly skilled occupations, which includes those at skill levels 1 and 2.
Projected Employment Growth to 201617, Skill Level (% share)

Skill Level 1, 38.9%
Skill Level 2, 12.2%
Skill Level 3, 14.7% Skill Level 4, 27.0%
Source: DEEWR employment projections
However, job opportunities are expected across all skill levels. The ve occupations expected to provide the largest number of new jobs over the next ve years are Nurses, Registered (46 800) Carers, Aged and Disabled (23 900) Electricians (23 800) Clerks, General (20 500) Clerks, Accounting (18 600). In the future, the skill requirements of many jobs are predicted to change dramatically in response to new systems and technologies. In some industries, a Certicate III is emerging as the minimum qualication needed for entry level jobs.
Employment by skill level

Projected Growth to 2016-17
Employment Nov 2011 Skill Level 1 2 3 4 5 % of workforce % 28 11 15 26 17 5 year change 000 % 446.3 15.9 129.5 11.2 60.0 344.4 45.0 3.7 13.1 2.4
Qualication equivalence Bachelor Degree or higher qualication AQF Associate Degree, Advanced Diploma or Diploma AQF Certicate III or Certicate IV (including at least two years of on-the job-training) AQF Certicate II or Certicate III AQF Certicate I or compulsory secondary education
000 3259.8 1288.8 1697.9 2981.7 1958.9
000 322.5 100.8 121.8 224.2 59.9
Sources: ABS Labour Force Survey. DEEWR employment projections
26
THE NEXT FIVE YEARS

Which industries will have the most new jobs over the next ve years?
All industries are projected to increase their employment over the next ve years except Manufacturing, where employment is expected to decline (continuing a long-term trend). Over the ve years to 201617, though, more than half of the new jobs in Australia are expected to be provided by just three of the 19 industries. The pie chart below shows that one in four new jobs (241 800 or 26.4% of new jobs) is expected to be in Health Care and Social Assistance, with Construction and Professional, Scientic and Technical Services together also creating more than a quarter of new jobs (up by 131 200 and 108 200 respectively).
Which occupations will have the most new jobs over the next ve years?
While all eight major occupational groups are expected to have larger employment in ve years time, there are projected to be smaller employment gains for the lower skilled occupational groups of Sales Workers, Labourers and Machinery Operators and Drivers, highlighting the importance of undertaking post-school education and training to improve your job and career prospects. More information about employment change by skill level is included on page 26. Over the ve years to 201617, the largest jobs growth is expected to be for Professionals (up by 254 700) followed by Technicians and Trades Workers (146 500) and Community and Personal Service Workers (118 900). There are also expected to be large numbers of new jobs for Clerical and Administrative Workers (97 700) and Managers (94 200).
Projected Employment Growth to 201617 Industry (% share)

Health Care & Social Assistance, 26.4% Construction, 14.3%
Projected Employment Growth to 201617, Occupation Group (000)

Professionals Technicians and Trades Workers Community and Personal Service Workers Clerical and Administrative Workers 146.5 118.9 97.7 94.2 51.3 37.0 29.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 254.7
Professional, Scientific & Technical Services, 11.8% Other Industries, 15.9% Mining, 11.3%
Managers
Public Administration & Safety, 3.4% Transport, Postal & Warehousing, 4.6% Source: DEEWR employment projections
Education & Training, 6.7% Retail Trade, 5.5%
Machinery Operators and Drivers Labourers Sales Workers
Other industries which are expected to provide large numbers of new jobs include Mining (up by 103 700), Education and Training (61 300) and Retail Trade (50 400).
Source: DEEWR employment projections
Projected Employment Growth to 201617, Top 10 Industries (000)

Health Care and Social Assistance Construction Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Mining Education and Training Retail Trade Transport, Postal and Warehousing Public Administration and Safety Accommodation and Food Services Financial and Insurance Services 0 Source: DEEWR employment projections 241.8 131.2 108.2 103.7 61.3 50.4 42.0 31.2 30.9 18.5 50 100 150 200 250 300
The graph below highlights the strong role that Professionals will play in contributing to overall employment growth over the next ve years, with around 31% of new jobs being in this group.
Projected Employment Growth to 201617, Occupation Group (% share)

Technicians and Trades Workers, 17.7% Professionals, 30.7%
Sales Workers, 3.5% Community and Personal Service Workers, 14.3% Labourers, 4.5% Machinery Operators and Drivers, 6.2% Clerical and Administrative Workers, 11.8% Source: DEEWR employment projections Managers, 11.4%
At the more disaggregated level, the top ten sectors providing the most new jobs are expected to be Hospitals (up by 63 100) Cafs, Restaurants and Takeaway Food Services (53 000) Architectural, Engineering and Technical Services (46 400) Residential Care Services (39 000) Building Installation Services (37 600) Metal Ore Mining (36 800) Other Social Assistance Services (34 500) Computer System Design and Related Services (32 700) Allied Health Services (31 100) Building Completion Services (29 400).
27
WHAT DO EMPLOYERS LOOK FOR WHEN RECRUITING?

Employers are interested in a range of skills and attributes when they recruit and it is important to understand that technical skills and high levels of qualication can signicantly enhance your prospects of gaining a job, but they are not the only attributes you need. No matter what the skill level of the position you want, you are likely to nd it hard to gain employment if you do not have employability skills, that is, those non-technical skills required to work effectively. The skills and attributes employers need and the technical or job-specic skills they value vary depending on the position they are looking to ll. It is also true, though, that no matter in which region, industry or occupation you want to work employers place very strong value on employability skills. It is now a requirement of nationally recognised vocational education and training packages to embed employability skills into course content. The eight identied employability skills are: Communication skills; Team work skills; Problem-solving skills; Initiative and enterprise skills; Planning and organising skills; Self-management skills; Learning skills and Technology skills. While employers consider all eight to be important, particular jobs may require some more than others. Employers also value a range of personal attributes including: loyalty, commitment, honesty and integrity, enthusiasm, reliability, personal presentation, common sense, positive self-esteem, ability to deal with pressure, motivation and adaptability. To nd out more about employability skills go to www.deewr.gov.au click on schooling then careers and transitions.
What is the value of post-school education and training?

In Australias sound labour market, unemployment is relatively low and your chances of getting a job are good, even if you nished studying at Year 12. It is clear, though, that completing post-school education or training at the Certicate III or higher level means you are less likely to be unemployed and you are highly likely to earn more than someone who has not done further study. Higher levels of education and skills also generally lead to higher levels of workforce participation and productivity. Information about opportunities to undertake training to up-skill or re-skill and obtain formal qualications is available at www.skills.gov.au. More information about post-school education and training is included on pages 30 and 31, which include links to useful sites. Skilled workers commonly earn more, with school leavers earning around 42% less than a university graduate. A Diploma provides some $10 000 a year of income over a school leaver, or more than $400 000 across a 40 year working life. The occupations which have the highest earnings are generally those which require high levels of skill. Look at the median earnings in the Australian Jobs Matrix which begins on page 35. Unemployment is also lower for people who have higher levels of qualication (see page 30).
Are employers just looking for workers in occupations in shortage?

Sometimes a great deal of attention is given to skill shortages. Shortages can result from a number of factors including low levels of training, high levels of wastage (workers no longer in occupations that use their qualications), changes in technology, increasing demand for new skills within an occupation and locational mismatch (where workers who have the skills are not in close proximity to the employers seeking those skills). The existence of shortages mean there may currently be good opportunities for people with specialised skills or experience in these occupations, but there is no guarantee that those shortages will be evident in the future or that they are apparent in every location. It is better to look for training and employment in an occupation in which you are interested and have aptitude than to base decisions on the existence of shortages. There are opportunities for good candidates in every occupation. Page 29 provides information about the factors which inuence job prospects.
What about the demand for green skills?

Green skills, or skills for sustainability, are the professional and vocational skills, as well as the generic skills (such as sustainable approaches, innovation and problem solving) required for the new green jobs and the greening of existing jobs across all industry sectors as a response to climate change and sustainability imperatives. Green skills are important to all industries and sectors. There is no doubt that new green jobs will be created as we move to a greener economy. This includes occupations in clean energy production and jobs in the manufacturing and production of clean and green consumer items. However, as businesses and entire industries across the economy move to more sustainable ways of working, it is likely that a host of existing jobs will be made greener. Workers across a range of occupations will need new skills to increase efciency, reduce waste, conserve water and develop and implement new technologies and practices for a more sustainable world. Others will need to respond to the demand for sustainable design, green products and green skills from clients and customers. The Australian Government is committed to ensuring that the education and training system is capable of providing a workforce that has the skills required to face the challenges of the future and the transition to a sustainable, low carbon economy. Further information about initiatives providing opportunities for Australians to learn new skills for sustainability and enhance existing skills, knowledge and practices can be found at www.deewr.gov.au/Skills/Programs/WorkDevelop/ ClimateChangeSustainability.
Do I need workplace experience?

One of the most difcult challenges, that even the most highly educated person can face, is breaking into the labour market with little or no workplace experience. An entry-level job can provide you with the workplace skills and experience that will be the critical rst stepping stone to success in the labour market. Entry-level positions can be a great place for you to develop employability skills and you dont have to wait until you have completed school or study. A job in an industry like Retail Trade or Accommodation and Food Services may be available for you to work after school, at weekends or school holidays and this can help you gain valuable workplace skills as well as possibly providing you with a good reference for future job applications.
What are employability skills?

Employability skills are non-technical or generic skills which contribute to your ability to gain and keep a job. They are sometimes referred to as key, core, life, essential or soft skills. Unlike many technical skills, employability skills are transferable between jobs. Employers often reject applicants who are suitable in many other respects, even those who hold relevant qualications, because they do not have the required employability skills. These skills can be developed in entry-level jobs or pre-vocational courses and extracurricular activities.
28
WHICH JOBS HAVE THE BEST PROSPECTS?

Are there opportunities in all occupations?
Jobs with good prospects exist across many occupational groups and all industries. There are good prospects in many skilled occupations, especially in the trades and professions, but there are also opportunities in jobs that generally do not require post-school education or training. Vacancies arise in all occupations as people move jobs, so there are likely to be opportunities even in occupations in which employment is falling. About a million people change jobs every year and hundreds of thousands switch industries showing that the labour market is continuously providing openings.
Geologists
This profession requires a minimum of a Bachelor degree for entry and graduate outcomes are good. Small employment (11 100 workers in Geologist and Geophysicist combined) so although employment growth over the past ve years has been strong, there were just 1700 new jobs in the two elds. Employment is expected to continue to grow relatively strongly. About 90% of Geologists and Geophysicists are employed in the Mining and Professional, Scientic and Technical Services industries. There are shortages of Geologists, but there are very few opportunities outside those remote and regional areas where Mining is concentrated. High earnings reect the level of skill, remote location of jobs and shortages. You may to have to move to undertake training and be willing to work in a regional location, but if you have the skills and are exible in your work location, your prospects of gaining a job in this occupation are good.
What factors affect an occupations prospects?

Many factors affect the number of job opportunities available in an occupation. These include Number employed In simple terms, the larger an occupation, the more likely there are to be jobs in every location. Employment growth Historical employment growth tells you how many new jobs have been created and projected growth gives you an insight into how many additional jobs there will be in the future. Shortages Occupations in which there are shortages mean there are currently good opportunities for people with those skills and experience, and they may offer good job prospects. Some shortages, though, are for highly experienced or specialist workers and new graduates may nd it difcult to gain initial employment. Shortages vary by location and change over time. Job turnover Job turnover is the annual percentage of workers who move out of the occupation into other occupations, retirement or unemployment. Turnover creates opportunities in all occupations when workers need to be replaced.
Medical Practitioners, General

This is quite a large occupation, 52 300 employed. Employment growth has been very strong over the past ve years and further strong growth is expected over the next ve years, creating more than 9000 jobs. Earnings are very high and unemployment is low. Entry to training is competitive, generally requiring a very high Australian Tertiary Admission Rank and often, in addition, success in the UMAT test which some universities use in the selection of students. If you have registration as a Medical Practitioner, though, you are pretty close to being guaranteed a job.
Plumbers
A minimum of a Certicate III is required and licensing is needed for most work. Training is through a formal apprenticeship. Plumber is a large occupation with employment of 81 100. Employment is almost entirely in the Construction industry (more than 90%). Employment increased at an average rate over the past ve years, with 7900 new jobs, but strong growth is expected. Staff turnover is relatively low, but there are still many jobs available to replace workers who retire or leave the trade. Unemployment is below average and there are shortages of Plumbers. There are opportunities for self-employment, with ABS Labour Force Survey data showing almost two in ve Plumbers are working for themselves. Earnings are about average but working conditions can be muddy and difcult as some work is in sewerage systems.
What other data can help you nd out about job prospects?
Industry prole Some occupations are engaged across a range of industries, others are concentrated in a single industry. It may be easier to transfer to a new job if an occupation is spread across industries. www.joboutlook.gov.au has useful information about industry dispersion. Graduate outcomes It is useful to look at the employment outcomes for graduates (but bear in mind that outcomes change). Information is at www.graduatecareers.com.au/Research/GradJobsDollars. The following examples show the kind of issues that affect your chances of getting a job in particular occupations.
Sales Assistants, General

This is the largest employing occupation in Australia (almost 500 000 jobs) with opportunities in almost every location across the country. Employment growth has been below average over the past ve years (up by 7.0% compared with 10.4% across all occupations) but the large size of the occupation means a large number of jobs were created (32 600). Over the next ve years, more than 12 000 new jobs are likely. Staff turnover is high which means many vacancies are created as people leave their Sales Assistant positions to work in other occupations or retire. Few Sales Assistants hold post-school qualications. Most employment is part-time (70%). Opportunities are also available for people wanting work for a short period, with additional jobs generally offered over the busy Christmas period. This employment can provide great work experience. Although it may be relatively easy to gain employment as a Sales Assistant, pay is low and work may involve weekends and evenings.
Carers, Aged and Disabled

A large occupation with 116 800 workers across the country. Strong employment growth over the past ve years (32 300 new jobs) and further strong growth expected as the Australian population ages, providing opportunities for workers with the right skills. The workforce is relatively old and staff turnover is slightly higher than average, meaning there are likely to be many vacancies as workers retire or leave the occupation. There are good prospects of working part-time, but earnings are low. Opportunities to work in this eld without qualications are shrinking as many employers seek applicants who hold relevant qualications at the Certicate III or higher level.
29
EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT

The Australian workforce is becoming more skilled
The Australian workforce is becoming more educated and more highly skilled. Looking at the industries in which employment growth is very strong, like Health Care and Social Assistance where more than three-quarters of workers hold post-school qualications, it is apparent that most of the new jobs of the future will require post-school qualications to meet employers demand for skilled workers. This means that you are at an increasing disadvantage when looking for work if you have a low level of education, or have not completed post-school study. There has been a marked increase in the proportion of Australian workers who hold post-school qualications. Around half of those employed in 2002 had studied after leaving school but this has now risen to around 63%.
Higher qualications increase your chance of getting a job

There is plenty of evidence to suggest your level of education has a signicant effect on your chance of getting a job. The May 2011 ABS Survey of Education and Work shows that those with a Certicate III or higher qualication had a lower unemployment rate than workers who do not hold post-school qualications. The higher your qualication, the less likely you are to be unemployed and data on page 28 also show higher qualications generally mean higher pay. In 2011, the unemployment rate for workers with Year 10 or below as their highest qualication was 8.6%, compared with 5.5% for people who completed Year 12, 4.1% for those with Certicate III/IV qualications and 3.0% for people who completed a Bachelor degree.
Educational Prole (% of total employed), May 2011

Highest level of post-school qualication Postgraduate Degree Graduate Diploma/Certicate Bachelor Degree Advanced Diploma/Diploma Certicate III/IV Certicate I/II Certicate not further dened and level not determined No post-school qualication
Source: ABS Survey of Education and Work
% 5.4 2.4 19.3 9.8 19.6 3.5 2.9 37.2
Unemployment Rate by Qualication, May 2010 and May 2011 (%)

Year 10 or below 5.5 6.4 4.1 3.8 3.0 2.7 0 2011 2 2010 4 6 8 10 8.6 9.9
Year 12
Certificate III/IV Bachelor Degree
There is regional disparity in educational attainment

There are signicant differences in the qualication prole of the workforce in state capital cities compared with regional areas. In state capital cities, people are much more likely to have a university qualication, while in regional Australia, people are more likely to hold vocational education and training qualications. In part, this reects the industry base of many regional locations, where Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing; Construction; Retail Trade; Accommodation and Food Services; Manufacturing and Mining can represent relatively high shares of local employment.
Source: ABS Survey of Education and Work
Employment outcomes for university and vocational education and training graduates are good
For Bachelor degree graduates, Graduate Careers Australias (GCA) 2011 graduate survey shows that 77% of surveyed 2010 graduates had found full-time work four months after nishing their degrees. For VET graduates, the National Centre for Vocational Education Researchs (NCVER) survey of VET students for 2010 found that 77% of surveyed graduates found work within six months of graduating. While this gure also includes people employed on a part-time basis, these results are similar to the outcomes for Bachelor degree students. DEEWR projections (see page 27) show that employment growth over the next ve years is expected to be strongest for skilled workers, and many professions and trade occupations have particularly strong employment growth (see the Australian Jobs Matrix which begins on page 35).
Highest Level of Educational Attainment, by Remoteness Area, May 2011 (% of total employed)
31.7 27.2
Major cities of Australia
Regional Australia
16.7 34.6
Remote Australia 0 5 10
10.8 31.9 15 20 25 30 35 40
Bachelor Degree and Vocational Education and Training Graduates Employed After Graduation, 2009 to 2011
Bachelor degree graduates Employed full-time four months following graduation 2011 2010 2009 76.6 76.2 79.2 Vocational education and training graduates Employed (full-time or part-time) at end May following graduation 77.4 76.3 77.8
% with a university qualification Source: ABS Survey of Education and Work
% with a VET Certificate III/IV or higher
Source: Gradstats and NCVER Student Outcomes
30
EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT

Graduate demand is strong in regional areas
NCVER data also show that vocational education and training qualications are particularly sought after in regional and remote areas of Australia. Vocational education and training graduates in regional and remote Australia are more likely to nd employment after graduation than those in major cities. This is particularly the case for graduates in remote areas (84% were employed after graduating compared with 76% in major cities) and they are also more likely to command a higher income once they have found employment (average annual income of $64 600 compared with $52 800 in major cities).
2010 Vocational Education and Training Graduates, % Employed at May 2011

Education Architecture and Building Engineering & Related Technologies Health Agriculture, Environmental & Related Studies Society and Culture Management and Commerce Food, Hospitality & Personal Services Natural & Physical Sciences 62.2 60.1 56.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 89.9 86.3 85.6 84.3 82.8 77.6 76.3 73.3
Outcomes for Vocational Education and Training Graduates by Location, 2011

Average annual income for full-time Employed at end May employed graduates following graduation Major cities Inner and outer regional Remote and very remote
Source: NCVER Student Outcomes
Creative Arts Information Technology Source: NCVER Student Outcomes
$52 800 $52 700 $64 600
75.5% 79.3% 83.5%
Starting salaries for graduates

In 2011, GCA gures show the median annual starting salary for all Bachelor degree graduates aged less than 25 years and in their rst full-time job in Australia was $50 000, up from $49 000 in 2010. The ve highest starting salaries were for Dentistry ($80 000) Optometry ($70 000) Earth Sciences ($65 000) Engineering ($60 000) Medicine ($58 500).
Employment outcomes by eld of study

Graduate employment outcomes by eld of study are useful to see which graduates do best in the labour market but they need to be examined in the context of other information. The information shown below is employment outcomes for Bachelor degree graduates, but the entry qualication for some occupations is commonly a Masters degree. GCA gures show that in Architecture, for example, more than 42% of 2010 Bachelor degree graduates were in further study four months after graduation. For some other occupations, there is a mandatory internship/registration year before a graduate is admitted to the occupation (for example, Medical Practitioner), so a high proportion of these graduates are in full-time work. Detailed information is at www.graduatecareers.com.au/Research, click on explore our research, and www.ncver.edu.au/statistic/21065.
In 2011, NCVER data show the average annual salary for graduates with a qualication through vocational education and training who were in full-time work six months after completing their training was Diploma or higher ($60 800) Certicate III/IV ($53 200) Certicate I/II ($48 000). In 2011, for graduates with a qualication through vocational education and training who were in full-time work six months after completing their training, the highest average salaries were in the elds of Education ($70 400) Engineering and Related Technologies ($57 600) Health ($57 500) Natural and Physical Sciences ($53 900) Management and Commerce ($52 400).
Bachelor Degree Students who Graduated in 2010 (% of those seeking full-time employment who were working full-time four months after graduation)
Mining Engineering Medicine Dentistry Civil Engineering Rehabilitation Law Building Accounting Chemistry Visual/ Performing Arts 0 10 20 30 40 50 Source: Graduate Careers Australia, Gradstats 52.3 60 70 80 90 100 63.0 98.2 98.0 90.6 89.5 87.5 83.6 81.8 78.6
Useful links
www.graduatecareers.com.au information about higher education graduates. www.jobsearch.gov.au graduate careers in the Australian Government and State agencies Click on Career Information then select Graduates. www.myuniversity.gov.au the Australian Governments new website which provides a broad range of information about Australian universities. www.ncver.edu.au information on vocational education and training graduate outcomes and research. www.studyassist.gov.au more about studying at university.
31
EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION SERVICES

There is a wide range of Government assistance available to help you nd the right job, gain skills through training and understand your rights in the workplace. The following information is a summary with links provided to help you get the full details about policies and programs available to assist you. If you would like further information, the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR) website www.deewr.gov.au is the place to start. If you do not have access to the Internet, call DEEWR on 13 17 64. based on your individual circumstances and caring responsibilities. Assistance could include support to access suitable child care. Principal carer parents on income support are eligible to access Job Services Australia services for help to gain new skills or update existing skills. Parents who are not on income support can also access employment services. Your local Job Services Australia provider will be able to discuss this with you in more detail, based on your individual circumstances.
EMPLOYMENT
Help if you are looking for work
If youre looking for work, contact Centrelink at www.humanservices.gov.au or phone 13 25 80. The helpful staff there can then assist you to get in touch with an employment service provider.
Local Employment Coordinators

Local Employment Coordinators (LECs) work in 20 vulnerable areas across Australia. LECs identify opportunities and drive strategic responses to local needs by facilitating linkages across business, community, provider organisations and all levels of government to help people into jobs and meet demands for skills and labour. The Government has extended the Priority Employment Area initiative, including Local Employment Coordinators and Jobs and Skills Expos, until 2013. Go to www.deewr.gov.au/PEA for information on the 20 areas identied as requiring additional assistance to help address local labour market issues. A total of $45.2 million has been allocated over two years, including a $20 million Flexible Funding Pool, to continue activities that support these vulnerable areas. To nd out where Jobs and Skills Expos are being held, go to the PEA website and click on Jobs and Skills Expos.
Job Services Australia

Job Services Australia is the Australian Governments national employment services system. It is a one stop shop for employment assistance that has providers located in more than 2000 towns, cities and rural sites across Australia. If you are an eligible job seeker, you will be linked to a provider of your choosing who will work with you to develop an Employment Pathway Plan that is tailored to your individual needs. This maps out the services and training that will help you to nd and keep a job. Details about Job Services Australia, including information for specialist services, which are summarised below, and the location of Job Services Australia providers, is available at www.deewr.gov.au/jsa. For further assistance call the job seeker hotline on 13 62 68.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples

If you are an Indigenous job seeker and experiencing barriers to getting a job, all Job Services Australia providers can deliver specic services to meet your needs. They will be able to provide exible assistance and support to help you overcome barriers. Based on your needs this can include work experience opportunities by placing you with an employer, access to training and skill development or assistance to relocate to a place with more work opportunities. You may also be given the choice of attending an Indigenous specialist Job Service Australia provider, who operate in many locations across Australia. Job Services Australia providers work with local employers, Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP), Indigenous Employment Program (IEP) providers, community and health services, registered training organisations, state, territory and local government and other organisations to develop opportunities. Providers of the IEP work with Job Services Australia providers to assist Indigenous job seekers with getting a job, staying employed, developing their career or owning and operating their own business. Further information is available at www.deewr.gov.au/Indigenous or by contacting a Job Services Australia provider. You can also look at www.ftythousandjobs.org.au.
Youth
For youth services visit www.youth.gov.au. Job Services Australia is available to all young people aged between 15 and 21, who are not in full-time study or full-time work, regardless of whether they receive income support. In addition, if you have signicant issues preventing you from getting a job, you may be able to register directly with a Job Services Australia provider to get immediate help. The Indigenous Youth Careers Pathways program (IYCP) is available for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students in Years 11 and 12 (and in limited cases Year 10 students) to start and successfully complete a school-based traineeship. Assistance is also available for other Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students, including younger secondary students (from Year 7) to stay in school, undertake a school-based traineeship, nd a job or move into further study.
Mature age employment

If you are aged 50 or older and looking for work, you can register to receive help from Job Services Australia. You may want to explore www.deewr.gov.au/employment/programs/expplus. The Experience+ website contains information for mature age job seekers and mature age workers, and includes free career advice and a rsum appraisal service. A Job Bonus is available to employers who recruit an eligible mature age job seeker from 1 July 2012. For further assistance call 13 17 64.
People from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds

If you are a job seeker from a culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) background, you may be given the choice of attending a CALD specialist Job Services Australia provider. Centrelink and your Job Services Australia provider will provide interpreter services when required. You can contact Centrelinks multilingual call service on 13 12 02. The Language, Literacy and Numeracy program may also help improve English language skills. See www.deewr.gov.au/llnp for program details.
Parents and carers

As a parent or carer, you may have additional responsibilities and needs that affect your ability to secure employment. Working one-on-one with your local Job Services Australia provider, the services and training you receive will be
32
EMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION SERVICES

Disability Employment Services
Disability Employment Services provide specialist help for job seekers with disability, injury or health conditions. Disability Employment Services providers are organisations contracted by the Australian Government in more than 1900 sites across Australia. They provide a wide range of services and support to help you nd and maintain sustainable employment. For more information, visit JobAccess at www.jobaccess.gov.au. This is a one-stop information shop providing help for employers, employees, job seekers and service providers for the employment of people with disability. JobAccess advisers can also be contacted on 1800 464 800. Australias workplace relations system, educates people working in Australia about fair work practices, rights and obligations and investigates complaints or suspected contraventions of workplace laws, awards and agreements. For more information see www.fairwork.gov.au or call 13 13 94. FWA is the national workplace relations tribunal. It is an independent body with power to carry out a range of functions including providing a safety net of minimum conditions, including minimum wages, in awards, facilitating good faith bargaining and the making of enterprise agreements, granting remedies for unfair dismissal, regulating the taking of industrial action and resolving a range of collective and individual workplace disputes through conciliation, mediation and in some cases arbitration. For more information see www.fwa.gov.au or call 1300 799 675.
New Enterprise Incentive Scheme

Starting a new business is another employment option available to you as a job seeker. If you are considering setting up your own business, you may be eligible for the New Enterprise Incentive Scheme (NEIS), depending on your personal circumstances. NEIS can provide you with accredited small business training, business advice and mentoring, as well as ongoing income support for up to 52 weeks. For more information see www.deewr.gov.au/NEIS.
EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Skills for All Australians
There are a number of new initiatives in education and training including a commitment between the Australian Government and the state and territory governments to provide training to anyone of working age without a Certicate III or higher qualication. Visit www.innovation.gov.au for information about all the initiatives.
Harvest Labour Services

Harvest Labour Services providers can help you nd work as a harvest labourer in rural and regional areas across Australia. Harvest work is generally available throughout the year where there are not enough local workers to harvest fruit and vegetable crops or assist wool growers. The National Harvest Labour Information Service can also help you nd information about fruit and vegetable harvest jobs across Australia. See www.harvesttrail.gov.au.
Australian Apprenticeships
Australian Apprenticeships are available to you if you are of working age, and do not require any entry qualications. You can be a school-leaver, re-entering the workforce or simply wishing to change careers. You may even be able to start an Australian Apprenticeship while you are still at school. No matter in which industry or eld of work you are interested, there is likely to be an Australian Apprenticeship to meet your needs. The Australian Government has a number of initiatives to help ease the nancial difculties of Australian Apprentices. Visit www.australianapprenticeships.gov.au. The Australian Apprenticeships Access Program provides vulnerable job seekers who experience barriers to entering skilled employment with pre-vocational training, support and assistance. The program includes pre-vocational training linked to an Australian Apprenticeship pathway and assists participants to nd and keep an Australian Apprenticeship, or to enter employment or further education or training. Visit www.deewr.gov.au/AAAP.
Help if you have lost your job

If youve recently been made redundant, you will have access to Job Services Australia, which has programs and services available to quickly reconnect you with job opportunities. In some circumstances, the Government is able to provide labour adjustment packages to assist employees in areas where large scale closures may impact on the local labour market. Workers from eligible companies in the automotive manufacturing and the textile, clothing and footwear industry have immediate access to intensive assistance through Job Services Australia.
General Employee Entitlements and Redundancy Scheme

The General Employee Entitlements and Redundancy Scheme (GEERS) may also be able to assist you if you lose your employment. GEERS is a payment scheme established to assist employees who are owed entitlements after they lose their employment due to the liquidation or bankruptcy of their employer. GEERS covers capped unpaid wages, annual and long service leave, capped payment in lieu of notice and capped redundancy pay. For more information see www.deewr.gov.au/geers.
Higher Education
If you are planning to study at university or other approved higher education provider have a look at the new Australian Government website MyUniversity. Visit www.myuniversity.gov.au Should you require help to nance your tertiary studies, visit the Australian Governments Study Assist website at www.studyassist.gov.au. Here you will nd information about student loans available under the Higher Education Loan Program (HELP), in both the Higher Education and VET sectors, as well as information about Student Income Support and Australian Scholarships and Awards. University students in receipt of Youth Allowance, Austudy or ABSTUDY may be eligible to receive an annual Student Start-Up Scholarship for each year they are studying, valued at $2050 in 2012 (two payments of $1025). If you are a student receiving Youth Allowance or ABSTUDY and you need to move away from home to study you may also be eligible for a Relocation Scholarship. Visit www.humanservices.gov.au for more information on eligibility for these scholarships.
Help available after you have a job

The Fair Work Ombudsman (FWO) and Fair Work Australia (FWA) are the two key organisations in Australias workplace relations system. Each has different functions within that system. The FWO is an independent statutory ofce whose functions include promoting harmonious, productive and cooperative workplace relations and ensuring compliance with Commonwealth workplace laws. The FWO offers people a single point of contact to obtain accurate and timely information about
33
GUIDE TO THE AUSTRALIAN JOBS MATRIX

How do I use the Matrix?
After you have considered your interests and aptitudes, and have thought about how to boost your own prospects you may want to look in more detail at factors which might help with your decisions about which particular occupation or career to pursue. These can include the availability of work in your local area, pay and conditions, how hard it is to get into relevant training, future jobs growth and skill level. The links on page 43 can help you explore these factors, and the information in the Matrix can also help you identify key issues. The information provided in the Australian Jobs Matrix is a guide, and decisions about future career choices should be based primarily on your own skills, interests and expectations. Lifestyle factors may inuence your choice. Some relatively low skilled occupations may have relatively high pay, but this may be to compensate for difcult working conditions or unsociable hours. Skilled occupations generally attract better pay and conditions Titles in the Matrix are arranged in alphabetical order and some are duplicated to make them easier to nd. For example, data for Carpenters and Joiners appear also as Joiners and Carpenters. Similar occupations may also be clustered together with their titles reversed, for example Electrical Engineer will be listed under Engineer, Electrical so it is adjacent to other Engineers to help you compare similar occupations. Descriptions of the data in each column of the Matrix are provided below.
Full-time Employment Share

Information provided shows the proportion of workers in the occupation who work full-time. The information is based on the ABS denition of full-time, which is workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week.
Earnings
Data on weekly earnings are before tax earnings for full-time employees, and are obtained from the ABS publication Employee Earnings, Benets and Trade Union Membership (Cat. no. 6310.0) 2010. They are based on median weekly earnings and are arranged in ve categories. The median earnings ranges are for all ages and levels of experience, so they are indicative only and cannot be used to determine what a worker will actually earn in a particular job.
Median Weekly Earningsranges

$ $$ $$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $800 $801-950 $951-1150 $1151-1400 $1401
Future Employment Change

DEEWRs employment growth projections are based on: occupational employment forecasts by the Centre of Policy Studies, Monash University; recent employment growth; future and actual industry employment growth and; qualitative information on occupational developments.
Employment and Employment Change

The Employment column provides information about the number of people employed in Australia in November 2011 for each occupation. It relates to total employment so it includes both full-time and part-time workers. Employment Change shows the change in the number of people employed as well as the percentage change in employment over the ve years to November 2011.
Future Employment Change (%), 5 years to 201617

< -1.0 . -1.0 to 5.0 > 5.0 to 8.5 > 8.5 to 11.0 > 11.0
Unemployment Rate
The Unemployment Rate is the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labour force (employed plus unemployed). Unemployment is presented in ve categories: low, below average, average, above average and high. The categories are based on the occupations average unemployment rate over 2011 relative to the average across all occupations. An occupation may have high unemployment but also be experiencing shortages for particular skills. This can occur when there is a geographic mismatch between workers with skills and employers who are seeking skills, but may also be a result of the skills held by unemployed people not matching those required by employers. Occupational Unemployment Rates do not reect underutilised skills (such as an Accountant working as a Clerk, Accounting who, while not unemployed, may wish to work as an Accountant), and does not include rst job seekers or those who have not worked in the past two years.
Job Openings
Job Openings counts both the number of new jobs expected to be created over the next ve years and the number of openings likely due to job turnover (workers leaving their occupation group for other employment or leaving the workforce). Job Openings estimates are indicative only and are included to provide a guide to the number of opportunities likely to be available over the next ve years. Turnover rates vary over time and are estimated from aggregated data (and some data have been imputed). It is vital to note that these estimates do not provide any guidance about how many people are looking for opportunities in each occupation. Although there may be large numbers of Job Openings, there may be even larger numbers of job applicants, and small occupations where there are inadequate numbers of qualied people may offer better prospects for suitably skilled applicants. Information about job prospects is included on page 29.
Gender
This column shows the proportion of those employed in the occupation who are female. Overall, females comprise 46% of employment in Australia.
Job Openings (000), 5 years to 201617

q qq qqq qqqq qqqqq
< 5000 5000 to <10 000 10 000 to <25 000 25 000 to <50 000 50 000
Median Age
Data presented on age are the median age in years for workers in each occupation. That is, half the workers in the occupation are younger and half are older.
34
For more information see www.joboutlook.gov.au

Employt Change 5 Years to Nov 2011 000 %
10.3 2.1 0.4 2.3 4.9 -1.6 1.6 1.9 4.5 5.4 -0.1 0.1 0.7 -1.7 0.1 0.5 -2.1 4.7 2.7 -3.1 3.8 7.5 -1.7 23.3 3.3 3.0 -1.5 -0.7 -16.4 1.8 7.1 6.0 1.1 6.5 -0.5 4.0 9.5 -0.6 32.3 18.2 -1.8 17.9 1.6 13.8 18.4 -1.1 -0.1 18.2 6.8 -8.2 4.0 32.3 -1.3 2.7 6.9 41.6 6.1 5.4 37.3 -74.4 8.2 18.0 52.4 50.5 -2.9 0.6 -8.6 0.3 11.3 -38.2 103.6 17.7 -64.6 57.4 33.2 -3.0 34.3 76.0 15.8 -28.1 -10.8 -12.2 6.0 36.2 24.2 6.9 21.4 -16.1 27.4 13.2 -26.8 38.2 18.8 -28.4 16.0 13.3 11.3 32.3 -12.2 -3.1 12.7 27.1 -46.6 31.5 27.9 -30.3 23.8
Occupation
Employt Nov 2011 000

158.1 7.0 6.2 46.0 18.1 0.5 20.7 12.4 13.2 16.0 3.0 15.0 1.2 18.4 53.9 4.6 3.4 9.2 17.8 1.7 10.3 30.1 55.3 91.3 7.6 22.1 3.9 5.5 117.5 31.4 26.8 30.8 17.1 36.9 2.7 18.4 82.1 1.7 116.8 115.1 4.4 129.4 13.7 136.3 75.5 8.0 3.2 161.6 32.1 9.4 16.5 147.7 2.9 14.2
F-T Future Future Unemp Gender Median Share of Median Employt Job 2011 Females Age Employt Earnings Change Openings % years %
below avg high low avg high low avg low low low low below avg high below avg avg below avg low low avg below avg avg above avg avg high low avg avg below avg below avg above avg avg avg high high low high avg high avg avg low avg below avg above avg above avg below avg low high avg avg high below avg avg above avg 49 50 40 59 5 17 1 7 7 31 33 68 0 27 8 68 8 91 41 74 26 76 55 18 97 19 93 1 3 1 81 71 27 11 79 86 80 96 8 1 14 77 19 26 27 58 79 13 56 82 64 68 37 28 35 34 39 45 30 40 39 40 45 38 36 38 42 45 43 37 38 48 28 37 37 24 53 31 47 33 45 37 38 33 28 31 47 36 44 36 47 31 53 31 38 20 33 43 35 47 47 47 44 42 45 35 84 37 84 84 87 74 93 97 84 92 93 61 81 83 92 76 76 64 93 45 91 79 69 35 85 61 75 98 28 92 92 93 28 71 74 71 44 53 36 45 64 94 90 20 78 93 79 37 16 68 58 64 41 59 $$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$ $$$$ $$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$ $ $$$$ $$$$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$ $ $$ $ $$$$ $ $ $$$ $$ $$ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $ $ $$ $$ $$$$ $ $$ $$$$ $ $ $ $ $$ $$ qqqqq qq q qqqq qqq q qqq qq qqq qqq q qq q qqq qqqq q q q qqq q q qqq qqq qqqqq q qqq q q qqqqq qqq qqq q qqqq qqqq q qqq qqqqq q qqqqq qqqqq q qqqqq qq qqqqq qqqqq q q qqqqq qqq q qqq qqqqq q qq
A
Accountants Actors, Dancers and Other Entertainers Actuaries, Mathematicians and Statisticians Advertising and Marketing Professionals Agricultural, Forestry & Horticultural Operators Agricultural Technicians Airconditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics Aircraft Maintenance Engineers Air Transport Professionals Ambulance Ofcers and Paramedics Anaesthetists Animal Attendants and Trainers Aquaculture Workers Architects and Landscape Architects Architectural, Building & Surveying Technicians Archivists, Curators and Records Managers Auctioneers and Stock and Station Agents Audiologists and Speech Pathologists Auditors and Company Secretaries Authors, and Book and Script Editors Automotive Electricians
B
Bakers and Pastrycooks Bank Workers Bar Attendants and Baristas Barristers Beauty Therapists Binders, Finishers and Screen Printers Boat Builders and Shipwrights Bookkeepers Bricklayers and Stonemasons Butchers and Smallgoods Makers
C
Cabinetmakers Cafe Workers Call or Contact Centre Workers Canvas and Leather Goods Makers Car Detailers Care Workers, Personal and Nursing Support Care Workers, Special Carers, Aged and Disabled Carers, Child Caretakers Carpenters and Joiners Cartographers and Surveyors Checkout Operators and Ofce Cashiers Chefs Chemists, and Food and Wine Scientists Chiropractors and Osteopaths Cleaners, Commercial Cleaners, Domestic Cleaners, Other Clerical and Ofce Support Workers, Other Clerks, Accounting Clerks, Betting Clerks, Court and Legal
For the key to symbols see page 34
35

0.3 64.7 0.3 -0.5 6.8 7.3 6.3 5.9 0.6 -1.0 1.6 5.9 3.6 3.4 25.4 -1.1 -1.7 -1.2 1.9 2.8 -6.0 2.1 -0.6 3.0 3.0 -1.8 4.6 1.1 1.0 0.2 2.4 21.2 11.4 7.8 12.6 9.5 3.9 21.9 0.1 2.0 -3.7 4.8 19.8 0.4 24.7 -3.7 7.4 -0.6 2.2 -2.7 -1.4 -6.6 10.0 -0.1 -0.6 1.3 52.8 2.4 -0.7 24.6 24.0 7.7 19.0 5.2 -40.2 27.6 29.5 9.1 15.5 33.5 -11.0 -4.2 -7.7 4.2 27.3 -20.3 41.6 -5.0 60.5 16.4 -23.4 38.1 31.3 8.7 2.9 63.1 59.6 32.6 23.4 32.8 18.9 49.3 13.5 2.3 62.5 -27.2 55.8 32.7 4.8 21.6 -9.1 52.4 -6.0 30.7 -39.0 -22.4 -20.0 26.4 -1.4 -6.0
Occupation
Clerks, Filing and Registry Clerks, General Clerks, Human Resource Clerks, Inquiry Clerks, Insurance, Money Market and Statistical Clerks, Payroll Clerks, Purchasing and Supply Logistics Clerks, Transport and Despatch Clothing Trades Workers Commissioned Ofcers (Management) Complementary Health Therapists Computer Network Professionals Concreters Conference and Event Organisers Contract, Program and Project Administrators Conveyancers and Legal Executives Cooks Counsellors Couriers and Postal Deliverers Crane, Hoist and Lift Operators Credit and Loans Ofcers

20.1 187.2 11.0 70.2 34.6 37.7 87.8 36.9 11.8 1.4 7.6 25.9 43.4 25.2 101.1 8.8 38.6 13.9 47.1 13.1 23.8 7.0 10.5 7.9 20.9 5.8 16.7 4.6 12.4 7.9 6.3 56.8 46.4 40.9 51.1 60.1 11.9 184.8 4.4 5.2 9.9 13.5 80.4 8.9 139.2 37.0 21.6 8.7 9.6 4.3 4.7 26.2 47.9 7.1 8.6
above avg avg low high below avg low avg avg below avg low below avg avg above avg above avg below avg above avg high high avg below avg avg high below avg high avg avg low low above avg avg low avg below avg avg above avg high low avg low low low low avg low below avg avg avg low below avg low low avg below avg avg above avg 80 84 77 70 66 86 43 39 82 0 74 7 72 55 75 66 80 20 2 50 50 61 9 99 53 37 100 45 25 89 3 7 18 10 3 6 2 21 25 17 70 92 1 5 14 12 14 0 10 4 10 14 17 36 42 40 37 37 41 39 40 48 48 44 37 34 33 41 31 39 47 47 43 36 28 34 48 34 36 42 32 39 38 49 38 47 54 40 39 48 46 47 36 46 47 46 43 32 38 41 42 44 38 48 41 39 43 38 59 62 77 73 82 67 87 89 52 100 38 93 88 79 85 69 54 65 75 95 88 37 74 83 45 72 80 79 67 84 41 99 67 68 57 92 99 93 40 80 83 74 20 98 94 86 97 90 91 95 94 95 94 82 96 $$ $$ $$$ $$ $$$ $$$ $$ $$$$ $ $$$$$ $$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$ $$$$ $$ $ $$$ $$ $$$$ $$$ $$ $$$$$ $ $$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $ $$$$$ $ $$$$ $$ $$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$$ $ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ qqq qqqqq qq qqqqq qqq qqq qqqqq qqqq q q q qqq qqqq qqq qqqqq qq qqqq qq qqqq qq qq qq qq qq qqq q qq q qq q q qqqqq qqq qqq qqqq qqqq qq qqqqq q q qq qq qqqqq qq qqqqq qqq qqq qq qq q q qq qqq q q
D
Dancers, Actors and Other Entertainers Debt Collectors Deck and Fishing Hands Dental Assistants Dental Hygienists, Technicians and Therapists Dental Practitioners Dietitians Directors, Artistic, and Media Producers & Presenters Directors (Film, Television, Radio and Stage) Diversional Therapists Drillers, Miners and Shot Firers Drivers, Automobile Drivers, Bus and Coach Drivers, Delivery Drivers, Forklift Drivers, Train and Tram Drivers, Truck Driving Instructors
E
Economists Economists, Land and Valuers Education Advisers and Reviewers Education Aides Electrical Distribution Trades Workers Electricians Electronics Trades Workers Engineering and Building Technicians, Other Engineering Draftspersons and Technicians, Civil Engineering Draftspersons and Technicians, Electrical Engineering Draftspersons and Technicians, Electronic Engineering Draftspersons and Technicians, Mechanical Engineering Production Systems Workers Engineering Professionals, Civil Engineering Professionals, Other Engineering Professionals, Telecommunications
36

3.3 5.2 1.8 2.0 10.2 2.6 9.8 3.4 -0.5 -1.8 -3.3 2.7 -12.0 6.6 -1.1 0.7 -6.8 -9.3 -12.8 2.6 5.0 4.2 -0.1 -9.5 6.6 3.5 6.0 -1.2 3.0 0.1 -1.0 1.8 -0.2 -3.7 -2.9 -1.6 1.7 2.4 4.7 -0.3 4.0 -0.4 1.7 -1.8 1.4 3.0 -1.1 2.6 12.4 9.5 2.2 4.8 2.0
Occupation
Engineers, Chemical and Materials Engineers, Electrical Engineers, Electronics Engineers, ICT Support and Test Engineers, Industrial, Mechanical and Production Engineers, Mining Environmental & Occupational Health Professionals Event and Conference Organisers

7.8 19.1 7.7 6.1 32.6 8.2 24.5 25.2 9.8 27.0 3.1 13.2 21.8 37.0 4.3 1.9 48.0 83.8 30.6 12.2 30.6 15.2 25.0 15.9 45.9 16.5 25.1 10.3 8.1 5.0 2.7 13.9 3.1 5.4 3.4 60.4 11.1 11.2 45.5 3.2 20.8 6.0 2.8 55.2 44.9 8.0 5.7 28.7 61.2 32.6 13.3 37.2 6.1
17 1 14 2 5 35 72 30 21 22 8 34 32 15 0 19 30 21 58 38 2 38 20 27 6 54 96 58 2 36 85 39 10 19 47 31 50 33 85 5 79 67 88 67 24 27 23 14 34 43 41 36 39 40 44 33 40 41 37 41 42 32 28 46 50 54 53 33 18 41 44 38 42 43 31 35 44 26 35 33 47 50 33 39 38 35 33 41 44 41 36 32 50 44 35 42 34 39 37 40 36 98 97 87 94 93 93 90 79 74 85 87 84 56 62 73 90 81 79 82 80 17 82 88 86 85 97 31 81 35 42 98 72 86 57 77 72 90 93 77 88 79 44 85 60 67 73 80 36 88 92 94 91 94 $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$ $ $$ $ $$ $ $ $ $$ $$ $ $$$$ $ $ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $$$ $$$ $$$ $$ $$$$$ $$ $$$ $$$ $$ $ $$$$$ $ $$ $$$$$ $$ $ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ q qq q q qqq q qqq qqq qq qqq q qqq qqq qqqq q q q qq q qq qqqq qqq qqq qq qqq q qqq qq qq qq q qqq q q qq qqqqq q qq qqqq q qqq q q qqqqq qqqq qq qq qqq qqqq qqq qqq qqq q
75.7 low 37.7 low 30.6 below avg 50.2 low 45.5 low 46.4 low 67.3 below avg 15.5 above avg -4.9 -6.2 -51.7 26.2 -35.4 21.6 -20.9 -12.4 -10.0 -29.4 27.0 19.7 37.7 -0.5 -37.4 16.9 27.5 31.1 -10.4 58.0 2.1 -26.1 15.2 -5.6 -41.0 -46.3 -2.7 18.3 27.3 11.6 -9.7 23.5 -5.9 high high high avg high high avg low low low low below avg high high below avg below avg below avg below avg below avg low high above avg high above avg avg low above avg below avg low above avg avg high avg below avg below avg
F
Factory Process Workers, Other Factory Workers, Food and Drink Factory Workers, Plastics and Rubber Farm, Forestry and Garden Workers, Other Farm Workers, Crop Farm Workers, Livestock Farm Workers, Mixed Crop and Livestock Farmers, Aquaculture Farmers, Crop Farmers, Livestock Farmers, Mixed Crop and Livestock Fashion, Industrial and Jewellery Designers Fast Food Cooks Fencers Financial Brokers Financial Dealers Financial Investment Advisers and Managers Fire and Emergency Workers Fitness Instructors Floor Finishers Florists Food Trades Assistants Forestry and Logging Workers Freight and Furniture Handlers Funeral Workers
G
Gallery, Library and Museum Technicians Gaming Workers Gardeners Geologists and Geophysicists Glaziers Graphic and Web Designers, and Illustrators Graphic Pre-press Trades Workers Greenkeepers Guides, Gallery, Museum and Tour Guides, Outdoor Adventure
H
Hairdressers Handypersons Health Diagnostic and Promotion Professionals, Other Hotel Service Managers Housekeepers Human Resource Professionals -3.1 below avg 3.3 avg 60.4 below avg -15.9 below avg 10.1 high 25.4 avg 41.2 below avg 20.3 below avg 15.0 avg 50.2 low
I
ICT Business and Systems Analysts ICT Sales Professionals ICT Security and Database & Systems Administrators ICT Support and Test Engineers
37

12.4 1.5 -2.1 -0.5 2.4 4.9 3.8 -3.9 -2.1 -0.8 11.7 6.2 3.7 1.2 17.9 -1.8 -20.8 2.3 -4.5 -7.4 2.3 1.9 -1.7 0.6 -0.5 -1.1 -2.4 -1.7 -2.1 2.0 -4.7 2.0 -1.7 -4.3 -0.3 34.9 0.0 9.1 -0.2 -1.3 5.6 16.6 -1.8 -1.8 4.2 8.1 7.8 -3.2 8.6 1.6 2.3 -2.0 27.2 29.7 -10.3 37.6 40.9 11.7 -20.6 -16.6 -14.2 84.3 89.3 124.1
Occupation
ICT Support Technicians ICT Trainers Importers, Exporters and Wholesalers Indigenous Health Workers Industrial Spraypainters Information and Organisation Professionals, Other Inspectors and Regulatory Ofcers Insulation and Home Improvement Installers Insurance Agents Insurance Investigators and Loss Adjusters Intelligence and Policy Analysts Interior Designers Internal Medicine Specialists

58.0 6.4 18.2 1.0 8.7 16.7 36.5 15.1 10.6 4.6 25.6 13.2 6.6 6.2 129.4 21.4 75.9 116.6 49.0 35.3 9.3 8.8 18.4 14.3 2.7 8.8 9.4 6.8 2.8 13.7 6.5 13.9 2.8 12.3 38.8 135.9 7.3 60.7 41.6 4.1 12.9 80.5 10.9 13.1 55.4 51.2 18.4 20.6 47.4 44.7 9.5 11.3
avg low below avg low avg low below avg high high below avg below avg low low 19 56 19 60 0 57 44 1 47 35 65 67 43 32 1 48 84 59 2 20 6 27 75 27 75 84 91 7 37 11 40 51 38 34 40 55 37 47 92 5 61 4 43 28 74 43 56 21 43 89 34 40 48 50 37 41 41 40 35 37 35 36 45 48 31 39 40 24 32 40 31 37 38 48 47 31 51 44 40 43 44 39 38 47 43 40 37 42 41 60 37 43 45 46 44 47 47 42 41 41 43 49 92 68 82 58 96 80 86 83 82 87 84 75 87 67 94 75 55 22 84 57 98 97 83 55 74 69 66 32 89 77 98 97 84 65 83 92 77 79 92 86 74 93 87 97 88 93 87 94 93 95 77 73 $$$$ $$$ $$$ $$ $$$$ $$$ $$$ $$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $$$ $ $$$ $$ $$$$ $ $$ $$$ $ $ $$ $$ $$$ $$ $$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$ $$ $$$ $$$$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$$$ qqqq q qq q q qqq qqqq qqq qqq q qqq qq q q qqqqq qqq qqqq qqqqq qqqqq qqq qqq qq qqq qq q qq qq q q q q q q qq qqqq qqqqq q qqqq qqqq q qq qqqq q qq qqqq qqq qqq qq qqqq qqqq qq q
J
Jewellers Joiners and Carpenters Journalists and Other Writers 24.9 low 16.0 avg -7.9 above avg -21.5 2.0 avg high
K
Keyboard Operators Kitchenhands
L
Labourers, Building and Plumbing Labourers, Garden and Nursery Labourers, Other Construction and Mining Labourers, Paving and Surfacing Landscape Architects and Architects Laundry Workers Leather and Canvass Goods Makers Legal Executives and Conveyancers Librarians Library Assistants -8.4 high -17.3 high 32.8 high 27.8 avg -8.6 below avg 4.2 high -16.1 low -11.0 above avg -20.6 avg -20.3 below avg -42.3 16.9 -42.2 17.1 -38.2 -25.8 -0.9 34.5 0.3 17.5 -0.4 -24.3 76.0 25.9 -13.8 -12.0 8.2 18.9 74.2 -13.6 22.1 3.7 31.4 -14.8 high above avg below avg above avg high high above avg below avg below avg avg below avg high low low low below avg low below avg below avg avg avg below avg low low
M
Machine Operators, Clay Concrete, Glass & Stone Machine Operators, Other Machine Operators, Paper and Wood Processing Machine Operators, Plastics and Rubber Production Machine Operators, Textile and Footwear Production Mail Sorters Management and Organisation Analysts Managers, Advertising and Sales Managers, Amusement, Fitness and Sports Centre Managers, Caf and Restaurant Managers, Call, Contact Centre and Customer Service Managers, Caravan Park and Camping Ground Managers, Child Care Centre Managers, Construction Managers, Corporate Services Managers, Engineering Managers, Finance Managers, General Managers, Health and Welfare Services Managers, Hotel and Motel Managers, Human Resource Managers, ICT Managers, Licensed Club Managers, Nursing
38

0.0 -3.4 0.1 14.8 13.5 8.3 6.0 2.7 -2.1 21.1 8.2 0.9 20.1 -1.5 0.7 6.8 0.4 -5.4 1.0 10.0 13.8 5.2 5.3 -1.8 15.9 -2.2 0.5 21.2 -5.8 0.9 2.8 4.7 4.2 2.8 3.9 -2.0 -0.8 49.0 -2.0 9.5 9.8 4.1 -1.0 -0.1 -6.3 -4.3 -2.7 5.4 7.5 -1.0 -0.1 2.8 12.3 4.9 0.0 -38.4 1.0 29.7 39.4 47.3 44.6 5.2 -21.5 9.6 30.0 5.4 44.7 -6.1 8.5 82.0 6.1 -33.5 8.7 83.0 35.8 91.2 23.0 -59.4 16.3 -22.6 3.3 59.6 -34.0 10.5 3.1 35.2 132.2 30.9
Occupation
Managers, Ofce Managers, Other Accommodation and Hospitality Managers, Other Education Managers, Other Hospitality, Retail and Service Managers, Other Specialist Managers, Policy and Planning Managers, Practice Managers, Production Managers, Research and Development Managers, Retail Managers, Supply and Distribution Managers, Transport Services Managing Directors and Chief Executives Manufacturers Marine Transport Professionals Massage Therapists Mathematicians, Statisticians and Actuaries Meat Boners and Slicers, and Slaughterers Media Producers & Presenters, and Artistic Directors Medical Imaging Professionals Medical Practitioners, General Medical Practitioners, Other Medical Technicians Metal Casting, Forging & Finishing Trades Metal Fitters and Machinists Metal Trades Workers, Precision Midwives Miners, Drillers and Shot Firers Ministers of Religion Models and Sales Demonstrators Motor Mechanics Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories Fitters Multimedia Specialists and Web Developers Music Professionals

155.9 5.4 8.6 64.7 47.6 25.9 19.3 53.8 7.6 240.9 35.3 17.7 65.2 23.0 9.0 15.2 6.2 10.7 12.4 22.0 52.3 11.0 28.1 1.2 113.6 7.5 15.2 56.8 11.3 9.4 95.9 18.1 7.4 11.9 7.1 11.3 27.5 228.0 4.1 82.1 24.5 11.2 4.9 3.2 62.7 42.9 14.3 16.0 30.1 11.4 58.7 6.2 18.9 21.1
below avg avg avg below avg below avg low low below avg low below avg avg below avg low low high low low avg above avg low low below avg below avg low avg low low avg below avg below avg below avg avg avg avg 83 53 67 37 34 54 90 15 31 46 16 15 18 19 6 72 40 10 45 67 43 47 77 0 9 100 3 27 85 1 11 32 76 89 96 91 31 79 35 93 50 27 55 2 31 26 29 98 76 64 58 45 50 48 44 44 45 44 44 45 40 44 48 51 50 45 43 35 32 39 33 42 39 42 44 39 37 44 38 53 45 35 34 31 40 45 49 47 44 39 44 44 32 37 35 35 39 38 40 37 37 38 53 41 31 67 64 88 88 94 89 64 98 89 87 97 89 90 83 82 42 84 91 67 76 81 88 60 82 96 91 53 99 74 24 93 93 88 42 73 73 47 55 68 44 90 69 84 79 64 88 94 92 79 60 78 28 46 71 $$$ $$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$ $$$$ $$$$ $$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$ $ $$ $ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $$$$ $$$$ $ $ $ $$$$$ $ $$ $$$ $$ $$$$ qqqqq q q qqqq qqqq qqq qqq qqq q qqqqq qqq qqq qqqq qq qq qqq q qq qq qqq qqqq qq qqq q qqqqq q qq qqqqq q q qqqq qqq q qq q q qqq qqqqq q qqqqq qqq qq q q qqqqq qqqq q qqq qqq qq qqqq qq qqq qqq
N
Nurse Educators and Researchers Nurse Managers Nurses, Enrolled and Mothercraft Nurses, Registered Nurserypersons Nursing Support and Personal Care Workers 122.7 low -14.8 low -2.7 below avg 27.4 low -33.4 low 13.2 avg 67.3 below avg 58.7 low -17.7 low -3.1 low -9.1 high -9.1 avg -15.7 avg 50.5 low 33.2 above avg -8.3 high -0.2 below avg 80.9 low 186.4 avg 30.6 low
O
Occupational & Environmental Health Professionals Occupational Therapists Optometrists and Orthoptists Osteopaths and Chiropractors
P
Packers Painting Trades Workers Panelbeaters Paramedics and Ambulance Ofcers Pastrycooks and Bakers Performing Arts Technicians Personal Assistants Personal Care Consultants Personal Service Workers, Other Pharmacists
39

-0.9 -1.7 2.8 0.2 1.3 3.7 -0.1 -3.3 4.8 7.9 2.5 -4.5 11.7 1.9 -1.2 -5.7 -1.7 -3.5 3.1 2.3 -2.0 0.9 -13.6 -4.1 0.6 6.5 6.9 2.3 2.2 16.5 0.7 1.9 -1.0 -3.5 32.6 5.3 3.8 3.3 2.2 1.1 11.9 -0.8 -3.5 -2.3 3.9 5.3 6.2 3.1 1.1 8.9 -1.1 -3.9 0.8 -1.5 -31.0 -7.7 -43.4 20.2 1.7 16.0 7.3 -1.3 -18.1 14.1 10.8 89.0 -8.6 84.3 4.2 -19.8 -30.4 -43.4 -45.3 26.8 16.1 -10.2 12.3 -32.6 -26.2 42.5 36.8 60.5 3.1 10.0 23.4 39.3 -3.0 -39.9 7.0 80.8 23.5 10.6 20.3 1.1 49.8 -31.0 -9.6 -20.3 25.3 36.1 172.3 17.6 13.6 62.1 -12.2 -37.3 4.4 -28.1 -29.0
Occupation
Photographers Photographic Developers and Printers Physiotherapists Planners, Urban and Regional Plant Operators, Chemical, Gas, Petroleum and Power Plant Operators, Earthmoving Plant Operators, Other Mobile Plant Operators, Other Stationary Plasterers Plumbers Podiatrists Police Policy and Intelligence Analysts Postal Deliverers and Couriers Primary Products Inspectors Printers Printers and Photographic Developers Printing Assistants and Table Workers Prison Ofcers Process Workers, Meat, Poultry and Seafood Process Workers, Metal Engineering Process Workers, Timber and Wood Product Assemblers Product Quality Controllers Psychiatrists Psychologists Public Relations Professionals

10.2 2.2 16.7 10.4 9.1 54.3 9.6 15.0 38.9 81.1 5.2 48.0 25.6 47.1 5.0 13.1 2.2 4.2 14.8 16.3 17.2 8.3 28.1 11.6 2.1 21.9 25.7 6.0 74.0 181.9 3.8 6.9 31.1 5.3 499.0 11.8 19.7 34.6 13.3 101.5 35.8 1.8 33.1 9.2 19.3 19.9 9.8 20.5 9.5 23.2 8.0 6.6 19.9 3.9 76.0
high low below avg low avg avg avg above avg above avg below avg low low below avg avg low avg low high low high high high high high low below avg avg high avg avg low low avg low high above avg above avg avg below avg avg low low avg high avg low low avg low below avg below avg low below avg avg below avg 37 70 76 39 2 8 7 2 0 75 24 65 20 38 8 70 46 18 24 5 10 32 39 40 76 70 4 43 95 0 50 57 12 68 34 40 92 27 39 30 50 16 56 71 55 30 44 19 39 26 44 70 19 97 38 25 37 36 43 45 43 45 33 33 31 38 35 47 43 40 25 50 46 31 43 35 40 45 55 43 36 41 43 38 49 34 31 51 24 38 28 24 37 40 40 40 37 49 31 50 45 38 44 38 43 38 36 47 46 70 46 66 89 98 93 90 97 88 94 66 97 84 75 85 89 46 65 97 83 93 89 88 89 57 61 76 96 83 51 69 82 74 95 30 57 76 29 94 86 93 53 89 43 47 99 85 72 84 84 93 86 81 75 50 $$$ $$$$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$ $$$ $$$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $$$$ $ $ $ $ $$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$ $$$ $ $ $$$$ $$ $$$$ $ $$ $$ $ $$$$ $$$ $$$$ $ $$ $$$ $$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $ $$ qq q qq qq qq qqqq qq qqq qqq qqqq q qq qqq qqqq q qq q q qqq qqq qqq qq qqq qq q qqq qqq qq qqqq qqqqq q qq qqqq q qqqqq qqq qqq qqqq qqq qqqqq qqqq q qqqq qq qqq qqq q qqq q qq q q qq q qqqq
R
Railway Track Workers Real Estate Sales Agents Receptionists Recycling and Rubbish Collectors Retail and Wool Buyers Retail Supervisors
S
Safety Inspectors Sales Assistants (General) Sales Assistants and Salespersons, Other Sales Assistants, ICT Sales Assistants, Pharmacy Sales Professionals, ICT Sales Representatives Sales Representatives, Technical Sales Support Workers, Other Salespersons, Motor Vehicle and Vehicle Parts Salespersons, Street Vendors and Related Salespersons, Ticket School Principals Science Professionals, Other Natural and Physical Science Technicians Scientists, Agricultural and Forestry Scientists, Environmental Scientists, Food and Wine, and Chemists Scientists, Life Scientists, Medical Laboratory Screen Printers and Binders & Finishers Secretaries
40

4.7 2.7 -3.2 -1.7 3.0 -35.0 0.5 2.2 7.9 16.7 7.6 4.7 13.6 2.2 1.8 11.2 -0.2 4.4 2.0 2.2 1.6 0.0 9.3 31.7 -22.8 -35.9 47.1 8.7 32.6
Occupation
Security Ofcers and Guards Service Station Attendants Sewing Machinists Shearers Sheetmetal Trades Workers Shelf Fillers Signwriters Social Professionals Social Workers Software and Applications Programmers Solicitors Speech Professionals and Audiologists Sports Coaches, Instructors and Ofcials Sportspersons Stonemasons and Bricklayers Storepersons Structural Steel and Welding Trades Workers Structural Steel Construction Workers Surgeons Survey Interviewers Surveyors and Cartographers Switchboard Operators

55.2 11.1 10.8 3.0 9.3 54.7 6.1 8.8 22.2 85.5 53.5 9.2 41.1 10.1 31.4 125.3 79.9 23.9 5.6 5.5 13.7 7.1
avg high avg low low high avg 14 26 88 0 42 14 63 79 15 47 91 48 18 1 20 2 1 26 50 14 84 39 28 47 45 37 24 33 47 41 36 38 37 25 22 37 38 37 35 39 41 38 45 71 32 72 90 97 24 92 50 61 93 85 64 28 48 92 81 96 94 79 20 90 57 $$$ $ $ $$$ $$$ $ $$ $$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$ $$ $$ $$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $ qqqq qqq q q q qqqqq q qq qqq qqqq qqq q qqqq qq qqq qqqqq qqqq qqqq q q qq q qq q q qqqqq qqqq qq qqq q qq qq q q qqqq q qqqq qqq qqq qqq qq qq qqq qq qq q qqq q qqqq qqq qq qq qqq
-39.1 above avg
55.2 below avg 24.2 below avg 16.7 below avg 103.6 49.7 low avg
27.2 above avg 6.0 above avg 9.8 -0.3 22.8 56.9 66.2 -0.4 high avg high low avg low
13.3 below avg
T
Teachers, Early Childhood (Pre-primary School) Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages Teachers, Middle School Teachers, Primary School Teachers, Secondary School Teachers, Special Education Teachers, Vocational Education Technicians, Agricultural Technicians and Draftspersons, Civil Engineering Technicians and Draftspersons, Electrical Engineering Technicians and Draftspersons, Electronic Engineering Technicians and Draftspersons, Mechanical Engineering Technicians, Architectural, Building and Surveying Technicians, Gallery, Library and Museum Technicians, ICT Support Technicians, Medical Technicians, Other Building and Engineering Technicians, Science Telecommunications Technical Specialists Telecommunications Trades Workers Telemarketers Tilers, Roof Tilers, Wall and Floor Toolmakers and Engineering Patternmakers Tourism and Travel Advisers Trainers, ICT Training and Development Professionals Transport Professionals, Air Transport Professionals, Marine Travel Attendants Tutors and Teachers, Private 20.3 7.0 0.9 146.3 117.6 19.5 36.2 0.5 8.7 9.6 4.3 4.7 53.9 5.4 58.0 28.1 21.6 20.5 7.1 16.6 13.7 11.8 16.3 2.5 23.2 6.4 32.7 13.2 9.0 10.5 30.7 0.4 1.4 0.2 3.8 -9.9 5.5 2.6 -1.6 -0.6 2.2 -2.7 -1.4 0.1 -3.7 12.4 5.3 7.4 3.1 3.7 -7.9 -4.1 3.4 -4.9 -6.0 5.6 1.5 8.1 4.5 0.7 2.5 3.2 2.2 24.8 2.7 low high low low 96 73 50 85 59 87 49 17 12 14 0 10 8 85 19 77 14 44 13 2 63 0 1 6 76 56 58 7 6 72 74 42 44 43 41 43 45 49 45 42 44 38 48 42 50 34 42 41 38 46 43 29 26 35 47 33 40 42 39 45 38 36 63 52 93 68 79 56 64 74 90 91 95 94 92 57 92 60 97 72 97 91 55 90 87 95 82 68 79 84 82 55 20 $$ $$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$ $$$$ $$ $$$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$ $ $$ $ $$$ $$ $$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$ $$$ $$$$$
-7.8 below avg 39.1 below avg 7.8 below avg -74.4 -6.0 -39.0 -22.4 0.3 -41.0 27.2 52.4 17.6 -32.2 -22.8 40.0 -23.1 -70.3 31.7 29.7 52.4 8.5 30.6 low low low low avg low avg avg avg low high high high high avg low low high low
30.7 below avg
23.0 below avg
107.4 below avg
33.1 below avg
11.8 below avg
41

6.3 -3.7 -3.7 -0.1 -5.0 -1.5 1.3 5.1 -7.0 -0.5 16.1 4.2 -0.2 4.2 13.5 -0.6 16.1 -60.4
Occupation

45.6 2.4 9.9 4.6 8.1 6.3 7.3 10.8 6.4 4.6 113.9 7.4 79.9 26.0 56.2 5.0
avg avg 48 18 17 5 2 58 60 98 54 88 77 11 2 81 76 29 47 49 46 39 33 38 38 28 52 38 22 31 37 42 42 43 74 71 83 95 92 66 77 52 52 44 26 88 96 77 68 75 $$$$$ $$$ $$$ $$ $$$$$ $ $ $ $$$ $$$ $$$ $$$ $$ qqq q qq q q qq q qq q q qqqqq q qqqq qqq qqqq q
U
University Lecturers and Tutors Upholsterers
V
Valuers and Land Economists Vehicle Body Builders and Trimmers Vehicle Painters Vending Machine Attendants Veterinarians Veterinary Nurses Visual Arts and Crafts Professionals Visual Merchandiser -27.2 low -1.9 below avg -38.4 below avg -19.1 avg 22.0 low 90.8 low -52.3 avg -9.7 high 16.5 high 132.2 avg -0.3 avg 19.5 avg 31.6 avg -10.1 below avg
W
Waiters Web Developers and Multimedia Specialists Welding Trades and Structural Steel Workers Welfare, Recreation and Community Arts Workers Welfare Support Workers Wood Machinists and Other Wood Trades Workers
AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012 - DATA SOURCES

Australian Bureau of Statistics
Year Book Australia, 2001 (Cat. no. 1301.0) Regional Population Growth, Australia (Cat. no. 3218.0) Labour Force, Australia (Cat. no. 6202.0) Labour Mobility, Australia (Cat. no. 6209.0) Survey of Education and Work (Cat. no. 6227.0) Labour Force, Australia, Detailed - Electronic Delivery (Cat. no. 6291.0.55.001) Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly (Cat. no. 6291.0.55.003) Employee Earnings, Benets and Trade Union Membership (Cat. no. 6310.0) Census of Population and Housing, 2006 For many small occupations, standard errors are large relative to the size of the employment estimates. Although trend data are used for employment estimates, employment growth trends are variable for small occupations and should be used with caution. For consistency, throughout the publication, employment data at the national and state level have been presented in trend terms (where possible). However, employment data at the regional level are in original, 12 month or 4 quarter average terms. Accordingly, employment and employment change gures are not comparable between states and regions. The terms regional, non-metropolitan and outside the state capital cities have been used interchangeably throughout the publication. This is comprised of the Balance of New South Wales, the Balance of Victoria, the Balance of Queensland, the Balance of South Australia, the Balance of Western Australia, the Balance of Tasmania, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory. Specic regions are ABS Labour Force Regions and boundaries are based on the 2006 Australian Standard Geographical Classication (ASGC) (Cat. no. 1216.0). Educational attainment data from the 2011 Survey of Education and Work are only available at the state and national level. For regional areas, data from the 2006 Census are the latest available source of educational attainment proles. Accordingly, educational attainment gures are not comparable between states and regions. Educational attainment data refer only to persons aged 15-64.
Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations

Employment projections. These are based on actual employment trends, economic trends and prospects, economic models, including Access Economics and the Centre of Policy Studies at Monash University, and current and prospective industry developments.
Department of Industry, Innovation, Science, Research and Tertiary Education

Higher Education Statistics
Graduate Careers Australia

GradStats, various issues Grad Careers & Dollars
National Centre for Vocational Education Research

Student Outcomes Apprentices and Trainees Collection Miscellaneous VOCSTATS from NCVER website
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USEFUL WEBSITES AND LINKS

Employment and Labour Market Information
Industry Skills Councils www.isc.org.au Industry Skills Councils (ISCs) are recognised and funded by the Australian Government and they provide information about industries. Job Outlook www.joboutlook.gov.au This DEEWR site provides more detailed statistical information for each of the occupations included in the Australian Jobs Matrix in this publication. JobSearch www.jobsearch.gov.au JobSearch is Australias largest free online jobs website. JobSearch has a range of features, including free registration for all Australians seeking work, and links to employment assistance and information for all job seekers. Job seekers can search for current employment vacancies. Labour Market Information Portal www.deewr.gov.au/lmip The DEEWR Labour Market Information Portal (LMIP) provides detailed, up-to-date labour market information based on local areas. Skills Info www.skillsinfo.gov.au Provides comprehensive data on industry employment trends and projections. Skill Shortages www.deewr.gov.au/SkillShortages DEEWR monitors the labour market for a range of skilled occupations to identify and report on shortages.
Education and Training

Australian Apprenticeships www.australianapprenticeships.gov.au Australian Apprenticeships provides information on all apprenticeships and traineeships, including helpful links and general information. Australian Apprenticeships Pathways www.aajobpathways.com.au The Australian Apprenticeships Pathways (AAP) website provides students, careers advisers, job seekers and employers with a broad range of Australian Apprenticeships information and resources including sample job and training descriptions, and industry based job pathway charts and practice aptitude quizzes. Graduate Careers Australia www.graduatecareers.com.au Graduate Careers Australia (GCA) provides a range of graduate-related publications and research that informs students, employers and careers practitioners about industry and salary trends, graduate employment opportunities and career development. National Centre for Vocational Education Research www.ncver.edu.au The National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER) collects, manages, analyses, evaluates and communicates research and statistics about vocational education and training, and the links between education and the labour market more generally. MyUniversity www.myuniversity.gov.au The recently released Australian Government website helps you make an informed decision about your higher education studies. MySkills www.myskills.gov.au To be launched late in 2012, this site will provide an on-line database to inform students and employers about their training options, including information about training providers, courses, training outcomes and fees. Study Assist www.studyassist.gov.au Provides information about student loans available from the Australian Government under the Higher Education Loan Program (HELP) in both the higher education and the vocational education and training sectors. Training www.training.gov.au Information on training packages, qualications, courses, units of competency and Registered Training Organisations (RTOs).
Careers Information
Australian Government website http://australia.gov.au/topics/employment-and-workplace/ career-information An Australian Government initiative which includes links to careers and employment information. Career Information Centres www.humanservices.gov.au click on careers or use the search function, Centrelinks Career Information Centres are one-stop-shops providing a comprehensive free service to all Australians. Job Guide www.deewr.gov.au/jobguide Provides an in-depth look at a range of occupations, and their education and training pathways. It also gives useful information about careers based on personal interests and abilities. My Future www.myfuture.edu.au My Future provides current career information, articles and links to thousands of resources to assist with career development and planning.
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Contents
ISSN 1832-7230
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Australian Jobs 2012

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Australian Jobs 2012

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Ministers foreword

Occupations and skills

Inquiries about Australian Jobs should be directed to AustralianJobs@deewr.gov.au

Australian Jobs Matrix

AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012

AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012

National, state and territory labour markets

LABOUR MARKET OVERVIEW

Regional labour markets

Recent developments in the labourmarket

Regional Disparity, March 2008 to March 2012

12 10 Unemployment Rate (%) 8 6 4 2 0

8 Annual Employment Growth (%) 6 4 2 0 -2 -4

Source: ABS Labour Force Survey

Source: ABS Labour Force Survey

Unemployment Rate (%)

Annual Employment Growth (%)

AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012

For more information see www.deewr.gov.au/lmip

National, state and territory labour markets

Regional labour markets

For more information see www.deewr.gov.au/lmip

AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012

National, state and territory labour markets

NEW SOUTH WALES

Regional New South Wales

Employment by Region, Nov 2011 (% of state total)

Employment Change, Year to Nov 2011 (%)

Population and Employment

9.6 0.3 3605.2 100.0

AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012

For more information see www.deewr.gov.au/lmip

National, state and territory labour markets

Employment by Region, Nov 2011 (% of state total)

Employment Change, Year to Nov 2011 (%)

Population and Employment

For more information see www.deewr.gov.au/lmip

AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012

National, state and territory labour markets

Employment by Region, Nov 2011 (% of state total)

Employment Change, Year to Nov 2011 (%)

Population and Employment

AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012

For more information see www.deewr.gov.au/lmip

National, state and territory labour markets

Regional South Australia

Employment by Region, Nov 2011 (% of state total)

Employment Change, Year to Nov 2011 (%)

Population and Employment

Nov 2011 000 605.7 138.8 75.3

% of total % 73.9 16.9 9.2

For more information see www.deewr.gov.au/lmip

AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012

National, state and territory labour markets

Regional Western Australia

Employment by Region, Nov 2011 (% of state total)

Employment Change, Year to Nov 2011 (%)

Population and Employment

Nov 2011 000 922.7 166.4 144.3

% of total % 74.8 13.5 11.7

AUSTRALIAN JOBS 2012

For more information see www.deewr.gov.au/lmip

National, state and territory labour markets

Employment by Region, Nov 2011 (% of state total)