GEOMETRY COORDINATES AND GRAPH Linear Graph Gradient of Straight Line 1.

The gradient of a straight line is the ratio of vertical distance to horizontal distance

2. The gradient of straight line can also be defined in term of the x-intercept and the y-intercept

Example 1 Find the slope of line passing through the points (4, 5) & (3, -5) Solution Let A (4, 5) be the point 1 and B (3, -5) be the point 2. So the gradient ( slope ) is

Example 2 A straight line has x-intercept -10 and y-intercept 7. Find the gradient of straight line Solution

Example 3 In the diagram, PQ is a straight line,

Find : (a) The y-intercept (b) The gradient of straight line Solution (a)

The y-intercept of a straight line is the y-coordinate where line crosses the y-axis. y coordinate where the line crosses the y-axis is 1. Therefore, the y-intercept is 1. (b) Let takes coordinates (-1, 3) & (1,-1) as the point lie on the straight line PQ, therefore

Example 4 In the diagram below, PQ is parallel to RS and O is the origin. Find : (a) The gradient of RS (b) The x-intercept of RS

Solution (a) Gradient of PQ is equal to gradient of SR since the both line is parallel to each other. Gradient of PQ is

Therefore, the gradient of RS is 4 (b) R (x, 0) and S (10, 2). Gradient of RS is 4

4 4

= 9.5 Therefore, x-intercept is 9.

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Midpoint Between Two Point 1. The coordinate of a point in the middle of a line segment 2. The length of one side of the midpoints is equivalent to the length of other side 3. Midpoint = (average of the x-coordinate, average of y-coordinate)
( )

Midpoint

Example 5 Find the midpoints of the following points a) CD where C (5, 4) and D (-3, -8) Solution ( ( ) )

(b) AD where A (4, 3) and D (-2, 1) Solution

Midpoint (1, 2)

( (

) )

Distance Between Two Points 1. Length of line segment linking the two points

Example 6 Find the distance between A (-3, 5) and B (7, -3) Solution = 12.8

Example 7 A circle has a diameter with end points (-6, 11) and D(0, 3). Find the radius Solution = 10

Radius = = =5

Linear Equation When given a gradient (m), and a point ( using an equation ) on the line, we can find the equation of the line

Example 8 Find the equation of the following graph Solution Lets consider this two points (1, -1) and (0.-3) Equation Formula :

= =
= =2 = =

Intersections of Two Linear Graphs Simultaneous Linear Equation can be solved by find the intersection of two linear graphs Example 9 By using the suitable scales, draw both the graphs of graph paper. Find the points of intersection of the two graph Solution For Find the x-intercept and y-intercept x-intercept when y = 0 y-intercept When x = 0 and on the same

= =

Therefore, the two coordinates are ( 2, 0) and (0, 2) For Find the x-intercept and y-intercept x-intercept when y = 0 y-intercept When x = 0

= =

Therefore, the two coordinates are ( -3, 0) and (0, 3)

Draw the graph using these four points give,

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 -2 0 1 2 3 4

Therefore the point of intersection is (-1.45, 2.50)

Quadratic Graph The standard form of aquadratic equation is y = ax2 + bx + c. The graph of a quadratic equation is called parabola. When a ispositive, the graph opens up. When a isnegative, the graph opens down. Every parabola has a vertex. For graphs opening up, the vertex is a minimum. For graphs opening down, the vertex is a maximum The x-coordinate of the vertex is equal to

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Construct Tables of Values for Given Quadratic Function Example 10 Complete the table of values to graph the function below

Solution Step 1 :Identify the graph shaped

a=1 b=-6 c=5 therefore, a hence, the parabola is open upwards ( u shaped) Step 2 :Substitute the value given for x into the function to determine the value of y

Step 3 : Fill up the table x y 0 5 (0, 5) 1 0 (1,0) 2 -3 (2,-3) 3 -4 (3,-4) 4 -3 (4,-3) 5 0 (5,0) 6 5 (6,5)

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Step 4 :Graph the point from the table of values

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 0 -2 -3 -4 -5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Vertex = (3, -4)

Hence, Graph is an opens up parabola with minimum point (3, -4)

Example 11 Complete the table of values to graph the function below

Solution Step 1 :Identify the graph shaped

a=-1 b=-6 c=-1 therefore, a hence, the parabola is open downwards ( n shaped) Step 2 :Substitute the value given for x into the function to determine the value of y

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Step 3 :Fill up the table x y -6 -1 (-6, -1) -5 4 (-5,4) -4 7 (-4,7) -3 8 (-3,8) -2 7 (-2,7) -1 4 (-1,4) 0 -1 (0,-1)

Graph the points from the table of values

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Vertex (-3, 8)

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1 0 -2

Hence, Graph is an opens down parabola with maximum point (-3, 8)

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Intersection of Two Quadratic Equations Example 12 Draw the graph of and the graph by using graphical method. Solution For equation Step 1 : Identify shape of graph and find the point of intersection of

a=1 b=2

c=8

therefore, a hence, the parabola is open upwards ( u shaped) Step 2 : Find coordinates of the vertex a=1 b=2

Then, substitute

value into equation to get the y coordinate of vertex

Hence, coordinates of vertex are ( -1, -9)

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Step 3 : Find the coordinates of x-intercept and y-intercept x-intercept when y = 0 y-intercept When x = 0

or coordinates of x intercepts are (2, 0) and (-4,0) coordinates of y intercept are (0, -8)

Step 4 : Plot the vertex and points of x-intercept and y-intercept and sketch the parabola

For equation Step 1 : Identify shape of graph

a=-1

b=3 c=10

therefore, a hence, the parabola is open downwards ( n shaped) Step 2 : Find coordinates of the vertex a = -1 b = 3

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Then, substitute

value into equation to get the y coordinate of vertex

Hence, coordinates of vertex are ( 1.5, 16.75)

Step 3 : Find the coordinates of x-intercept and y-intercept x-intercept when y = 0 y-intercept When x = 0

or coordinates of x intercepts are (-2, 0) and (5,0) coordinates of y intercept are (0, 10)

Step 4 : Plot the vertex and points of x-intercept and y-intercept and sketch the parabola
30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 0 -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -22

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

Step 4 : Identify the intersection points Therefore, points of intersection are (-2.8, -6) and (3.24, 9)
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Non Linear Graph Graph of Cubic Function The general form of a cubic function is and Example 25 Draw the graph of function Solution Step 1 : Construct table of values x y -3 -19 -2 0 -1 7 0 8 1 9 2 16 3 35 for where are constants

Step 2 : Plot all the points and sketch the cubic graph
40 30 20 10 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 -10 -20 -30 0 1 2 3 4

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Graph of Rexiprocal Function The general form of a reciprocal function is Example 13 Draw the graph of the function Solution Step 1 : Construct table of values for the equation x y -4 -0.5 -2 -1 -1 -2 -0.5 -4 0.5 4 1 2 2 1 4 0.5 for where a is a constant and

Step 2 : Plot the points and draw the reciprocal graph

5 4 3 2 1 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 0 -2 -3 -4 -5 1 2 3 4 5

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