MASONRY STRUCTURES MODELING AND ANALYSES

(Flow-Chart)

1. Building destination and importance

2. Emplacement description: - Wind, snow and seismic characteristics; - soil characteristics and parameters;

3. Actions: - dead loads; - live loads; - snow loads; - wind loads; - exceptional loads: o earthquakes o punching o internal or external blasts o fire

4. Demand criterions and design codes

A1 - New buildings structures

B1 - Existing buildings structures

A1 - New buildings structures

A2 Structural system conformation concerning the design guidelines - the layout shape and dimensions - the vertical shape and dimensions

A3 Masonry structure type

E1 RC Structures with Masonry Infill Panels

C1 Unreinforced Masonry Structures (URM)

D1 Reinforced Masonry Structures (RM)

C1 Unreinforced Masonry Structures (URM)

C2 - Structural elements conformation concerning the design codes and guidelines - Position and number of the structural elements to assure the same stiffness and strength on each resistance direction of the building; - Type of the structural elements: o Columns; o Piers; o Walls; - Minimal dimensions for structural elements (height h, thickness t, length lw, etc) - Spandrels type and dimensions l0 - Floor type, horizontal diaphragm behavior and floorwalls connections

C3 - Materials conformation concerning the design codes and guidelines Brick units class: fb Mortar class: fm Masonry characteristics: Em, Gm, fmx, fmy, m Floors: o Materials; o Physical-mechanical characteristics; o Dimensions: In plane dimensions; Thickness

F1 - Structural analysis models for the whole structural system

F1 - Structural analysis models for the whole structural system

F2 - Simplified hypothesis concerning: Structure; Materials; Loads Structural analysis programs

F3 Simplified analysis models - deterministic models - probabilistic models - 2D or 3D models

F4 Complex analysis models - deterministic models - probabilistic models - 2D or 3D models

G1 - Whole structural system computation

F10 Fracture mechanics analysis

F5 Response spectrum or/and energetic analysis

F7 Nonlinear analysis

F9 Nonlinear analysis

F6 Linear analysis

F8 Linear analysis

G1 - Whole structural system computation

G2 - Stiffness or/and strength degradation hypothesis

G3 Structural system response in efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes for whole structural system including the foundation system

G4 Efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes for every structural element

G5 Exceeding the design demands

G6 Inside the design demands

J1 Structural elements modeling under the resulted efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes

A1

J2 Structural elements responses (including foundation elements) expressed in efforts, stresses, deflections, ductility demands and damage indexes

Stop! Considering the lacks of the structure restart from A1 block

J3 Exceeding the design demands

J4 Inside the design demands

T The design process is ready. It is necessarily to resolve the constructive details and layouts.

D1 Reinforced Masonry Structures (RM)

D2 Deciding the reinforce type to use taking into account design codes rules and economical aspects: Steel reinforce Polymer grids Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP): carbon, glass, aramid Advanced Composite Material Laminates (ACML)

D3 - Structural elements conformation concerning the design codes and guidelines - Position and number of the structural elements to assure the same stiffness and strength on each resistance direction of the building; - Type of the structural elements: columns, piers, walls; - Minimal dimensions for structural elements (height h, thickness t, length lw, etc) - The reinforce task and positions - Spandrels type and dimensions l0 - Floor type, horizontal diaphragm behavior and floor-walls connections D4 - Materials conformation concerning the design codes and guidelines Brick units class: fb Mortar class: fm Masonry characteristics: Em, Gm, fmx, fmy, m Reinforce characteristics: Er, fy, fu Floors: o Materials; o Physical-mechanical characteristics; o Dimensions: in plane dimensions, thickness

H1 - Structural analysis models for the whole structural system

H1 - Structural analysis models for the whole structural system

H2 - Simplified hypothesis concerning: Structure; Materials; Loads Structural analysis programs

H3 Simplified analysis models - deterministic models - probabilistic models - 2D or 3D models

H4 Complex analysis models - deterministic models - probabilistic models - 2D or 3D models

H5 Response spectrum or/and energetic analysis

I1 - Whole structural system computation

H10 Fracture mechanics analysis

H7 Nonlinear analysis

H9 Nonlinear analysis

H6 Linear analysis

H8 Linear analysis

I1 - Whole structural system computation

I2 - Stiffness or/and strength degradation hypothesis

I3 Structural system response in efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes for whole structural system including the foundation system

I4 Efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes for every structural element

I5 Exceeding the design demands

I6 Inside the design demands

K1 Structural elements modeling under the resulted efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes

A1

K2 Structural elements responses (including foundation elements) expressed in efforts, stresses, deflections, ductility demands and damage indexes

Stop! Considering the lacks of the structure restart from A1 block

K3 Exceeding the design demands

K4 Inside the design demands

T The design process is ready. It is necessarily to resolve the constructive details and layouts.

E1 RC Structures with Masonry Infill Panels

E2 RC Frames Subsystem According to Design Codes Dimensions Characteristics Positions and numbers Floor type and behavior E3 Infill Panels Subsystem - Masonry type: o Reinforced Masonry o Unreinforced Masonry

E4 Infill panels conformation concerning the design codes and guidelines - Position and number of the infill panels to contribute together with RC frames to the same stiffness and strength on each resistance direction of the building; - Minimal dimensions for infill panels (height h, thickness t, length lw, etc) - The reinforce type, task and positions (if exist any) E5 - Materials conformation concerning the design codes and guidelines Brick units class: fb Mortar class: fm Masonry characteristics: Em, Gm, fmx, fmy, m Reinforce characteristics (if exist any): Er, fy, fu

E6 Supplementary measurements for the RC frames (columns and beams) according with the behavior with the infill panels

M1 - Structural analysis models for the whole structural system

M1 - Structural analysis models for the whole structural system

M2 - Simplified hypothesis concerning: - Structure: subsystem RC frames and subsystem infill panels - Materials; - Loads - Structural analysis programs

M3 Simplified analysis models - deterministic models - probabilistic models - 2D or 3D models

M4 Complex analysis models - deterministic models - probabilistic models - 2D or 3D models

M5 Response spectrum or/and energetic analysis

N1 - Whole structural system computation

M10 Fracture mechanics analysis

M7 Nonlinear analysis

M9 Nonlinear analysis

M6 Linear analysis

M8 Linear analysis

N1 - Whole structural system computation

N2 - Stiffness or/and strength degradation hypothesis

N3 Structural system response in efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes for whole structural system including the RC frames subsystem, infill panels subsystem and foundation system

N4 Efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes for every infill panel

N5 Exceeding the design demands

N6 Inside the design demands

P1 Infill panels modeling under the resulted efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes P2 Infill panels responses expressed in efforts, stresses, deflections, ductility demands and damage indexes

A1

Stop! Considering the lacks of the structure restart from A1 block

P3 Exceeding the design demands

P4 Inside the design demands

T The design process is ready. It is necessarily to resolve the constructive details and layouts.

B1 - Existing buildings structures

B2 The expertise must be solicited or accepted by proprietor

B3 Identification of the historical period for design codes and erection of the existing building B4 Identification of the used structural type

B5 Physical and mechanical characteristics determination for the component materials and soil conditions

B6 Verifying if exist any architectural and structural layouts. - If the layouts exist must be verify the concordance with the site reality - If the layout doesnt exist relive the architectural and structural layouts Verifying the eventually modification or retrofitting of the building during its existence B7 Relive all the fissures and damages (including the foundation system) B8 Establishing the anomalies from the actual design codes and its implications

R1 - Structural analysis models for the whole structural system

R1 - Structural analysis models for the whole structural system

R2 - Simplified hypothesis concerning: Structural system; Materials; Loads Structural analysis programs

R3 Simplified analysis models - deterministic models - probabilistic models - 2D or 3D models

R4 Complex analysis models - deterministic models - probabilistic models - 2D or 3D models

S1 - Whole structural system computation

R10 Fracture mechanics analysis

R5 Response spectrum or/and energetic analysis

R7 Nonlinear analysis

R9 Nonlinear analysis

R6 Linear analysis

R8 Linear analysis

S1 - Whole structural system computation S2 Establishing the real structural system S3 - Stiffness or/and strength real degradation and hypothesis S4 Structural system response in efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes for whole structural system including the foundation system

S5 Efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes for every structural element

S6 Exceeding the actual design demands and is vulnerable

S7 Inside the actual design demands

U1 Structural elements modeling under the resulted efforts, stresses, deflections and damage indexes

S8 Economical decision: - Demolition and reconstruction - Retrofitting to reduce the seismic risk

U2 Structural elements responses (including foundation elements) expressed in efforts, stresses, deflections, ductility demands and damage indexes

Go to A1 block

V1 Structural retrofitting

S9 Demolition and reconstruction

U3 Exceeding the design demands

U4 Inside the design demands

The building structure is safe!

V1 Structural retrofitting
V2 Comparison between demands and capacities The stiffness and strength capacities Base and levels shear force capacities Overturning moments Deflections and drifts Ductility capacity Failure mechanism (brittle or ductile) Seismic and gravitational safety for the whole structure and for every structural element

V3 Establishing the necessarily interventions for the structural system, subsystems and structural elements

V4 Choosing the optimal constructive, technological and economical retrofitting system with its repercussions 1) Horizontal structural elements retrofitting (beams, spandrels and floors) if not assure a diaphragm behavior 2) Vertical structural elements (columns, piers, structural walls) using: a) RC coats b) Polymer grids and lime mortar coats c) FRP coats d) ACML subsystems e) RC small columns and ties implantation f) RC frame subsystem implantation 3) Foundation system retrofitting to improve a safe behavior into site soil conditions

X - Structural analysis models depending of the selected retrofitting system