174 I

CHAPTER4 Graphs of the Circular Functions

Addition of Ordinates New functions can be formed by adding or subtracting other functions. A function formed by combining two other functions, such as
y

= cos x + sin x,

has historically been graphed using a method known as addition of ordinates. (The x-value of a point is sometimes called its abscissa, while its y-value is called its ordinate.) To apply this method to this function, we graph the functions y = cos x and y = sin x. Then, for selected values of x, we add cos x and sin x, and plot the points (x, cos x + sin x). Joining the resulting points with a sinusoidal curve gives the graph of the desired function. Although this method illustrates some valuable concepts involving the arithmetic of functions, it is time-consuming.
E@
Y1

This technique is easily illustrated with graphing calculators. Consider Y2 = sin X, and Y3 = Y1 + Y2. Figure 45 shows the result when Y1 and Y2 are graphed in thin graph style, and Y3 = cos X + sin X is graphed in thick graph style. Notice that for X = ~ = 0.52359878, Y1 + Y2 = Y3.

= cos X,

~=.5~359B~B

1\'=.B~~(1~5~

~=.5~359B~B

1'/=.5

~=.5~359B~B

1/=1.3~~(1~5~

-2

-2

-2

Figure 45

loo I Exercises
1. B 5.
y

,
Concept Check In Exercises 1-4, match each function with its graph from choices A-D.
1. y

2. C

3. D 6.
y

4. A

= -esex
y

2.

= - see x
B.
y

)' = 3 see
I I

!x
4

4. y
I

= ese (x + %)

I.
t--o

I I I 4". I

I I I

Iu
12 _".0".
Y

I I

I I
x

I 2". I 3pr

A.

-2":3
I I

~
2 7r
Y

~
27r
I I

= -2 see ~x 2 'E- 0

7.
y

8.
y

1:1
UI I II
7T113'11" 2"

-~-II
x

0111

UI

c.
x

~ti x

-I _
o

~ IV:
7r

D.

x
7T

o 2

2 I
)

= !CSC (x-

9.

10.
y

\.~ :V:
~Ol ""

5.

3 see-x

8. y = ~ ese (x - %)

4 t 4 I I -1".St1'!1!: =Icsc(x_ *)
Y

11-1 I 37T57T77T -4 I 4444

i 4 ~

l'

t ~ :V:
I
I

Graph each function over a one-period interval. See Examples

x

1and 2.

1-

2y = 2 6.1 - 2 see - x

I. ,I.

7. y= -.!..ese(x+~) ~ 10. y y ==ese see (x (x - +:)3;)

= see (x +

J;)

SECTION 4.4 Graphs

of the Secant and Cosecant Functions

I 175

11.

12.
y

11. y
I\-j- II IE 11.'1--'I 6 x

= sec (x + ~) = csc
4 ) (2 .!. x - ~ - Tf)

12. y

csc

(x + ~)

13. y

14. y

= sec =

Gx + ~ )
(x + %)

15.
13.
y

= 2 + 3 sec(2x =
1 - - csc

16. y

1 - 2 csc

14.
y

I
~

I
~ IE:

I
~

I
x

17. Y

iV:
II
2 2 2

I (x -

4 3Tf)

18. y

= 2 + sec G x -

Tf )

II II I I 2 I II I
2

-1

I '!!. I

~n-1T 2E
(tx - *)

ii13:VI 333
1111111111111

:41T~

-I

-I

'!!.n1T 131T
I
1T

Connecting Graphs with Equations Example 3.

I 7T I -4 I7To 14 7T =; ~ i(3]\217T '1' 2 r ~ I 1: I.
1 11

Determine an equation for each graph. See

X

)' = csc

2 3 y=scc(lx+'!!.)

19.

x
y y

15.
y

16.
y

7T x \:-1

7T

2I . 7T I 20. 7T I

I I

:f

-3+

24.

~I

5+1

1\11:
I

-2

I I I j,. 3!"-s!"--x

I I IIVI I 3 I

s{ 22.
I I

~!

21.2I yIy I 2 I I 7T I37T 417 I I +---+-x -1 I ~~I it 7T I 1,/\1 I'x IVI

37T

I
27T

23.

11444

-1-1 -1---1-_:!!:_ 2
0
'!!..

7T

3'11"

-I : ~
y

= 2 + 3 see (2x -

T I

1T)

y= 1-2csc(x+-i)

17.
y

18.
y

-I -1TJ
II

U:
I

-131T

I
I I

__

7T 1-2 -

II

21T

~"th
Concept Check In Exercises 25-28, tell why.
25. The tangent and secant functions 26. The secant and cosecant functions

II

7T

Y=2+~seC(~X-1T)

20. y = sec 2x 19. y = sec 4x 21. y = -2 + csc X 22. y = + csc X 23. y = sec X

tell whether each statement is true or false.ijfalse,

are undefined are undefined for the same values. for the same values. that sec ( -x)

I-

24. Y = 1 - csc ~ X 25. true 26. false; Secant values are undefined when X = (2n + l)~, while cosecant vaJues are undefined when X = /1Tf. 27. true 28. true 29. none 30. domain: {x I x is any integer}; range: (-x, 33. (a) 4 m (c) 63.7 m 27. The graph of y = sec x in Figure 37 suggests domain of sec x.

= sec x =

for all x in the

28. The graph of y = csc x in Figure 40 suggests that csc( -x) domain of csc x.

-csc x for all x in the

Work each exercise. 29. Concept Check If c is any number such that -1 < c < I, then how many solutions does the equation c = sec x have over the entire domain of the secant function?
/1

# ";,

where

30. Concept Check Consider the function g(x)

of g? What is its range? 31. Show that sec( -x) = sec x by writing tionship between cos( -x) and cos x.

-2 csc( 4x

+ Tf).

What is the domain

-2J U [2, x)
(b) 6.3 m sec( -x) as cos(l_x) and then using the rela-

In Exercises 35 and 36, we show the dispJay for

Y1

+
3

Y2

at X

= *.

32. Show that csc( -x) = -csc x by writing csc( -x) tionship between sin( -x) and sin x.

as sin(l-x) and then using the rela-

35.

33. (Modeling) Distance of a Rotating Beacon In the figure for Exercise 47 in Section 4.3, the distance a is given by a
Find a for each time.

= 41 sec

2Tftl.

--

(a) t
-3

=0

(b) t

= 0.86

(c) t

= 1.24