NO Date Title Theory/ Introduction

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Practical 2 3 rd June 2009 Alloy Alloy can resistantions of corrosion. Corrosion a redox reaction in which a metal is oxidized spontaneously at room condition to produce metal ions. Rusting a redox reaction that occurs slowly between iron and oxygen to form hydrated iron(III) oxide. To compare the rate of rusting of iron and steel How does the rate of rusting differ between iron nail and steel nail? The higher intensity of blue colour, the higher rate of rusting. i) manipulated variable: The type of nails ii) responding variable: The rate of rusting/intensity of the blue colour iii) constant variable: The size of boiling tube, the volume & concentration of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution, volume of jelly. The more intense the blue colour the higher the rate of rusting. Iron nail, steel nail, jelly solution, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution, water, sand paper, boiling tube, test tube rack 1. Using sand paper the nails are rub to remove the rust from the surface of the nail(Figure 1) 2. The iron nail is placed in boiling tube A, the steel nail is placed in boiling tube B.(Figure 2) 3. A 5% jelly solution is prepared by adding 5 g of jelly into 100cm of boiling water(Figure 3).A few drops of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution are added into the jelly solution(Figure 4) 4. The hot jelly solution is poured into the two boiling tubes until all the nails are fully immersed.(Figure 4) 5. The boiling tube is placed in a test tube rack and left aside for two days. The intensity of the blue colour is observed. 6. All the observation is recorded in the table below.

Aim Problem Solving Hypothesis Variables

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Operation Definition Materials/ apparatus Proceduer

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Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5 Observation/ result : Boiling Tube A B Intensity of blue colour Day 1 Day 2 low No change Table 1

Figure 6 Inference Rusting occur

Iron nail Steel nail

Jelly solution + potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution Observation: 4th June 2009

Discussions

1. Explain the function of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution. Ke3 Fe (NN)6 acts as an indicator to detect the present of Fe by forming dark blue colouration. 2. What is the relationship between the intensity of blue colour and the rate of rusting? The higher intensity of blue colour the higher the rate of rust. 3. Explain how the use of solidified jelly solution can improve the observation of the experiment. The rate of diffusion is the lowest in solid as a result the blue colouration can be seen clearly. 4. Name the constituents of steel and stainless steel. the constituents Steel Fe + C 99% iron 1 % carbon Stainless Fe + Cr + Ni steel 74% iron 18% chomium 8 % nkel 5. Base on the inference of investigation results, compare the rate of rusting of iron and steel? Iron rusts faster than steel. This is because steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. 6. How is the arrangements of atoms in metal associated to its ductility and malleability? Arrangement Ductility Malleability of atom Explanation Pure metals are soft There are imperfections in because the orderly the natural arrangement of arrangement of atoms metal atoms. Empty space endles the layers of exists in the structures of atoms to slide over pure metals. When each other easily when hammered or an external force is pressed,groups of metal applied on them. This atoms may slide into new makes the metals positions in these empty ductile and metals can spaces. This makes metals be drawn to form long malleable,able to be made wires. into different shapes on pressed into thin sheets. Diagrams

7. Explain the difference between substation alloy and interstitial alloy? Substation alloy Interstitial alloy The atoms of the components are approximately the same size and the various atom are simply substituted for one another in the crystal structure. Example; Brass= copper + zinc Occur when the atoms of one component are substantially smaller than the other and the smaller atoms fit into the spaces(interstices) between the larger atoms.

Conclusion References

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The formation of a blue colour shows that rusting of iron(corrosion) has occurred. The hypothesis is accepted. 1. Vijaya Viswanthan, Catherine Lee.(2009) New vision 3G SPM: Chemistry Marshall Cavendish . Shah Alam .Selangor 2. Tan Yin Toon,Loh Wai Leng,Tan On Tin,(2009) Success Chemistry SPM.Oxford Fajar.Shah Alam ,Selangor 3. Chris Ang B.eng.(2009),G.C.E O level Pure Chemistry.Fairfield Book Publishers.Singapore. 4. http://www.mse.vt.edu/faculty/staley/2034/2034module.4.pdf 5. http://www.newagepublishers.com./sample.chapter/000627.pdf