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MetroColomboUrbanDevelopmentProject

EnvironmentalScreeningReportforConstructionofbankprotectionwalls ofBeiraLakeandRehabilitationofMcCallumlockgates

FinalReport
December2011

UniConsultancyServices UniversityofMoratuwa

Table of Contents
1. Project Identification 2. Project Location 3. Project Justification 4. Project Description 5. Description of the Existing Environment 6. Public Consultation 7. Environmental Effects and Mitigation Measures 7a. Screening for Potential Environmental Impacts 7b. Environmental Management Plan 8. Conclusion and Screening Decision 9. Screening Decision Recommendation 10. EMP implementation responsibilities and costs 11. Details of Persons Responsible for the Environmental Screening Annexes 1. Photographs of some of the important locations along project roads 21 29 43 52 53 55 3 3 5 7 11 19

URBANUPGRADINGWORK

Metro Colombo Urban Development Project Environmental Screening Report 1. Project Identification Project title 1. 2. Construction of bank protection walls of the Beira Lake and Rehabilitation of McCallum lock gates

Project Proponent

Urban Development Authority

2. Project Location Location Definition of Project Area (The geographical extent of the project & areas affected during construction) Location of the project is shown in the Figure 1. The project area is along some stretches of the Beira Lake banks as shown in Figure 1 and the McCallum Lock Gates located next to the Convention Centre (DR Wijewardena Mawatha). The bank protection wall to be constructed commences from the end of Fire Department premises of the Air Force and continues up to Hyde Park Corner, the other portion of the proposed protection wall commences from Northern Bank of the West Lake and continues up to Western Bank of the West Lake. Total length of the proposed walls is 2.5 Km.

Adjacent land and features

See Other features in Section 5.2

Fig 1: Location map showing the areas where protections walls will be constructed. The location of the McCallum Lock Gate is shown in green

3. Project Justification Need for the project Beira Lake is the only water body located within the city of Colombo with an extent of 65 hectares. It was originally created by the Portuguese as a defensive measure and later used as means of water transport system and recreational purposes during the Dutch and the British periods. With the decline of its importance as a transport route, this Lake was neglected and the surrounding area was converted into many other uses. Considering the importance of rehabilitation of the lake as a public property, a master plan was prepared in 1996 by the UDA with the help of the German Government. The linear park development is also included in the Beira Lake Development Master Plan which will be undertaken subsequently under the MCUDP. . Being the only water body in the city of Colombo the Lake has much potential but its usage by the public at present is rather limited due mainly to non-availability of access to the lake and poor maintenance. The lake has been used only as a back yard property of the buildings located by the Beira Lake banks. Therefore, the UDA has decided to implement the proposed project to unlock its vast potential for recreation and water front development comprising of two stages. Stage I of the project has been selected considering the following: 1. Protecting the lake banks from collapse and erosion 2. Minimizing lake pollution 3. Increasing cultural/historic attractions of the lake The proposed project which includes only bank wall protection and rehabilitation of historic McCallum gates will pave the way for the next stage of lake development (that is the linear park and nodal parks) which will (a) increase recreation and thereby improve public health and (b) create a conducive environment to attract future investors and thereby making a positive contribution to the city economy. Purpose of the project (what is going to be The lake acts as a predominant landmark which relates the historical, social and physical evolution of the city and as such the purpose of the project is to facilitate its preservation, enhancement

(What problem is the project going to solve)

achieved by carrying out the project)

and public use. As stated before the proposed interventions (considered in this report) are a part of a larger Beira Lake Development plan and will facilitate the implementation of Linear parks and Nodal parks in the subsequent stage by strengthening and supporting the lake banks. In addition, the bank protection walls will help minimize incoming pollution by unauthorized sewer and waste water discharges by the communities living near by as well as in upstream areas which has caused considerable pollution in the lake. No other alternative is considered as the proposed project is envisaged to be needed and timely.

Alternatives considered (different ways to meet the project need and achieve the project purpose)

4. Project Description Proposed start date The tender documents for the project are expected to be ready by15/02/2012. Construction period is estimated to be 30 months for bank protection and 12 months for McCallum gate restoration. It will take minimum 32 months to finish the project from the date of opening bid documents. See Table 1. Sri Lanka Ports Authority

Proposed completion date Estimated total cost Present land ownership Description of the project (with supporting material such as maps, drawings etc attached as required)

Package I Package II Package I

Construction of Bank Protection Wall Rehabilitation of McCallum Lock Gates

Construction of Bank Protection wall

Fig. 2. Cross section of the bank protection wall

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The Bank Protection wall (See Fig. 2) commences from the end of the Air Force Fire Department premises and continues up to Hyde Park Corner, the other portion of the protection wall commences from Northern Bank of the West Lake and continues up to Western Bank of the West Lake. Total length is 2.5 km. Package II Rehabilitation of McCallum Lock Gate McCallum Lock Gate which has historical value will be rehabilitated. These gates are located in between Colombo Fort and the East Beira Lake. The area will be landscaped and opened up for public use. Project Management Team Agency: The agency responsible for design and supervision is the UDA. However the design of wall has been sub contracted to SLLRDC as they are experienced in this type of work while the design and construction of McCallum Gates are to be done by SLPA. With regard to environmental safeguards, day to day compliance will be monitored by the Environmental Officer at the UDA (appointed to MCUDP unit within UDA) while overall supervision support will be provided by the Environmental Specialist at the PMU. Contact person: Mrs. Priyani , Development Officer, UDA Nature of the consultation and input received: Meeting and consultation at design office and site were done. Design drawings, master plans and other relevant information were too gathered.

Table 1. COST ESTIMATE FOR BEIRA LAKE RESTORATION PROJECT

McCALLUM LOCK GATE AND BANK PROTECTION Item Description Unit Qty. Rate (Rs.) McCallum Lock Gate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Preliminaries Site preparation Paving Landscaping and Greenery Planting Trees and tree troughs Nos New Structures Furniture S-6 - S4 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Illumination - Lamps Railing Access to the site - Staircases and ramp Demolition of Buildings Restoration of Old Buildings Drainage Sanitary Under Passes Foot Bridge Lock Gate Restoration (Engineering Work Approx) TOTAL Allow for 10% Contingencies Project Cost Allow for 7% Price Escalation GRAND TOTAL Item Item m2 m2 Nos. m2 Nos. Nos. Nos. m Pro. Sum Pro. Sum Pro. Sum Pro. Sum Pro. Sum m m Pro. Sum 60.0 75.0 40,000.00 200,000.00 3,800.0 1,500.0 18.0 214.0 30.0 10.0 60.0 625.0 4,000.00 1,500.00 35,000.00 10,000.00 5,000.00 15,000.00 80,000.00 6,000.00 6,000,000.00 200,000.00 15,200,000.00 2,250,000.00 630,000.00 2,140,000.00 150,000.00 150,000.00 4,800,000.00 3,750,000.00 2,000,000.00 500,000.00 550,000.00 1,000,000.00 6,000,000.00 2,400,000.00 15,000,000.00 10,000,000.00 72,720,000.00 7,272,000.00 79,992,000.00 5,599,440.00 85,591,440.00 Amount (Rs.)

Bank Protection - 2.5 Km Construction of Gabions and Rubble Retaining Wall Drainage and wall illumination (Conduting only) 400,000,000.00 Pro. Sum 89,000,000.00

GRAND TOTAL Note 1. 2.

489,000,000.00

Foot Bridge (15 Rs.Mn.) And Under pass (2.4 Rs.Mn) were taken out from the package of Foot Bridges and Nodal Parks Added amount for price escalations(5.6 Rs.Mn) and contingencies(7.2 Rs.Mn)

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5. Description of the existing environment 5.1 Physical features Ecosystem components Topography and terrain The topography of Sri Lanka is marked by great diversity caused by long years of faulting and erosion of the landscape. The central mountainous region with the highest elevations covered by virgin forests and grasslands rises up to about 2,500 m above mean sea level. The surrounding plains, which rise to about 50 to 100 m above sea level, are largely used for agriculture and homesteads, but still have virgin scrubland where the population distribution is lower. This general topography of the country can be divided into three distinct geographical areas or well marked peneplains featuring the coastal belt, the plains, and the central highlands. The Colombo district which incorporates the project area falls into the so called lowest peneplain of Sri Lanka (after P.G. Cooray Geology of Sri Lanka, 1984). The elevation variation of Colombo district situated in this coastal peneplain ranges to a maximum elevation of 150 m from sea coast. The terrain in Colombo largely consists of gently undulating plains and low-lying flatlands with a high density of drainage paths formulating a geography consisting of a mix of land and water. The city has many canals and the 65-hectare (160-acre) Beira Lake situated in the heart of the city is one of the most distinctive landmarks of Colombo. The project sites for the proposed Beira Lake restoration, embankment protection and Linear Park under Stage I are situated about 0.5 km south to the Colombo commercial hub (Colombo Fort). Rehabilitation of the Beira sea outfall and McCallum Lock Gates of the Colombo city drainage system located at St.Sebastian South Canal and Beira Lake are also considered under Stage I, however, this outfall has no drain function under normal circumstances due to the high crest level of the Beira Lock (i.e.+1.8 m MSL). The extent of the area covered under the proposed project is located within a mere 1.8 km from the coastal line and the elevation varies from 2.5 m above mean sea level (MSL) up to a maximum of 12 m MSL only. The general topography of the project area largely consists of flat or very mildly sloping (<1.2 %) low-lying terrain with slopes in seaward direction while the contour lines are aligned approximately parallel to the shoreline.

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Soil (type The geology of Colombo is representative of the geology of the western coast of Sri Lanka and has existed for much of and quality) the Quaternary era. Bore holes drilled in central Colombo City show that this area once formed an estuary of the Kelani River and the Kalu Ganga River, the two main rivers that drain into the sea on the western coast. A few kilometers upstream in the inland valleys, there is a high-level gravel formation consisting of quartz pebbles embedded in a matrix of laterite separated with pebble-free layers of laterites. The floodplains along the rivers consist mainly of alluvial deposits. The floodplains of Kelani River also provide thick alluvial profiles for unconfined aquifers, in addition to the productive overburden along tributary banks. Vast area (over 90%) of Sri Lanka is underlain by metamorphic crystalline rocks of Precambrian age, which includes the project area, which cover a variety of Gneisses. The geology of Colombo is representative of the geology of the western coast of Sri Lanka and has existed for much of the Quaternary era. This is shown in the 1:10,000 and 1:50,000 geological maps of Colombo region produced by the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau. The typical rock types of this basement include Biotite gneiss, Hornblende Biotite gneiss, Charnockites, Charnockitic gneisses, Quartzite and undifferentiated Meta sediments. The floodplains along Kelani River and the Kalu Ganga rivers consist mainly of alluvial deposits. The floodplains of Kelani River also provide thick alluvial profiles for unconfined aquifers, in addition to the productive overburden along tributary banks. According to Survey Department soil maps (Fig. 3) the main soil types in the project area are as follows. Red Yellow Podzolic soils with soft or hard laterite and undulating terrain Bog and Half bog soils: flat terrain Alluvial soils of variable texture and drainage: flat terrain Regosols on recent beach sands: flat terrain Field surveys have indicated that the local geology in the proposed project area is characterized by alluvium and organic clays with depth to bedrock > 20 m while the soil types include peat and peaty clay. It is presumed that these sitespecific features are the most important ones as the environmental impact is considered.

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Fig. 3. Soil Maps of the Study Area (Source: Greentech, 2011)

Surface water (sources, distance from the

Sources The most prominent source of surface water in the vicinity is the Beira Lake and surface water drainage canal network. Distance from the site: Project area is the banks of the Lake.

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site, local uses and quality)

Local uses: The lake plays an important role in conveying surface drainage and flood waters. Although the local people do not derive other benefits than diverting their surface drainage into these canals, the intrinsic function is vital and most important in draining the flood waters of the area. There are numerous illegal discharge points of grey water from residences, commercial establishments and warehouses located adjoining the lake, and due to the high level of water pollution, no other local uses can be derived from the water body. Quality Water quality of the Beira Lake is given in Table 2. Table 2. Water quality fluctuations of Beira lake Parameter Water Quality (during 1997-2009) 5.6 7.3 0.17-3.3 2-7 0.8-4.2 0.3-3.1 0.4-3.4 1.2-4.5 10-38 23-75

pH Conductivity (dS/m) Turbidity (NTU) Ammonia (mg/l) Nitrates (mg/l) Phosphates (mg/l) DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) Reference :Greentech.(2011).

COD, BOD, turbidity and total suspended solid content are high in the water. Dissolved oxygen is low which indicates organic pollution. Phosphate concentrations are relatively high which indicate nutrient enrichment due to disposal of domestic and industrial wastewater into the lake over time.

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Ground water (sources, distance from the site, local uses and quality)

Sources According to the Land Use Division of the Irrigation Department, the project area falls within the local or discontinuous moderate to low aquifer in fractured rock. Only available source of ground water in the project site is shallow wells. However, ground water as a source of water is not been used. Distance from the site The ground water table is very shallow and is about 0.4 - 0.5 m on average close to the Lake, and can be at a level from almost at surface up to 1.5 - 3.0 m. Local uses No uses were observed. Quality There are no data available for quality of ground water.

Flooding

Beira Lake is artificially kept at +1.8 m MSL by means of pumps installed at Beira Lock that are operated by the Sri Lanka Ports Authority mainly to prevent buildings constructed on wooden piles along the lake from collapsing. As a consequence, Beira Lakes flood discharge function is only operational at water levels exceeding +1.8 m MSL. However, the road segments and area considered for the development of linear parks and foot walks covered under the proposed Stage I of the project are all supposed to have adequate drainage systems in place at present. The terrain is either flat in most areas or consists of mild slopes, therefore, no historical records of past flooding are available for any of the road segments under consideration and additional measures for flood management are not envisaged.

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Air quality (any pollution issues)

The lake is located in the heart of the city and as such many busy urban streets circle the project area. Heavy vehicle movements along these nearby roads lead to high levels of air pollutant emissions, such as dust including particulate matter, smoke including CO, CO2, NOx, SOx etc. Such air pollution episodes can aggravate during peak hours when traffic movements are impeded. Fugitive dust particles could escape into the atmosphere during construction activities and during transportation and subsequent storage and handling. Existing ambient noise and vibration levels in the area correspond to highly urban and light industrial, businesses, hotel and restaurants. There is also heavy traffic noise from nearby roads which carries heavy traffic during peak hours as well as during the night time. Intermittent high levels of noise and vibration levels are observed due to train operations in some locations. All these urban activities contribute to high noise levels in the project area.

Noise level and vibration (Any anticipated issues)

5.2 Ecological features Eco-system components Vegetation (trees, ground cover, aquatic vegetation) Construction of Bank Protection Wall At present, most of the lake bank is covered with several uses such as commercial establishments, human settlements, institutions, religious places etc. Therefore, it is hard to see vegetation or ground cover. Only in some part of the lake bank which has been interrupted by human interventions, vegetation and tree cover could be found. However, during the field visit following tree species were observed: Mangifera indica (Amba), Cocos nucifera (Pol), Terminalia catappa (Kottan), Gliricidia sepium (Weta Mara), Leucaena leucocephala (Ipil Ipil), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Filicium decipiens (Pehimbiya), Plumeria obtuse (Araliya), Musa x paradisiaca (Kesel), Carica papaya (papol), Ficus religiosa (Bo), Hibiscus rosasinensis (Wada), Delonix regia (Mai mara), Calotropis gigantiea (Wara), Lantana camara (Gandapana)etc. These provide ecological niche to many bird species. However, these are common trees and do not have a special conservation status.

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Rehabilitation of McCallum Lock Gates McCallum Lock Gate and its surrounding consists of common vegetation types such as Terminalia catappa (Kottan), Plumeria obtuse (Araliya), Tabernaemontana divaricata (Watu Sudda), Filicium decipiens (Pehimbiya), Cocos nucifera (Pol), Musa x paradisiaca (Kesel), Spondias dulcis (Amberella), Psidium guajava (Pera), Areca catechu (Puwak) etc. However, there is no ground cover as most of the area built-up and hence no ecological sensitivity was found. Presence of wetlands The lake itself is a wetland and supports different types of birds and other water loving animals such as Monitor Lizards. Fish and fish habitats Birds (waterfowl, migratory birds, others) Fish sampling was not carried out due to limited time. However, historical data fish population to be dominated by Tilapia sp. Baira lake is an attractive place for birds and other wetland species such as Saxicoloides fulicata (Indian Robin), Copsychus saularis (Oriental Magpie Robin), Acridotheres tristis (Common Mayna), Streptopelia chinensis (Spotted Dove), Pelecanus philippensis (Spot Billed Pelicon), Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron), Haliaspur indus (Brahmani kite), Halcyon smyrnnsis (Laya Sudu Pilihuduwa), Bubulcus ibis (Cattle egret), Colubma livia (Domestic pigeon), Hirundo rustica (Common Swallow), Amaurornis thoenicurus (White breasted water hen).

Presence of special The Beira lake itself represents special designations for many birds, animals and aquatic flora and fauna. habitat areas (special However, the lake is considered polluted and it has no conservation status. designations & identified sensitive zones)

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Other Features Residential/Sensitive The project area is surrounded by mixed land uses residential, commercial public and private sector offices. St. Areas Joseph College located on T.B. Jaya Mawatha is one of the leading private schools in Colombo. No hospitals (Eg, Hospitals, or any other similar sensitive land uses are located within or adjacent to the project area. Schools) Traditional economic and cultural activities Archeological resources No significant traditional economic or cultural activities are located within the project area.

There are several buildings of Archeological / Historical value (particularly belong to colonial architectural heritage) located around the project area. St. Josephs College, Several "Stores" and "Office" buildings on T.B. Jayah Mawatha and D.R. Wijewardhane Mawatha are some of them. The three lock gates (McCallum gates)are of high Archeological value. They were installed during the British colonial era, for navigation of Crafts between the lake and the Colombo port for transportation of goods related to export and import industry. These lock gates are in dilapidated conditions due to lack of maintenance and disuse for a long period. The proposed restoration of the lock gates will need to replace these lock gates and accessories with new items. It is proposed that these lock gates and accessories after proper erosion control treatment be used as artifacts along the linear park.

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6. Public Consultation Public consulted Consultation Date method Informal discussion 22nd December 2011 Details/Issues raised

Mr. M.M. Yusuf Near Hyde park corner

"If a Gabion wall is constructed, there is a need for a linear park similar to the west lake near Gangaramaya so that the community can spend thier free time. People in this community do not have similar open space nearby. Construction activities will not have any negative impact as it is something people have been waiting for a long period."

Mr. B.A.Rathnayake A managerial level officer in a private company nearby, interviewed opposite the Fire Brigade. Mr. S. de Silva A Pedestrian, interviewed near the lock gate

Informal Discussion

22nd December 2011

"Construction of the Gabion wall has been a long due project. UDA started dredging the lake sometimes back and suddenly stopped. However, they had a good plan of creating a lake drive along the lake starting from the Hyde Park to D.R.Wijewardhane Mawatha. If the gabion wall is constructed, this road must be created. Then one can get the full value to the community and business people"

Informal Discussion

22nd December 2011

"Never knew such interesting lock gates were located here. If they are re-instated it would be a big attraction. If Gabion walls are constructed please create a linear park around the lake similar to Gangaramaya lake. It would be a great service for people who walk up and down from the Fort Railway Station to nearby offices.(including himself) There will not be any impact to pedestrians during construction"
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M. Imitiasz Informal (Vendor who sells Discussion "Prawn Wadai" at Galle Face Green) Interviewed near the Scout Head Quarters behind the Dept. of Inland Revenue. M. Mustafa (A person from the underserved settlement) interviewed near Elephant House. Informal Discussion

22nd December 2011

"If the UDA project is done it will benefit them as they can improve their business activities. There are many people in this community who sells similar items and food to the visitors at Galle Face Green. If this project is done they can do their business around Beria Lake also" " Project will have no adverse impact on us, hope they will get alternate houses in nearby locations"

22nd December 2011

"Construction of the Gabion wall is a good project, but what is most wanted is to clean the water as children in the community often fall in sick due to the polluted water. This project will bring a lot of benefits to the community. If they are moved out they need to be provided with good alternate housing."

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7. Environmental Effects and Mitigation Measures 7a. Screening for Potential Environmental Impacts Screening question Yes No Significance of the effect (Low, moderate, high) 1 Will construction and operation of the Project involve actions which will cause physical changes in the locality Will the Project involve use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials which could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual or perceived risks to human health? Yes No Remarks

Low Transport of material, stock piling, construction activities, including bank excavation, demolition of existing structure will emit dust and fugitive particles which may pose a health hazard to vulnerable persons on temporary basis. The winds will be the triggering factor for such impacts though it is sporadic in nature. However in the case of disposal of material excavated from the lake bottom in order to place gabion walls , the project should conduct a sediment quality testing and dispose according to its recommendations.

Will the Project produce solid wastes during construction or operation?

Yes

Moderate

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During construction: There will be general spoilage (construction debris) produced during the wall construction. In addition, constructing gabions will generate a moderate quantity of excavated material which will need to be disposed. The sediment quality at the site needs to be established prior to canal bank/bottom excavations in order to determine the disposal method. During operations: There will be excavated material from the lake bottom along the banks, which need regular collection and disposal appropriately. In addition, debris and sediments, floating matter and other solid waste carried by surface drainage can get collected along the banks that needs proper disposal. 4 Will the Project release pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air? Will the Project cause noise and vibration or release of light, heat energy or Yes No No pollutants are expected from the project.

Low The project activities will cause noise and vibration

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electromagnetic radiation?

during demolition of structures along the banks, excavation, driving sheet piles, compaction, and during transport of material etc. These impacts are temporary in nature and cause only inconvenience to the neighboring people only.

Will the Project lead to risks of Yes contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants onto the ground or into surface waters, groundwater or coastal wasters?

Low The surface soil and the topmost layers of subsoil in the proposed site areas are either peat or peaty clay. Typically, clayey soils with their smaller grain sizes are less resistant to erosion and washout. Therefore, once loosened due to excavation and harrowing or heaped and left uncovered, these soil layers will pose threat to the environment by causing washout of fine material degrading surface and groundwater quality in the downstream and coastal waters, silting downstream catch pits and canals, degrading soil stability and risking slope and bank failures.

On the other hand, proper construction practices like soil compaction and stabilization, turfing, maintaining naturally stable slopes, revegetation/turfing and proper disposal of excavated material and debris at designated isolated dumps, etc. will improve soil stability, reducing erosion risk, siltation and pollution due to leachate effects thus improving surface lake and groundwater
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quality during the construction phase and in the aftermath of project completion. 7 Will the project cause localized flooding and poor drainage during construction Is the project area located in a flooding location? Temporarily blockage of existing drainage paths and flow diversions for the rehabilitation of lock gates during construction activities and formation of new embankments without proper cross drainage facilities will lead to localized flood effects and poor drainage within and around adjacent localities of the project area. However, the proposed project site is located in an area where adequate drainage systems and other associated facilities are properly in place at present, so the risk of flooding is relatively insignificant. Moreover, ensuring the adoption of proper design guidelines and construction practices like provision of storm water drainage paths through the gabion walls, provision of alternative drainage network during the construction period, will reduce the flood risk during construction phase and in the aftermath of project completion. 8 Will there be any risks and vulnerabilities to public safety due to physical hazards during construction or operation of the Project? Yes Low Most of the shoreline to be protected is not accessible to the general public at present. However, where public access is possible safety issues in terms of injuries caused by piles of
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construction material, machinery etc to public and commuters cannot be ruled out. 9 Are there any transport routes on or around the location which are susceptible to congestion or which cause environmental problems, which could be affected by the project? No N/A

10 Are there any routes or facilities on or around the location which are used by the public for access to recreation or other facilities, which could be affected by the project? 11 Are there any areas or features of high landscape or scenic value on or around the location which could be affected by the project? 12 Are there any other areas on or around the Yes location which are important or sensitive for reasons of their ecology e.g. wetlands, watercourses or other water bodies, the coastal zone, mountains, forests which could be affected by the project?

No

N/A

No

N/A (The project will be supplementary to enhance the scenic value of the lake and the water front areas. Low The lake which is a wetland has been subjected high human interference over the years and as a result is polluted. The areas around the lake too are highly modified as an urban environment and supports limited floral and faunal species. Construction of Bank Protection Wall will be

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carried out using manpower. No heavy machinery will be used. Therefore, the impact on existing lake ecology will be minimal. 13 Are there any areas on or around the location which are used by protected, important or sensitive species of fauna or flora e.g. for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, migration, which could be affected by the project? No No such areas are found. Since the area has already been interfered by human activities, neither important nor sensitive species of fauna or flora were found. Construction of Bank Protection Wall will be carried out by using manpower. No heavy machinery will be used. Therefore, there will not be any major environmental impact by the construction on the lake ecology. 14 Is the project located in a previously undeveloped area where there will be loss of green-field land No N/A There was no such a green field encountered during the field visit. No N/A The project will do landscaping only and some additional trees will be introduced. 16 Are there any areas or features of historic or cultural importance on or around the location which could be affected by the project? No McCallum lock gates have historical value and the project will restore the gates which at present are in a very dilapidated state. In addition, there are several historic and culturally important areas
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15 Will the project cause the removal of trees in the locality?

located around the lake but they will not be affected by the project. 17 Are there existing land uses on or around the location e.g. homes, gardens, other private property, industry, commerce, recreation, public open space, community facilities, agriculture, forestry, tourism, mining or quarrying which could be affected by the project? 18 Are there any areas on or around the location which are densely populated or built-up, which could be affected by the project? No The land use around the project area is mixed residential, commercial, institutional etc. however they will not be affected by the project. The project would be supplementary.

No

The area around the project is densely populated with (i) the working population who occupy public/private office buildings during the day time and (ii) underserved settlements located in four places along the lake shoreline. However the project will not have an adverse impact on them as it is limited to construction of bank protection wall. St. Josephs school (A leading private school in Colombo) is located adjacent to the lake. However the project will have no negative impact on it. It gets access from the main road and all the school activities are limited to the school premises. N/A

19 Are there any areas on or around the location which are occupied by sensitive land uses e.g. hospitals, schools, places of worship, community facilities, which could be affected by the project 20 Are there any areas on or around the location which contain important, high quality or scarce resources e.g. groundwater, surface waters, forestry, agriculture,

No

No

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fisheries, tourism, minerals, which could be affected by the project? 21 Are there any areas on or around the location which are already subject to pollution or environmental damage e.g. where existing legal environmental standards are exceeded, which could be affected by the project? No The most polluted site in the project area is the Beira Lake itself. According to the UDA plan, the lake would be conserved and that this project will create positive benefits.

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7b. Environmental Management Plan Key project activities Potential Environmental Effects Mitigation Measures

Rehabilitation of McCallum Lock Gates

Site preparation including provision of access roads, material storage yards Physical: No significant impact Social: No Impact Ecological: N/A Physical: N/A Social: N/A Ecological: N/A

Removal of parts of the McCallum lock gates

Physical: Beira Lake is artificially kept at +1.8 m MSL by means of pumps installed at Beira Lock to prevent buildings constructed on wooden piles along the lake from collapsing. Therefore, any

Physical: Temporary structures are needed on either side of the lock gates under repair work to maintain adequate water surface elevation in the Lake while providing dry working condition for the intended canal rehabilitation

Removal of demolition waste

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and other debris at the McCallum Lock Gate Premises

changes to the water level of the Beira lake can have an adverse effect on the stability of foundations. Site littering and eventually washout to the lake waters

and lock gate repair works.

The demolition waste and other solid wastes should be recycled or reused if possible. Otherwise waste should be collected on site in a designated area within the premises and disposed to a CMC solid waste collecting point for final disposal. Social: N/A Ecological: N/A N/A

Social: No Impact Ecological: No impact Fixing of the gates and other peripheral components Refurbishment old buildings No impact

of No impact

N/A

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Creating accesses to No impact the site (Staircases and ramp) Under pass and foot bridge New structures for Physical: sanitary facilities and surface drainage Existing drainage paths may be blocked during construction of new or replacement of structures, causing localized flooding effects. Existing drainage paths may be blocked after resurfacing and new formations with elevated finishing levels. Increased flows due to altered land use types with less permeable paving surfaces

N/A

Physical: Adequate temporary drainage facilities should be provided during construction period not to hinder existing surface and drainage water flows, and alternative pathways should be arranged where necessary. Additional drains, gullies should be provided when necessary to address drainage issues arising due to altered flow paths. Existing drainage facilities should be checked against altered micro-land use within the site and subsequent changed flow regimes. Use of high permeable paving materials, vegetative cover and turfing to increase surface infiltration is highly recommended to reduce induced high surface runoff flows.

Social: Social: N/A No Impact

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Ecological: No Impact Paving and Fixing of No adverse impact railings Providing furniture Illumination Landscaping Greenery Planting Trees and Positive impact street

Ecological: N/A N/A

N/A

Bank Protection Walls along Beira Lake Site preparation including provision of access roads, material storage yards Physical: Site preparation and work at material storage yards will be carried out mainly by using manpower. No heavy machinery will be used. Therefore, there will be no significant environmental impact by site preparation activities Physical: N/A

32

Social: Inconvenience to the community in the underserved settlement area

Social: Make provisions for not to disturb their pathways and children play areas. Keep the community adequately informed by way of fixing sign boards at appropriate locations and by announcing/communicating the construction program. Ecological:

Ecological: No impact N/A Excavation of canal banks and bottom where the gabions will be constructed, dewatering and disposal of excavated spoil/sediments Physical: Excavation for embankment construction and attaining required design depths in the Lake before placing the gabions may generate debris, soil and bottom sediments which may pose a risk of (i) fine material washout, causing obstruction to existing drainage paths ,(ii) hinder site mobility when not stored properly and also (iii) pose environmental and health risks if lake bottom sediments are contaminated and is not disposed of in a planned manner. Physical: Sediment quality in identified locations of the lake periphery should be established to understand the risk of contamination involved and to determine the suitable disposal method for the excavated sediments and waste. If contamination is established according to accepted reference criteria, the following mitigation measures are proposed to be implemented.

( (a) explore the possibility of using the two existing (and only) small semi engineered landfills in Sri Lanka at Mawanella and Nuwara Eliya. Since the anticipated volume of excavated bottom sediments in this case would be small, the project would be able to negotiate with the Central Environmental Authority and the
33

relevant Pradheshiya Sabhas for using their facility or (c) dispose to Holcim industrial incinerator as alternative fuel.

As the bottom sediment is watery drying will be necessary prior to transport to the disposal site, which will prevent leachate from leaking out during material handling and transportation. Drying can be done at the banks of the canal where the leachate will flow back to the canal.

Social: Take extra precautions in such area and make provisions to construct the embankment without causing damage to houses Keep the community adequately informed of the construction program by way of fixing sign boards at appropriate locations and through direct communication. Ecological: Since this is temporary in nature no special mitigation is necessary

Social: During lake bank/bottom excavations it is possible that some houses in the

34

nearby underserved settlements will get affected if they are located on delicate soils. Ecological: Smothering of benthic fauna Removal of demolition waste and other construction debris along the banks of the lake Physical: Construction debris collected along the shoreline can lead to site littering and eventually get washed into the lake Physical: Construction debris should be collected at designated points along the lake shoreline (where there is space), collected on a regular basis and disposed to a CMC solid waste collection point for final disposal. Social: N/A Ecological: N/A Physical: All construction materials (sand, gravel, aggregates, cement, soil,) should be stored with proper cover; frequent watering of the site and stock piles susceptible

Social: No Impact Ecological: No impact Material transport and storage Physical: Emission of dust and noise due to stockpiling and transport

35

to releasing dust and fine particles Stock piling of soil, debris and other material may block surface drainage paths causing localized water stagnation and potentially contaminate surface runoff and increase turbidity in the lake during construction. Material storage sites should be identified for each working section of the lake and erosion control practices should be implemented, as necessary, during construction to limit turbidity and silt transport off site. Rainy season should be avoided as practical as possible. If any case rainy period is unavoidable, it is necessary to make sure to have temporary drainage so as to drain off the rain water. Proper storage of material and handling of construction material is essential. Material recycling and proper scheduling of ordering and disposal should be promoted to avoid unnecessarily maintaining material/debris stockpiles for extended periods. Social: Work along the underserved settlements should be carefully planned out with the community and the drivers of vehicles bringing material made duly aware of the risks and the need to exercise extra precaution. The community should be kept adequately informed by way of fixing sign boards at appropriate locations and through direct communication.

Social: Material carrying vehicles could create a danger particularly to children of the underserved settlements who play on the pathways.

36

Ecological: No impact Excavation for the gabion wall, and coffer damming Physical: The construction of gabion walls along the canal embankment for bank strengthening and stabilization would require substantial excavation close to the existing earth embankments. Such deep excavations in saturated week soil would result in collapsible vertical soil faces and increased susceptibility to erosion and liquefaction leading to bank failures.

Ecological: N/A Physical: Vertical and near vertical soil embankments and excavation faces in saturated, sandy/peaty soils in the area should always be protected by shoring or installation of sheet piles/coffer damming. Dewatering should be provided where necessary to lower water table and pore pressure development within subsurface soil structure.

Minimum driving power should be used where the installations are located close to sensitive/load bearing structures to avoid differential settlements, cracks and Coffer damming is required to contain other undesirable deformations in soil subsurface and divert movement of lake water, to structure. prevent slope failures at soil embankments/ near vertical excavation Deploying of material supply barges/trailers of faces and to provide a reasonably dry adequate capacity, barge mounted unloading cranes, construction area for the laying of screed barge-mounted excavators, etc. is recommended to concrete base (if required by design) and provide accessibility to those restricted areas and to interlocking rubble work arrangement maintain speedy construction. during gabion wall construction.

37

Excessive vibration during hydraulic driving of sheet piles for coffer damming may weaken adjacent soil layers while it may also affect nearby foundations and other load bearing structures. Limited accessibility from landside due to strategic installations, high security zones, etc.

Social: During excavations near underserved settlements it is likely that some houses will be affected if they are located on delicate soils. Ecological: No impact

Social: Take extra precautions in such area and make provisions to construct the embankment without causing damage to houses Keep the community adequately informed of the construction program by way of fixing sign boards at appropriate locations and through direct communication. Ecological: N/A

Construction of rubble walls and gabions along the banks

Physical: Due to existence of high percent of silt and peat in bottom layers and saturated

Physical: Dry condition construction using coffer damming, suitably designed base/foundation, compacted granular

38

soil structure, load carrying capacity of the bed soil may be relatively weak.

bed or screed concrete with adequate shear resistant angle is recommended for all rubble walls and gabions to avoid differential settlements and weakening of interlocking feature. Deploying of material supply barges/trailers of adequate capacity, barge mounted unloading cranes, barge-mounted excavators, etc. is recommended to provide accessibility to those restricted areas and to maintain speedy construction. Social: Section by section construction will be encouraged. Ecological:

Limited accessibility from landside due to strategic installations, high security zones, etc.

Social: Disturbance to the community living in underserved settlements. Ecological:

N/A No impact Reinstatement of storm water drainage connections (hume pipes) to Beira Lake through gabion walls Physical: Erosion of soil adjacent to structure leading to loosening of bank support will lead to weakening of the interlocking of rubble used causing immature failure of gabion structure before its intended design life. Blockage due to accumulation of fines due to cross Physical: Strom water connections across the gabion walls should be provided using hume pipes or box culverts of adequate size according to pre-determined design storm events and return periods. Catch pits should be provided at suitable spacing to remove excessive fines through settlement. Catch pits

39

drainage flows will lead to pore pressure build-up behind the gabion structure, leading to unbalanced pressure forces, making the structure susceptible to failure by toppling. Social: No impact Ecological: No impact Backfilling of banks behind the gabions, turfing and replanting of trees Physical: Selection of below-grade fill materials would not attain required soil strengths after compaction and will lead to differential settlements in banks causing the pavement layers to develop differential settlements and fail. Social: No impact Ecological: No impact

should be regularly cleaned and maintained in proper order. Fines removed should be properly disposed to avoid them joining flow paths again.

Social: N/A Ecological: N/A Physical: Proper backfill materials should be selected after carrying our required field/laboratory tests and optimum compaction conditions should be maintained and compaction should be carried out in payers with minimum thickness to attain maximum possible soil strengths after compaction of bank back fill layers. Social: N/A Ecological: N/A

40

Fixing of railing along the wall and Illumination Landscaping Greenery Planting Trees

No impact

N/A

and No impact

N/A

41

8. Conclusion and Screening Decision Summary of environmental effects: Assuming that all mitigation measures are implemented as proposed, the following effects can be predicted Key project activities Potential Environmental Effects Significance of the environmental effect with mitigation in place NS- Effect not significant, or can be rendered insignificant with mitigation SP - Significant positive effect SN - Significant negative effect U - Outcome unknown or cannot be predicted, even with mitigation NA Not applicable

Rehabilitation of McCallum Lock Gates

Site preparation including provision of access roads, material storage yards Physical: No significant impact Social: No Impact Ecological: N/A NA
42

NS

NA

Removal of parts of the McCallum Lock Gate

Physical: Beira Lake is artificially kept at +1.8 m MSL by means of pumps installed at Beira Lock to prevent buildings constructed on wooden piles along the lake from collapsing. Therefore, any changes to the water level of the Beira lake can have a adverse effect on the stability of foundations. Site littering and eventually washout to the lake waters NS

Removal of demolition waste and other debris at the McCallum Lock Gate premises

NS

NA

Social: No Impact Ecological: No impact Fixing of the gates and other peripheral components Refurbishment of old buildings No impact

NA

NA

No impact

NA

43

Creating accesses to the site No impact (Staircases and ramp) Under pass and foot bridge New structures for sanitary Physical: facilities and surface drainage Existing drainage paths may be blocked during construction new or replacement structures, causing localized flooding effects. Existing drainage paths may be blocked after resurfacing and new formations with elevated finishing levels. Increased flows due to altered land use types with less permeable paving surfaces Social: No Impact Ecological: No Impact Paving and Fixing of railings No adverse impacts

NA

NS

NS

NS

NA

NA

NA

44

Providing street furniture Illumination Landscaping and Greenery Planting Trees Positive Impact SP

Bank Protection Walls along Beira Lake Site preparation including provision of access roads, material storage yards Physical: Site preparation and work at material storage yards will be carried out mainly by using manpower. No heavy machinery will be used. Therefore, there will be no significant environmental impact by site preparation activities Social: Inconvenience to the community in the underserved settlement area Ecological: No impact NA NS NS

45

Excavation of canal banks and bottom where the gabions will be constructed, dewatering and disposal of excavated spoil/sediments

Physical: Excavation for embankment construction and SN attaining required design depths in the Lake may generate debris, soil and bottom sediments which may pose a risk of (i) fine material washout, causing obstruction to existing drainage paths ,(ii) hinder site mobility when not stored properly and also (iii) pose environmental and health risks if lake bottom sediments are contaminated and is not disposed of in a planned manner. Social: During lake bank/bottom excavations it is possible that some houses in the nearby underserved settlements will get affected if they are located on delicate soils. Ecological: NS Smothering of benthic fauna NS

Removal of demolition waste and other construction debris along the banks of the lake

Physical: NS Construction debris collected along the shoreline can lead to site littering and
46

eventually get washed into the lake Social: NA No Impact Ecological: No impact Material transport and storage Physical: Emission of dust and noise due to stockpiling and transport Stock piling of soil, debris and other material may block surface drainage paths causing localized water stagnation and potentially contaminate surface runoff and increase turbidity in the lake during construction. Social: Material carrying vehicles could create a danger NS particularly to children of the underserved settlements who play on the pathways. Ecological: No impact NA NS NA

NS

47

Excavation for the gabion wall, and coffer damming

Physical: The construction of gabion walls along the NS canal embankment for bank strengthening and stabilization would require substantial excavation close to the existing earth embankments. Such deep excavations in saturated week soil would result in collapsible vertical soil faces and increased susceptibility to erosion and liquefaction leading to bank failures. Coffer damming is required to contain and divert movement of canal water, to prevent NS slope failures at soil embankments/ near vertical excavation faces and to provide a reasonably dry construction area for the laying of screed concrete base (if required by design) and interlocking rubble work arrangement during gabion wall construction.

Excessive vibration during hydraulic driving of sheet piles for coffer damming may weaken adjacent soil layers while it may also affect nearby foundations and other load bearing structures.

NS

48

Limited accessibility from landside due to strategic installations, high security zones, etc. Social: During excavations near underserved settlements it is likely that some houses be affected if they are located on delicate soils. Ecological: No impact

NS

NS

NA

Construction of rubble walls and gabions along the banks

Physical: Due to existence of high percent of silt and peat in bottom layers and saturated soil structure, load carrying capacity of the bed soil may be relatively weak. Limited accessibility from landside due to strategic installations, high security zones, etc. Social: Disturbance to the community living in underserved settlements. NS NS

NS

49

Ecological: No impact Reinstatement of storm water drainage connections (hume pipes) to Beira Lake through gabion walls Physical: Erosion of soil adjacent structure leading to loosening of bank support will lead to weakening of the interlocking of rubble used causing immature failure of gabion structure before its intended design life. Blockage due to accumulation of fines due to cross drainage flows will lead to pore pressure build-up behind the gabion structure, leading to unbalanced pressure forces, making the structure susceptible to failure by toppling. Social: No impact Ecological: No impact Backfilling of banks behind the gabions, turfing and replanting of trees Physical: Selection of below-grade fill materials would not attain required soil strengths after

NA

NS

NA

NA

NS

50

compaction and will lead to differential settlements in banks causing the pavement layers to develop differential settlements and fail. Social: NA No impact Ecological: No impact NA Fixing of railing along the wall and Illumination Landscaping and Greenery Planting Trees No impact NA

No impact

NA

51

9. Screening Decision Recommendation: Final recommendation Majority of the potentially adverse effects can be classified as general construction related impacts and are mitigatable with good construction planning and management. The public is very supportive of the project and hence does not warrant further environmental assessment. Therefore, a stand- alone Environmental Assessment is not required and, the Environmental Management Plan provided with this report would be sufficient to mitigate the identified impact. The following specific recommendations given in the EMP are of utmost importance to be implemented. A sediment quality testing and the quantification of lake bottom sediments thatwill need to be removed along the banks before placing the gabions must be undertaken by the UDA prior to commencement of construction. Depending on the results of the sediment quality testing a proper disposal plan for the volume of sediments excavated must be worked out. Disposal in the form of thermal destruction or transportation to the semi-engineered landfills in Mawanella or Nuwera Eliya (as the quantity is not expected to be huge) will be encouraged if the excavated sediment material is found to be contaminated. If not the material can be stored in a suitable site and subsequently used for refilling once the construction of gabion wall is done or even disposed to a municipal waste dump to be used as a daily soil cover. Safe handling of excavated sediments including transport must be impelemnted. Construction debris management plan must be worked out and implemented. Heavy vehicles i.e., large trucks, should not be allowed for material transport. Only small vehicles such as tractors, carts will be promoted particularly in the areas of restricted space. In such areas, head transport must be allowed with slightly higher rate. More roosting trees for birds would be planted in areas where appropriate by the side of the Beira Lake for the attraction of birds. However such trees are discouraged in the walk ways as the birds

52

dropping becomes an issue for uses of the walk way. In the walk way trees that are not possible to be used for roosting will be recommended. 10. EMP implementation responsibilities and costs The overall responsibility of ensuring compliance with safeguard requirements for the subproject lie with the UDA. Specifically, it will be responsible for undertaking sediment quality testing in the proposed section of the lake, estimation of sediment material quantities generated and guiding the contractor on suitable disposal methods. The contractor will be responsible for implementing all other provisions in the EMP that relate mostly to good construction planning, site management and public safety practices. The additional cost involved in implementing the EMP relate to (a) undertaking sediment quality tests and (2) disposal of excavated material if contamination is established. Environmental monitoring will be carried out largely through compliance monitoring using the checklist provided in the EMF by the Environmental Officer of the UDA and the contractor jointly. As such, the only additional costs envisaged are explained below:
Item Cost (Rs) Implementation Responsibility UDA

Sediment quality testing 3 samples For following physical and chemical parameters Particle size distribution, pH, Sulphate, Chloride, Total Organic Carbon, Fe, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Al, Pb, Mn, Ca, Mg, Hg, As and leachability test for heavy metals The testing will be done in early January 2012 Disposal of excavated sediments from the lake bottom

180,000

The cost of mitigation is hard to estimate at this stage as the quantities of material, quality of pollutants/substances, detailed methodologies, and sites for disposal etc. are undecided. The consultant will work with the UDA for estimating the mitigation cost once results of the sediment quality test is available.

Contractor

53

54

Screening report completed by

Date

Dr. Mahesh Jayaweera, Team Leader University of Moratuwa Tel: 0777320590 email: maheshjayaweera@gmail.com Signature

Name/Designation/Contact information Screening report reviewed by Date

Name/Designation/Contact information Approved by Signature Date

Name/Designation/Contact information

Signature

55

11. Details of Persons Responsible for the Environmental Screening

(1) Dr. Mahesh Jayaweera, PhD, BSc in Civil Eng (Hons.), MIE (SL), CEng. Team Leader (Overall coordination and planning) Experience: Team Leader/Consultant/Expert for more than 60 EIA and IEE studies during the past 15 years (2) Professor Mrs. Niranjanie Ratnayake, BSc in Civil Eng (Hons.), MSc, FIE (SL), CEng. Environmental assessment specialist Experience: Team Leader/Consultant/Expert for more than 40 EIA and IEE studies during the past 20 years (3) Dr. Jagath Manatunge, PhD, MSc, DIC, BSc in Civil Eng (Hons.), MIE (SL), CEng. Environmental Engineer (Noise, Water, Wastewater, Vibration, Air) Experience: Team Leader/Consultant/Expert for more than 40 EIA and IEE studies during the past 12 years (4) Dr. Lalith Rajapakse, PhD, MEng, BSc in Civil Eng (Hons.), MIE (SL), CEng. Civil Engineer (Hydrology, Geology, other civil engineering aspects) Experience: Consultant/Expert for more than 20 EIA and IEE studies and assignments mainly related to hydrological during the past 6 years (5) Mr. Hemantha Jayasundara, BA (Hons.), MSc (Town and Country Planning), PG Dip in Urban Development, PD Dip in Environmental Sci. Urban Planner Experience: More than 20 years as a Consultant/Expert on Urban and Regional Planning, Urban Design, Disaster Management, Environmental Management, Projects Management etc. (6) Dr. Anusha Kasige, PhD, MSc, BSc in Zoology Ecologist (Flora, Fauna, Ecosystems) Experience: more than 15 EIA and IEE studies and ecological studies during the past 5 years

56

References

Cooray, P.G.(1984). An introduction to the geology of Sri Lanka (Ceylon), with a foreword by John Sutton, National Museums of Sri Lanka Publication, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Greentech (2011). Environmental Assessment Final Report for Metro Colombo Urban Development Project, Vol. 1, Greentech Consultants (Pvt) Ltd., Colombo 5, Sri Lanka.

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Annex 1: Photographs of some of the important locations along project roads

58

McCallumLockGates
Fig.A1MaincanalLat6.932110 Lon79.848400 Fig.A3BeiraendLat6.932170 Lon79.848480 Fig.A4MaincanalLat6.932110 Lon79.848400 Fig.A2NearLakeHousesideLat6.932130 Lon79.848490

 Fig.A5SecondcanalLat6.932110 Lon79.848270 Fig.A7BeirasideLat6.932110 Lon79.848260 Fig.A8ThirdcanalLat6.932210 Lon79.848100 Fig.A 6 GateoperationLat6.932130 Lon79.848180

Fig.A9BoatdeckLat6.932130 79.848400 Lon BEIRALAKE

0 0 Fig.A11Lat6.93180 Lon79.84932

Fig.A10 Lat6.931860Lon79.848630

Fig.A12Lat6.931350Lon79.852010

 Fig.A13Lat6.930870Lon79.853280 Fig.A15Lat6.926480 Lon79.856400

Fig.A14Lat6.929200 Lon79.855060

Fig.A16 JohnsonEstateLat6.926130 Lon79.856670

 Fig.A17NorriscanalLat6.925540 Lon79.857030 Fig.A19Lat6.924590Lon79.858380

Fig.A18SandIslandLat6.925010 Lon79.857770

Fig.A20 Lat6.923770Lon79.859080

 Fig.A21PhaseIILat6.923560 Lon79.859210 Fig.A23EndpointLat6.922560 Lon79.859660 Fig.A24Lat6.922620Lon79.859520 Fig.A22Lat6.922760Lon79.859550

 Fig.A25EntrancetothewestLake 0 0 Lat 6.93133 Lon79.84846 Fig.A27DischargetocanalLat6.930830 Lon79.846830

Fig.A26CanaltowestlakeLat6.931230 Lon79.847380

Fig.A28IMPworkLat6.930670 Lon79.846000

 Fig.A29Lat6.927040 Lon79.847370 Fig.A31Lat6.926550Lon79.847430 Fig.A32wallstobefelldownLat6.926240 Lon79.847320 Fig.A30Lat6.93030Lon79.845770

 Fig.A33Lat6.925720Lon79.846740 Fig.A35EndingedgeLat6.924540 Lon79.846920 Fig.A36 Lat6.924830Lon79.846730 Fig.A34EndingedgeLat6.925520 Lon79.846650

Fig.A37Lat6.926740Lon79.847320

Fig.A38Lat6.928220Lon79.846840

Fig.A39Lat6.932070Lon79.848430