Preliminary Design Report____________

Rehoboth, New Mexico Jesse Singer, Scott Malefyt, Jeannine Keller, Scott Hekman and Neil De Wit Water Management Plan for Rehoboth, New Mexico May 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. INTRODUCTION PERMITS SITE (REHOBOTH AND GALLUP AREA) SANITARY COLLECTION BASIS OF WATER PRODUCTION DESIGN LIFT STATION PRETREATMENT MEMBRANE BIO-REACTOR REVERSE-OSMOSIS MEMBRANES POST-TREATMENT SOLIDS HANDLING OVERALL WATER PRODUCTION COSTS BIOGAS TREATMENT ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION PLANT BUILDINGS DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION 4 6 9 12 13 16 17 19 20 22 23 25 26 27 27 27 29 30

XVII. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT XVIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Table of Tables
Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Table 12 School Lot Appropriations Sanitary Sewer Cost Summary Average Daily Flow (ADF) Summary Water Production Plant Flows Water Production Equipment Zenon Model Removal Estimates MBR Effluent Quality Overall Water Production Costs Cost Comparison Watermain Cost Data Storm Sewer Culvert Cost Data Total Combined Cost Estimate

Table of Figures
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Arial View of Rehoboth with Edge of Gallup to the Far West Production Plant Schematic Watershed Delineation with zones indicated RRMF Development Plan Rehoboth Christian School Development Plan Elevation View of Lift Station Pretreatment Schematic Z-MOD-L Basic Layout GE Osmonics PRO 150 Ultraviolet Treatment Schematic

I.

INTRODUCTION
Team Desert Oasis is a five member team, consisting of BSE Civil/Environmental students who are working to design a full water management system for the Rehoboth Red Mesa Foundation (RRMF) and Rehoboth Christian School (RCS) in New Mexico for a Calvin Engineering senior design project. Team members are: Neil De Wit, Jeannine Keller, Jesse Singer, Scott Hekman, and Scott Malefyt. Team Oasis chose this as a senior design project due to their interests in environmental and hydraulic engineering and their desire to be in continual service to others and God.

1.1 The Team

1.2 The Goals

The goal of the project was to design and give alternatives for a functional water management system for the Rehoboth area (shown in Figure 1). The Rehoboth area includes both the school and the RRMF lands. Requirements include providing feasible solutions to drainage, drinking water, and sanitary sewer issues for existing conditions and future expansion in the area. The system must be cost effective and provide sufficient capacity to the area. Expansion plans, topography, desires of the school and RRMF, and ethics will control aspects of the design.

1.3 Executive Summary

Rehoboth, New Mexico is located in McKinley County on the northwest side of the state, just a few miles east of Gallup, NM. There are two organizations that own land in Rehoboth and thereby act as separate entities: the RCS and the RRMF. Both organizations plan to develop large areas of land over the next couple of decades. These developments are expected to bring in residents, businesses and revenue that will enable Rehoboth to grow as a community and support ministry programs. Presently, however, Rehoboth is lacking both a water treatment process and a structured management of storm water, leading to a limited amount of available clean drinking water as well as recurrent flooding.

NORTH 1000 ft

Figure 1: Aerial View of Rehoboth with the edge of Gallup to the far West.

To satisfy Rehoboths wastewater and drinking water needs for its estimated future 5,000 person population, it is necessary to provide water treatment within

Rehoboths limits. A complete water production system comprised of the three key steps: primary treatment, secondary treatment and disinfection has been chosen for design. Primary treatment utilizes a membrane bioreactor (MBR) to filter influent wastewater and is followed by a secondary treatment step consisting of reverse osmosis membranes (RO). Disinfection will be completed with ultraviolet (UV) technology. Though membrane treatment is a relatively new technology, several cities have implemented membrane treatment with great success. 1 The basic layout of the plant design is modeled in Figure 2.

Production Plant Collection

MBR Influent Wastewater Effluent Drinking Water

Distribution

Pretreatment

RO

Post Treatment

Solids Handling

Figure 2: Production plant schematic

Based on the work performed in the first semester of the project, design work has been completed for the water production system. Individual steps of the treatment process have been evaluated and optimized for best performance. Pretreatment, solids handling, the membrane bioreactor (MBR), reverse osmosis membranes (RO) and post-treatment steps have each been assessed by a group member and calculations checked by another. Specific plans, flow and head loss calculations and pricing have been assembled and are contained as well. The collection and distribution systems are designed for the Red Mesas master plan phases 1, 2, 3 and 4. Phase 5 of their plan has been omitted because of overlap conflicts with the property limits of RCS. The collection and distribution systems are also designed for RCS based on their future expansion plans. The collection system is entirely gravity fed save one location on the RCSs property. At this collection location, the wastewater is pumped through an 8 inch force main back to another gravity fed section. Watershed delineation was also done for the property. This resulted in Zones 1-4 as shown in Figure 3. Zones 1, 3 and 4 were found adequate in handling their storm water runoff thus needing no improvement for drainage. Zone 2, however, with its immense size and rainfall volume, is a current concern and is made worse under developed conditions. A storm sewer culvert has been designed in this area to

Tao, G.H., K. Kekre, J.J. Qin, C.L. Ting, M.H. Oo, B. Viswanath, and H. Seah. MBR-RO for high-grade water production from domestic used water. Water Practice and Technology. 1.2 (2006).

handle the flows resulting from rainfall. It will be left up to the contractor to design a private storm sewer to guide flows to this culvert.

Zone 3 Zone 1

Zone 4

Zone 2

NORTH
1000 ft

Figure 3: Watershed Delineation with zones indicated

II.

PERMITS/CURRENT SITUATION
The Gallup basin lies within New Mexicos Water Planning Region 6 and is labeled as a high-desert environment. Of the 9 to 12 inches of annual rainfall, 97% is lost through evaporation or transpiration. Estimates are that only 1% of mean annual precipitation recharges the local aquifers2. Desert/arid environments waters normally contain high concentrations of dissolved minerals and salts (total dissolved solids).

2.1 Current Drinking Water Supply

2.1.1 City of Gallup Drinking Water Supply

The City of Gallup pumps groundwater from the Gallup Sandstone and DakotaWestwater aquifers to supply local water demands. The aquifers are deep and static water levels in the wells have declined several hundred feet in the past 30 years. There are 17 active wells that reach between 1500 and 2000 ft deep. Gallups existing wells do not exceed EPAs total dissolved solids (TDS) standards and well water is only treated with chlorine. In the Gallup region, most groundwater exists in confined sandstone and limestone aquifers with low storage coefficients, resulting in large and widespread well drawdown. Depth, quality, and formation productivity are the major physical constraints on groundwater availability in the area. Areas outside the Gallup
2

Gallup Town Hall Summary, 2004

Sandstone and Dakota-Westwater aquifers have groundwater but water depths are often too great, water-bearing materials may be impermeable, and poor water quality prohibits use. Many of the aquifers north and east of Gallup (the Rehoboth site) are high in total dissolved solids (TDS greater than 1000 mg/L) and exceed secondary drinking water quality standards. If water demand patterns continue following the trend of increased use, the city of Gallup will be facing water shortages during peak demand months as early as the year 2010. All groundwater within the Gallup area is already appropriated. There is more recoverable water in various locations but required well spacing, drawdown, and well recovery time make new water developments in the area impractical. This is the reason for the water production program being implemented within the next decade through use of membranes and RO filters. There is hope for the future that a joint Navajo-Gallup 130 mile pipeline will be built to bring in water to the area from the San Juan River. Several years ago the native Navajo people were successfully awarded water rights on the San Juan River. The pipeline would begin west of Farmington, NM at a point on the San Juan River and move southward through the eastern reaches of the Navajo Reservation to the Navajo Capital at Window Rock and to the City of Gallup and its neighboring Navajo Chapters. However, the pipeline will not be completed in the near future. Funding for this 0.5 billion dollar project needs to be obtained at both the state and federal level before it is completed. This pipeline would likely supply the regions water needs for the next forty years. One trusted local contact stated that he did not think he would see the results of this project for 20 to 25 years. Aquifer storage and reuse has also been evaluated in the Gallup area. It was made known by Lance Allgood that this is not a viable option due to the characteristics of the local aquifers. In the conclusion of one Gallup water report, it was stated that no long term groundwater solution is possible for Gallup and a surface water supply needs to be sought, such as the Navajo pipeline.

2.1.2 RRMF Drinking Water Supply

The RRMFs lands sit on the San Andres-Glorieta aquifer. There are no wells on the RRMF site and no distribution system. A new water distribution system and possibly a drinking water treatment plant onsite will be needed to treat and distribute the foundations future water needs. Gallup has a policy that they will not supply drinking water to any development outside of city limits. Phase 1 of the foundations development will fall within city limits and the foundation expects to have Gallup supply this area with water. Phases 2-5 fall outside of the Gallups city limits. After speaking with Lance Allgood, it is unclear if Gallup will supply the future needs of Phases 2-5. Lance stressed that the foundation would have to offer something of value to Gallup for use of its water resources. This would mostly likely be in the form of money as the RRMF has no water rights to forfeit.

2.1.3 Rehoboth Christian School Drinking Water Supply

The school currently manages its own drinking water supply, chlorinating groundwater from the San Andres-Glorieta aquifer. Water from the Glorieta aquifer has proven to be good quality and is only treated with chlorine. The school uses 20 AFA annually, with about 10 AFA coming from two wells. Well #00894 pumps 30 GPM or 48.39 AFA at 528 ft of depth and well #00895 pumps 20.1 GPM or 32.26

AFA at 481 ft of depth3. Both wells drawing at maximum capacity can produce 72,144 GPD, roughly an eighth of future water needs for both developments. Thirteen more wells drawing at 30 GPM would be needed to meet the demands of the new developments. Other water exists much closer to the surface of Rehoboth but it is of poor quality. The poor water quality is due to overlying low permeability zones within the Chinle Formation which acts as a confining unit for the San Andres-Gloireta Aquifer. These zones have high levels of TDS, over 1000 mg/L. After speaking with Mike Johnson, Bureau Chief of the New Mexico Hydrology Bureau, it was learned that there is insufficient data to evaluate long-term water level trends in the region or the possible level of production from the Glorieta aquifer. After speaking with Jason Zylstra, it was realized that the school is not utilizing an artesian well onsite. This well naturally produces 9,000 to 12,000 GPD of water that flow into a nearby pond, where the water evaporates. Very high salt content and subsequent fatal irrigation has prevented RCS from utilizing this well. The school is considering treating this well with RO membranes and using it for drinking water. An expanded water distribution system and a water production facility onsite are needed to distribute and treat the schools future water needs. A water production facility is necessary because the current production of the schools two wells only partially meets the future needs of both developments.

2.2 Groundwater Rights

As a member of the Colorado River Compact, Gallup is part of the most complex water appropriation systems in the United States. New Mexico, like many Western states, uses the Doctrine of Prior Appropriation when determining water law and water rights administration. This doctrine contains two essential principles: 1) the first user (appropriator) of the water has the right to continue to use it, and 2) the right to that water continues as long as the appropriator puts the water to beneficial reuse. The use of the water begins when the water is first diverted from a surface water body or pumped from the ground. In New Mexico, the person with the oldest water right is entitled to his full amount. When he is finished, the next person is allocated his amount and so on until the supply is exhausted. Water rights under state law can be bought and sold. To obtain more water appropriations the school and foundation will need to apply for a water appropriation permit. This application process is required for all new developments. The Office of the state engineer in Albuquerque, NM will then come to the site and perform a total water quantity study in that area. The state engineer also measures the effect any new water mining will have on nearby water users. All appropriations are performed and awarded on a case-by-case basis. Since there may be no available water appropriations in the Rehoboth area, Rehoboth may have to buy appropriations from neighbors to use the groundwater sources beneath them. If there is available water to appropriate, the school and foundation must post a declaration in the paper. If anyone protests this declaration, fearing that their senior water rites will be jeopardized by new water mining in the area, the case goes to court in Santa Fe, NM. Only after several years of litigation will a judge reach a
3

Drinking Water Bureau under the New Mexico Environment Department

solution. To quote Dan McGlaughlin, a civil engineer who has done consulting work in the region for many years, Determining water rights in New Mexico involves half a dozen lawyers and a judge consulting the entrails of a sheep.

2.2.1 Gallups Water Rights

Gallup is currently using half of the 8,600 AFA (acre-feet/year) water appropriations they are permitted for. Using half does not mean there is more available water. Water appropriations could have been awarded before adequate studies of the aquifer were performed. It will be the responsibility of Gallup to determine if they are able or willing to supply Rehoboths developments with drinking water.

2.2.2 RRMF Water Rights

The RRMF has no groundwater rights or prior appropriations. To obtain more water, the foundation will need to apply for a water appropriation permit or buy drinking water from Gallup or the RCS.

2.2.3 Rehoboth Christian School Water Rights

The school is currently appropriated for a total of 80.65 AFA. This volume may meet the future needs of the schools developments, but not the RRMF. If they need more water for their developments, the school will need to apply for a water appropriation permit or purchase water from Gallup.

III.

SITE
The RRMF East Gallup Property constitutes 800 acres. Of those, 772 acres are in McKinley County and 28 acres fall within the city of Gallup along its eastern edge. The foundations lands are primarily south of Interstate 40 and wrap around the Rehoboth School property and continue westward to the eastern edge of Gallup. There are no existing structures on the RRMF lands. The planned RRMF developments can be viewed in Figure 4 and are divided into five phases: East Gallup Neighborhood Center (1), East Gallup Regional Center (3) and Medical District (4), West Village Residential Community (2), and the East Village Residential Community (5).

3.1 Rehoboth Red Mesa Foundation Development Plan

3.1.1 East Gallup Neighborhood Center

The East Gallup Neighborhood Center (Phase 1) is a 7.5 acre parcel of land located along the eastern edge of Gallup and southern edge of I-40. The Neighborhood Center is designed to contain a variety of businesses: a grocery store, deli, bakery, hardware store, pharmacy, coffee shop, and video store. Buildings in this phase are planned to be 1-2 stories tall with apartments on the second floor. The Neighborhood Center will rely on Gallups water and sewer. The RRMF has plans to allow Phase 1 to be annexed by the city of Gallup, thereby passing liability for water delivery and treatment to Gallup.

3.1.2 East Gallup Regional Center

The East Gallup Regional Center (Phase 3) is a 70 acre site located east of the Neighborhood Center (Phase 1). The purpose of the Regional Center is to provide for the daily needs of workers, residents, and visitors in the area. Businesses may

include restaurants and cafes, pharmacies, day care, dry cleaners, video stores, hardware stores, travelers services, and other related businesses. A portion of this area may be designated for light industrial use such as warehousing. The Regional Center will include an extensive housing development of 200 lots that mirrors and expands the type of housing found in the residential communities (Phases 2 and 5).

NORTH

Figure 4: RRMF development plan

3.1.3 Medical District

The Medical District (Phase 4), a 60 acre site, is designated for one or two regional hospitals: the Rehoboth McKinley Christina Health Care Center and the Gallup Indian Medical Center. Though it is still uncertain whether these hospitals will be built, Team 10s design includes the flows required by these two hospitals.

3.1.4 West Residential Community

The West Village Residential Community (Phase 2) will be a located south of the Medical and Regional Centers. The West Village is comprised of 80 single family lots ranging from 1/3 to 1/6 acre in size.

3.1.5 East Residential Community

The East Village Residential Community (Phase 5), located southeast of the RCS, will have 120 single family housing lots. With its distance from the city of Gallup, this phase is scheduled to be completed last.

10

3.2 Rehoboth Christian School Development Plan

The RCSs developments are broken into four phases with a large area set aside for future phase developments (Figure 5).

NORTH

Figure 5: Rehoboth Christian School Development plan

3.2.1 Residential Phases

All four phases are planned for residential development. Phase 1 is the existing residential community. There are about 100 residents occupying 30 homes in Phase 1. During the school year the daytime population on the school lands increases to 500 people. In the future, the school hopes to increase its daytime population to 700. Table 1 summarizes the number of lots in each phase. Table 1: School Lot Appropriations Phase 1 (Existing) Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Future Phases Total Lots in Planned Phases Total Lots Lots 30 28 21 46 74 125 199

3.3 Site Design Considerations

The school and the foundations site plans were used to calculate future wastewater flows and drinking water needs of the developments. Team Oasiss water management design is conservatively based on the wastewater and drinking water needs of these future developments if they were entirely built as planned. Team Oasis understands that it may be many years until these developments are finished but needed to choose a solution that would encompass the entire needs of Rehoboth and would properly plan for the future.

11

IV.

SANITARY COLLECTION
The sanitary sewer is a gravity fed system that flows to a selected low point within the construction boundaries. This location corresponds to the location of the wastewater treatment plant, which is just west of RCSs property and borders the eastern edge of the RRMFs Phase 4. At one location in the schools property, a force main is required to handle the wastewater due to a steep elevation change.

4.1 Overall Description

4.2 Sanitary System

A Sanitary Design program in Microsoft Excel provided by Professor Hoeksema was used to design the piping network. The program requests the per capita flow rate, number of homes, and average number of people per home. From these inputs, a total flow is calculated which is then multiplied by a peaking factor to account for spikes in flow during the day. The user sets the length of pipe in the system for each section along with a drop of 0.1 feet for each manhole. Infiltration is also accounted for with the program. This component is estimated as 5000 gallons per day, per mile of pipe. The program then distributes the total flow of sewage to every pipe in the system to simulate houses feeding into the system. The program calculates results for flows, slopes, pipe diameters, and pipe inverts. Each pipe is sized and then evaluated in order to avoid pressurized flow in the gravity fed system. Our design consists of construction plans that lay out and detail the pipe locations, sizes, and inverts. This was accomplished through an overall site plan and corresponding pipe profile views. Each pipe is laid at either a minimum cover of 10 feet or at a minimum slope. The minimum cover of ten feet is the first criteria. This requirement is in place so that when the pipe is laid it will be below the foundation and basement of any existing or future houses and also below the freeze level. This also allows for lateral pipes from each building to slope down toward the sanitary sewer main line in the street. The second requirement of minimum slope is designed based on the size of the pipe. This requirement is in place to provide a flushing velocity of 2.0 feet per second, which helps prevent settling and deposition of the wastewater solids. See Appendix A for the minimum pipe slopes for different diameter pipes. A lift station is used to handle the wastewater for the development plans of the school. An 8 sanitary force main carries the wastewater from the lift station to a manhole about 44 above the lowest invert into the lift station. The forcemain is 876.9 feet long. The pump is designed to handle the flows of the sanitary sewer. The maximum flow rate of this pump is 0.322 cfs and the minimum flow is 0.073 cfs. The minimum inflow is 0.072 cfs, so the lift station will never be unable to handle the inflows. The wastewater network is then gravity fed to the treatment plant.

12

4.3 Sanitary Costing

The cost of the sanitary sewer pipe is based on pipe size, trenching, sand fill and compaction. The estimate for the cost was obtained from RS Means Construction Cost Data.4 See costing data, Table 2.
Table 2: Sanitary Sewer Cost Summary

Sanitary Sewer Cost

COST 8 10 12 15 18 21 Price/10' 13.6 20.5 23 35.5 29 36.5 Length 27489 1926 1811 1907 639 1664 Length/10 2748.9 192.6 181.1 190.7 63.9 166.4 Total Manholes Manholes 147 Price $2,625.00 Total Cost $385,875.00 Price $37,385.04 $3,948.30 $4,165.30 $6,769.85 $1,853.10 $6,073.60 $60,195.19

Trenching Excavation Sand Compaction

assumed 6' wide and 18' 3 deep with a 3 yd bucket assume 6' wide and 3' deep of sand for length of all pipe

CY of soil 425232 70872 70872

2.93 12.75 3.95

$1,245,929.76 $903,618.00 $279,944.40

Lift Station Sewer Lift Station 1 Ea Cost $76,500.00 Total $76,500.00

Total

$2,952,062.35

4.4 Codes/Standards for Sanitary Sewer

Codes and standards were followed for the design of the sanitary sewer. The sanitary sewer system meets the minimum required standards as shown in Title 17 Chapter 13 Part 950 of the New Mexico Administrative Code. See Appendix A: Minimum Standards for Design, Construction, and Operation of Sewer Utilities.

4 RSMeans. Reed Construction Data: Building Construction Cost Data. Massachusetts: Construction Publishers and Consultants. 2007

13

V.

BASIS OF WATER PRODUCTION DESIGN

Due to water shortages in the Gallup/Rehoboth region, a water production facility has been proposed for the school and the foundations planned developments. The current aquifer productivity of the school will not meet the predicted water needs for developments of this size. A study of the current water rights situation found that any future pipelines into the area yield little hope for water sources in the near future. The basic needs are outlined in Table 3.
Table 3: Average Daily Flow (ADF) Summary

5.1 Water Production Facility

Region Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Rehoboth School TOTAL FLOW =

Sanitary Flow Generation (ADF) 8,082.00 15,682.00 61,429.00 33,248.00 23,522.00 59,226.00 201,189.00

Drinking Water Need (ADF) 7,347.00 18,725.00 65,180.00 30,225.00 28,088.00 64,961.00 214,526.00

Therefore, a water production facility has been proposed by Team Desert Oasis that will recycle approximately 70% of all wastewater used by Rehoboth. In the fall of 2006, Team 10 proposed a membrane bioreactor water production facility as a safe and effective solution to reuse much of the water that would otherwise be treated and wasted to rivers and lakes. This unconventional MBR production plant was chosen because it provides the cleanest effluent water of any municipal treatment method. Employing this toilet to tap plant design will eliminate Rehoboths dependency on the City of Gallup for drinking water and wastewater treatment. A membrane bioreactor (MBR) is the primary source of treatment for the influent wastewater. Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes will then act as a secondary treatment to further improve the quality of the drinking water exiting the plant. To ensure the utmost safety, as the water will be pumped directly into the distribution line with no buffer time, ultraviolet (UV) disinfection will be attached to the effluent RO stream. Finally, to combat bacterial growth within the distribution network, a Sodium Hypochlorite (residual chlorine) drip feed is connected to the stream as it exits the plant.

5.2 Flow Information

The flows coming into the plant were estimated using accepted EPA guidelines for the different kinds of establishments being planned for construction in the phases of development. Other flows within the production plant were found using information specific to the piece of equipment chosen in the design. A flow summary follows in Table 4. There are two key sections of the plant which require water being supplemented by a third party source (other than the influent wastewater). The first section is in the Solids Treatment portion, and the second section is under the 25% flow lost to RO

14

section of the above table. The recommended source of the water required to makeup for these losses is from the aquifers nearby. This could include the aquifer which is currently being employed by the school to meet todays demand as well as another, more distant aquifer. Another engineer would need to design the intake, and pump required for this operation to make it connect into the treatment plant inline with the rest of the treated water. If the supplemented water is of good enough quality, it could be fed directly after the RO membranes for disinfection treatment only.
Table 4: Water Production Plant Flows Flow Liquid Treatment [MBR] 201,188 402,376 Flow Solids Treatment 3,643 7,286 Flow Liquid Treatment [RO] 197,545 395,090 Flow - 25% Lost to RO 49,386 98,772 Potable Water Exiting Plant 148,159 296,317

ADF MDF

gpd gpd

ADF MDF

gpd gpd

ADF MDF

gpd gpd

ADF MDF

gpd gpd

ADF MDF

gpd gpd

Amount of Water that Will Need to be Supplemented by Schools Wells 66,367 ADF gpd 132,734 MDF gpd

5.3 Equipment Chosen

Several pieces of equipment were designed to meet the needs of each step in the production process. Contacts were made with representatives from each of the manufacturers (Appendix C) of the appropriate equipment, and information as well as cost estimates were obtained. A table summarizing the model numbers and capacities of each piece of equipment chosen is shown in Table 5.

15

Table 5: Water Production Equipment MAKE Lifting Station Dakota Pump Pretreatment Waste-Tech 420 GPM/50'TDH,1800RPM Vertical Built together 402,000 gpd MODEL/DESCRIPTION CAPACITY UNITS

RotoSieve Screen Model 4024-40, 2mm-screen Screenings Compaction KP200 Piston Press Grit Classifier Model WTI/CONPURA SD320

400,000 400,000 460,800

gpd gpd gpd

Membrane Bioreactor GE Water/Zenon Solids Handling Huber Tech Vogelsang Vaughan Alfa Laval

Z-MOD Type L Packaged Plant

672,000

gpd

Rotomat Rotary Screw Thickener V100-45Q HD SP4C Model 750K Spiral Heat Exchanger Thermophilic Digester

504,000 99,360 216,000 288,000 4,370

gpd gpd gpd gpd gal

Reverse Osmosis GE Water Ultra Violet Wedeco ITT Chlorination Cole Parmer

Model 1225595, RO PRO-150-PRE

300,000

gpd

UV Unit Type B 160 DVGW/ONORM

600,000

gpd

Peristaltic Pumps

22.80

gpd

VI.

LIFT STATION
Because the elevation of the sanitary sewer lines entering the plant is about 23 feet below grade, a lifting station is needed to pull the head above the surface elevation. The goal is to be able to gravity feed the water through a portion of the plant to minimize the work needed to be done by any of the pumps within the treatment plant.

6.1 Introduction

16

Figure 6: Elevation view of Lift station

6.2 Lift Station

The company chosen to design the lifting station came highly recommended by local consulting company, Prein & Newhof. The specific model quoted is the 420 gpm, 50 ft TDH (total displacement head), 1800 RPM Vertical Builtogether. This amount of flow carries the ability to meet and exceed the capacities that the plant will be dealing with during maximum flow conditions. The amount of head provided is also more than enough to maintain good pressure into the plant.

VII.

PRETREATMENT
Zenons membranes are designed with pore openings of less than 0.1 microns and can easily be damaged or fouled by trash and non-biodegradable solids such as hair, lint, grit, and plastics. To enhance the long-term operation and effectiveness of the MBR plant, Zenon recommends redundant internally-fed screens with mesh or punched hole openings less than or equal to 2mm. After researching different pretreatment options and receiving quotes from several companies, Waste-Tech, was selected to furnish the plants pretreatment needs. Waste-Techs Roto-Sieve Drum Screen was selected as the best screen for our facility. The Roto-Sieve Drum Screen was recommended by a sales representative at Zenon and was chosen for its modular design, proven performance in the field, 2mm screening capabilities, and reduced capital, operation, and maintenance costs. See Figure 7 for a pretreatment flow diagram.

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Roto-Sieve Drum Screen

The RotoSieve Model 4024-40 consists of a rotating 2mm perforated drum with an internally mounted transport screw which transports the separated solids from the

17

drum. The drum rotates on trunnion wheels and is operated by a cog gear motor. The incoming water is fed into the drum by means of an inlet pipe which distributes the water over a large area of the drums inside. The drum screens are completely encased with detachable splash guards and have been equipped with an overflow system. Two screens will be installed and each has the capacity to screen average flows of 0.2mgd and maximum daily flows of 0.4mgd. The screen operates properly at total suspended solid levels of up to 250-300mg/l.

Figure 7: Pretreatment Schematic

[See Appendix C for Equipment Manufacturer Specifications]

7.3 Screenings Compactor

Each screen is equipped with a KP200 Screenings Compactor. This device dewaters, compacts, and transports the screenings to a nearby dumpster. Screenings are fed into an outer cylinder in which an axially elongate piston is arranged. The piston uses reciprocating motion to force the refuse towards the outlet of the cylinder. The cylinder has apertures for allowing water to escape from the wet refuse as it is compacted against a conically shaped member at the outlet of the cylinder. Compacted screenings will be transported to a nearby landfill. The volume of compacted screenings produced daily is dependent upon the quantity of rags and floatables in the future influent wastewater. [See Appendix C for Equipment Manufacturer Specifications]

7.4 Grit Classifier

The SD320 Grit Classifier is comprised of a hopper with an inlet pipe, an internal weir and outlet pipes and drain down valve, and an inclined trough with an Archimedean Screw arrangement driven by an electronic motor and gearbox. The mixture of grit and effluent water from the screens are fed directly into the grit classifier through the inlet box and diverted into the trough. The grit is deposited on the bottom of the trough and transported up the inclined Archimedean screw and discharged at high level through the grit outlet to a dumpster below. The pretreated water then drains to

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an outlet trough and into the plant. [See Appendix C for Equipment Manufacturer Specifications]

VIII.

MEMBRANE BIO-REACTOR

8.1 Introduction
Several key factors led to the decision that a membrane packaged plant should be chosen over a specifically designed conventional water treatment plant. The plugand-play membrane ultrafiltration (UF) systems outperform conventional treatment alternatives in all categories, offering reduced operating costs, smaller plant footprints, more reliable performance, and high quality effluent that meets or exceeds the worlds most stringent discharge and reuse standards. Membrane plants are currently the best tested and proven method for municipalities to transform large amounts of wastewater to drinking water quality.

8.2 Membrane Bio-Reactor

Though a specific quote was not obtained from GE, a budgetary proposal (Appendix C) to the Village of Ostrander, OH, was found to be nearly identical to the flows and loads present in the Rehoboth design. The Village of Ostrander project consisted of a plug and play Zenon Z-MOD L96D prepackaged membrane design that treats an average daily flow (ADF) of 180,000 gpd and can support a maximum daily flow (MDF) of 360,000 gpd for periods not exceeding 24 continuous hours. Though the flows in the Rehoboth plant are slightly larger than those in Ostrander, the capacity of the L96D model easily meets these higher flow rates. An orthographic view of the Z-MOD-L configuration is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Z-MOD L Basic Layout

The contaminant removal of the Zenon model is impressive. In the budgetary proposal provided to the Village of Ostrander a table (Table 6) outlines the contaminant removal estimates.

19

Table 6: Zenon Model Removal Estimates

With comparable contaminant levels found in Rehoboth, a similar removal could be expected, according to conversations with a Regional Sales Manager at GE, Dan Higgins.

8.3 Effluent Quality

In meeting the standards of the New Mexico Environmental Department, certain qualities of the contaminants must be obtained. The quality of water coming out of the membrane bioreactor is represented in Table 7.
Table 7: MBR Effluent Quality Contaminant TSS Turbidity Nitrates E Coli Concentration 5 mg/L 1 NTU 1 mg/L 2.2 CFU/100 mL

IX.

REVERSE-OSMOSIS MEMBRANES Though the quality of effluent coming out of the MBR is within the standards of drinking water quality, an extra membrane step is installed to ensure that the quality of effluent water is safe for consumption. Reverse osmosis (RO) was chosen as the method of treatment to accomplish this polishing step. As MBR technology is primarily used in wastewater treatment, RO is used almost exclusively in treating drinking water.

9.1 Introduction

9.2 RO Membranes
After making the decision to select Zenon as our MBR manufacturer, it became evident that it would be advantageous to purchase a corresponding ReverseOsmosis (RO) packaged plant from the same manufacturer. In talking to contacts representing the two most important steps of the treatment process (MBR and RO), it was clear that having contacts with the fore-knowledge of both types of equipment

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was an advantage. General Electric owns Zenon as well as GE Osmonicsa large division of the company which specializes in drinking water treatment equipment. After talking with both representatives from both Zenon and GE Osmonics, the model chosen was the PRO 150 RO packaged unit. A profile view of this packaged unit is pictured in Figure 9. To provide for redundancy, two of these packaged units will be purchased. Each unit will have the capacity to handle maximum flows of the plant.

Figure 9: GE Osmonics PRO 150

One aspect of reverse osmosis which must be addressed is the loss of water due to the screening out of rejected water. This loss is estimated to be 25%, about 50,000 gal/day during average daily flow (ADF) and 100,000 gal/day under maximum daily flow (MDF). To make up for this loss, water will have to be supplemented from a neighboring aquifer (likely the Glorieta) at a rate of 66,000 gal/day ADF and 132,000 gal/day MDF.

9.3 Waste Stream

With an estimated loss of 25% coming out of the RO, a destination must be found for this concentrate water. One option considered for the RO concentrate stream was an evaporation basin. This design was based on evapotranspiration rates from the Gallup-New Mexico region. To evaporate the concentrate wastewater for both average flow conditions a basin size of 11 acres was needed. For maximum flow conditions 22 acres was needed. This area proved to be too large for the basin to be considered as a feasible solution for the concentrate stream. There was simply not enough land to accommodate an evaporation basin of this size between the two future developments. Gallup also has an extended winter season due to its higher elevation that must be considered. An evaporation basin would not perform well for 6 months of the year. After more research and speaking with those knowledgeable in this field, Team Desert Oasis recommends a soil-aquifer recharge system as a future solution. A soil-aquifer system would allow wastewater to leach through permeable sand into underlying aquifers, recharging groundwater. This design has been considered out of scope for this project.

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X.

POSTTREATMENT Though the drinking water exiting the reverse osmosis membranes is of drinking water quality, it is imperative to make sure that any remaining bacteria or microbes will not enter distribution. Disinfection is the main tool with which to ensure that this is the case. With this project, it was decided to use two separate forms of disinfection to ensure both aspects of disinfection are addressed: eradication of microbes, and a residual chemical to prevent microbial life from springing up during distribution. Ultraviolet (UV) treatment was chosen as the primary disinfection measure as it is an inexpensive, reliable method of treatment and creates no harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). The second disinfection measure will be the use of a chlorine carrier called Sodium Hypochlorite.

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Ultraviolet Treatment

Three UV treatment companies were contacted to provide some options from which to make a decision. The decision was primarily made based on the ability of the company to provide equipment relevant to this project. Because the flows of this design are relatively small, only one company, Wedeco ITT, was found to be able to provide the correct equipment.

Figure 10: Ultraviolet Treatment Schematic

The model recommended per a quote from Wedeco (Appendix C) given on March 26, 2007 is the Wedeco UV Unit Type B 160 DVGW/ONORM (Figure 10). Because the bulbs have an extremely high output (300 J/m2) and an estimated UV transmittance of 98% per 1 cm, only 4 bulbs are needed for the relatively high volumetric flow rate. The dimensions (1.3 x 0.5 x 0.33 m) of the unit are such that it can be placed directly inline with the permeate stream from the RO unit. To allow for the ability to change the bulbs without interrupting flow, two units will be purchased. The very low power requirement associated with UV units makes the power cost very minimal.

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10.3 Sodium Hypochlorite Addition

Since the UV units have removed all of the microbes alive in the effluent from the reverse osmosis membranes, the addition of a disinfection chemical is used to ensure a residual chemical is available to stifle microbe growth throughout distribution. Because the primary function of this step is to act as a residual, the most trusted disinfection chemical which creates the fewest amounts of disinfection by-products was selected, Sodium Hypochlorite. According to calculations performed in MathCAD (Appendix B), a feed rate of 8.8 mL/min 24 hours a day is required from 12.5% Sodium Hypochlorite liquid. This chemical is commonly purchased in 55-gal containers from any number of chemical providers and was sized to be applied with simple, peristaltic pumps from ColeParmer at a relatively inexpensive cost. XI. SOLIDS HANDLING

11.1 Introduction
The solids handling system within the treatment plant consists of a rotary drum thickening unit, recirculation pump, spiral heat exchanger and thermophilic anaerobic digester. Ultimately after stabilization in the digester, the solids will be transported and used as Class B land application solids.

11.2 Thickening
As the waste stream leaves the MBR, solids make up 1.2% of the volumetric flow. At this concentration a digester volume of more than 18,000 gallons would have been required. If a thickening method were added to increase the solids percentage to 5%, the volume required decreases to 4,372 gallons. Along with a reduction in construction costs, thickening recycles more water back to the beginning of the plant and with New Mexicos current and future water shortages, conservation made thickening the most viable option. The 5% solids concentration was selected specifically for the land application of the solids. Class B solids requirements dictate that treated waste cannot be distributed above ground, but must be injected into the earth. Higher concentrations of solids would make this injection difficult. Two basic methods were considered: centrifuges or a rotary drum. Centrifuges can reduce water content up to a 60% solids concentration; a concentration far greater than required for this plant. Rotary drum technology was more flexible and conducive to the very small capacity of our plant. For the final design the Rotamat Rotary Screw Thickener [RoS2] from Huber Technology was selected; the smallest size they offer. This unit is still operational under our minimal flow and thickens to range of 4-8% solids. [See Appendix C for Equipment Manufacturer Specifications]

11.3 Recirculation
To ensure that the anaerobic process is continuously functioning, the stabilizing sludge must circulate. An averagely accepted value is a turn-around time of thirty minutes, or the complete circulation of the contents in the digester within a half-hour. Vaughan was contacted about a possible Rotamix system. The plant size, however, made the complete system unnecessary and it was decided to only use and integrate the SP4C-4CSB self-priming Vaughan pump with all information provided by the distributor, JGM Valve Inc. This chopper pump is able to move a

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stream of 5% solids at 150GPM, against 12m of head through the system. [Calculations in Appendix B and Manufacturer Specifications in Appendix C]

11.4 Heating
Due to the thermophilic nature of the digester, a consistent temperature must be maintained. This will be achieved through the use of a spiral heat exchanger manufactured by Alfa Laval [model 750K]. This unit can deliver the energy needed to heat to the sludge as it moves through at the recirculation velocity of 150GPM. The manufacturer has designed the unit to be easily cleaned and easily accessible during maintenance procedures. The energy used to heat the water functioning as the heating fluid begins in the digester as methane gas produced as the microbes perform their metabolic functions. This digester gas is cleaned to create a better quality methane gas which will then be used to power a generator that can produce some electricity for within the plant. The heat from the generator will then be used to heat the water for heat transfer within the heat exchanger. [Calculations in Appendix B and Manufacturer Specifications in Appendix C]

11.5 Digestion
After careful economic analysis, it was determined that a thermophilic anaerobic digester would be more cost effective than a mesophilic digester. A heat exchanger as previously explain will be used to consistently keep the temperature within the digester at 55C, creating the ideal environment for the microbes to actively stabilize the waste. After the rotary drum thickener, the required volume is reduced to 4372 gallons, and in choosing a cylindrical digester with equivalent height and diameter, the final height of the digester is 108 inches [9 ft]. The digester will be made of reinforced concrete with 6 inch thick walls and a 1 foot thick bottom slab. [Calculations in Appendix B]

11.6 Sludge Pumps

In order to move the sludge from the thickener into the digestion system, and also from the digesters into the storage silos, sludge pumps were needed. The Vogelsang lobe pump [V100-45Q HD] was highly recommended by Jeff Bramlage at Kennedy Industries, Inc, the pump distributor. The positive displacement, rotary lobe type pump utilizes two HiFlo tri-lobe rotors to move sludge consisting of up to 10% solids. [Calculations in Appendix B and Manufacturer Specifications in Appendix C]

11.7 Waste Removal

After stabilization within the digester is completed, taking about 5 days, the sludge will be pumped into a storage silo and stored for up to 4 months. Because there is yet not enough development within Rehoboth to use the solids, they will be transported to Gallup for use in their land application process. The anaerobic digestion process is considered an acceptable PSRP [Process to Significantly Reduce Pathogens] within the EPAs 40 CFR Part 503 Appendix B5, and our digester achieves the required 38% VSS reduction under Class B biosolids provisions (EPA Pathogen Reduction Requirements) with a 50% reduction (see digester calculations in Appendix B). Gallup employs below-surface injection of solids, which when combined with the minimum 38% VSS reduction, greatly reduces vector attraction. Vectors include flies, mosquitoes, fleas, rodents and birds that function as hosts for
5

United States, Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 40: Protection of Environment. Washington: GPO, 1995.

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the transmission of diseases to humans. The VSS reduction significantly reduces the number of pathogens the biosolids contain, while injection prevents vector interaction two-fold. First, injection provides an earthen barrier, preventing air transfer of pathogens. Second, the soil removes water from the biosolids reducing the possible mobility of pathogens and removing odor that would attract vectors.

XII.

OVERALL WATER PRODUCTION COSTS

Going into the design for this project, a basic estimate was made for the water production plant cost. The estimate was found based on conventional treatment methods as a matter of reference. The figure of $6 million was found based upon the EPA documents released in 1979, Estimating Water Treatment Costs vol.1 and Estimating Wastewater Treatment Costs vol.1. The costs estimated in these documents were then adjusted to the National Average of 2007 dollars with the Engineering News Record (ENR) adjustment factor. The overall costs for the water production plant are represented in Table 8.
Table 8: Overall Water Production Cost Name Lift Station Pretreatment MBR Solids Handling RO UV Chlorination Plant Operators (2) Pumping Station Watermain Contingency (20%) TOTAL COST = Constructed Cost $120,000 $300,000 $910,500 $616,885 $405,939 $81,000 $8,400 -$17,595 $1,500,000 $492,063 $2,952,382.80 Operational Cost $16,000 $1,400 $9,700 $23,000 $5,600 $1,668 $1,800 $60,000 $8,593 $20,000 -$150,761

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Cost Comparison

The above total includes each significant purchase required to make the water production plant function properly. Costs for materials of the building were left out, as were insurance costs for the proposed plant operators. When the costs were converted to dollars/thousand gallons (a common industry metric), the amounts were competitive for the region when compared to Sante Fe, NM and the state of Colorado as shown in Table 9.

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Table 9: Cost Comparisons Rehoboth, NM First Year Costs $3,256,542.6400 $/yr 200,000.0000 gal/day 73,000,000.0000 gal/yr $0.0446 $/gal $44.6102 $/thousand gal Rehoboth, NM Operational Costs $153,945.6400 $/yr 200,000.0000 gal/day 73,000,000.0000 gal/yr $0.0021 $/gal $2.1088 $/thousand gal Sante Fe, NM Operational Costs $4.0600 $/thousand gal Colorado Water Resources Research Institute $0.8600 $/thousand gal

As is shown in the table above, it is shown that the cost of producing water is approximately half that of a major city inside of the same state, Sante Fe.

XIII.

BIOGAS TREATMENT

13.1 General Comments

Presently, an air treatment process is beyond the scope of this project. In the future, the impurity of the collected digester gas would have to be considered and an airstripping mechanism designed. A suggested design, by the janitor at the Albuquerque wastewater treatment plant, included freezing the air to remove any impurities. Air purification is only necessary if the methane gas is being recycled and used to fuel a generator. The energy generated can be used to power parts of the plant, thereby cutting down on electrical costs, while the heat generated will used to heat water which will then flow through the spiral heat exchanger heating the sludge to thermophilic temperatures.

XIV.

ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION

14.1 General Comments

The instrumentation plans for the treatment process are beyond the scope of the management plan. Zenons proposal yields the following information about the prepackaged controls for the ZMOD-L unit:
A KOYO Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) with a Human Machine Interface (HMI), installed in the main NEMA 12 control panel, monitors and manages all critical process operations.

26

Level controls monitor the level of mixed liquor in the process tanks and transmit this information to the Z-MOD PLC. The PLC will automatically adjust the flow of the ZMOD trains based on proportional control to the process tank levels in order to minimize the instantaneous flux of the membranes. During an influent surge, the permeate pump will enable the system to handle up to twice the ADF for a period not to exceed 24 consecutive hours. In the event of a system or equipment problem requiring operator attention, the PLC can either alert the operator or shut the system down. The control panel includes all motor control hardware for the ZENON Z-MOD Budgetary Proposal (Appendix C)

XV.

PLANT BUILDINGS

15.1 General Comments

When constructing the actual building schematic for the water plant, it was evident that much of the schematic would be outside of the scope for an environmental design. Things such as general dimensions of the two excess rooms were designed for, as well as a plan to include floor drains in each section of the plant which functions in the capacity of treatment. This would allow for the maintenance and replacement of each significant portion of the plant. Specific drawings of these portions of the plant were not included in the final printout, but would be designed by a mechanical systems engineer as well as an architect. These individuals would also be in charge of creating plans for other structural elements of the plant structural loading, plumbing for the bathroom, HV/AC throughout the plant, etc.

XVI.

DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION

16.1 General Comments

The water distribution network is placed at a minimum of 5 below grade to avoid the frost line. The pipes will also be placed on the opposite side of the street to prevent conflict with the sanitary sewer pipes. The network is split into three different pressure districts due to large changes in elevation across the site. Pressure control valves and pumps are used to control the pressure for these districts. The pressures in the network are controlled by these devices to keep the pressure between 30-70 psi. The head in each district is maintained by three water towers, one located in each pressure zone.

16.2 Pipes
Currently, asbestos clay pipes are used to distribute water to the RCS. The new drinking water distribution network utilizes ductile iron pipes, which provide the network with extra strength and durability. The watermain system used includes 8 and 12 diameter pipes.

16.3 Pumps
Two identical redundant pumps supply water to the drinking water distribution network. These pumps were designed using a Cornell Pump program and selected

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based on advice from a Cornell representative, which finds a pump based on desired pump head and flow values. Each pump is designed for 148.97 GPM and 275 feet of head at 3600 RPM. The pump that we selected is a 1.25Y with a 9.31 impeller. A control is placed on one pump to regulate flow when certain water levels are achieved in the water towers. This assures that the water towers remain full. Energy is conserved because the pump will not have to run all the time. Between the southwest district and the west district, an additional booster pump is needed to obtain pressures that fit between the required maximum and minimum pressures. This pump is a 1.25W pump, which operates at 42.5 GPM, 42.5 feet of head at 1800 RPM with a 6.44 impeller. A by-pass pipe is also being utilized to provide the necessary flow in the event of a fire in this district and redundancy in case of a breakdown. The pump shuts off and the pipe opens to provide for this high flow event.

16.4 Water Towers

Three water towers are designed for the use in the drinking water distribution network. The first water tower in the west district is at elevation 6603 with an initial water level of 120. The second water tower in the south west district is at elevation 6670 with an initial water level of 60. The third water tower in the east district is at an elevation of 6750 with an initial water level of 75. These water towers are necessary to hold an appropriate head level and provide additional water flow to handle the demands in case of a fire. The cost and design of these water towers are outside the scope of our project.

16.5 Costing
The cost of the distribution network is based on the size of the pipe, the pumps, trenching, sand fill, and compaction. The estimate for the cost was obtained from RS Means Construction Cost Data. The pumps pricing is based on a quote from Cornell Pump Company. See costing data, Table 10.

16.6 Codes/Standards for Watermain

Codes and standards were followed for the design of the water main. All the watermain pipes meet Title 17 Chapter 12 Part 750 of the New Mexico Administrative Code that has minimum standards for design of water utilities. See Appendix A: Minimum Standards for Design, Construction, and Operation of Water Utilities.

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Table 10: Watermain Costing Data PIPE TOTALS 6549.5 LF 35661.4 LF Price $28.50 $41.00 $4,000.00 $1,950.00 $1,175.00 $453.00 $1,700.00 $600.00 $785.00 $1,775.00 $393.00 $271.00 $1,275.00 $2.82 $12.75 $3.95 $36.00 $10,000.00 $15,000.00 Amnt. 363.89 1981.22 Total $10,370.83 $81,230.11 $32,000.00 $175,500.00 $18,800.00 $5,889.00 $39,100.00 $600.00 $3,140.00 $250,275.00 $46,767.00 $5,962.00 $179,775.00 $158,717.12 $358,802.00 $111,158.27 $50,760.00 $10,000.00 $30,000.00 $1,568,846.33

8" Pipe 12" Pipe

8" DI Pipe 12" DI Pipe 12" PRV 12" Valve and Box 8" Valve and Box 8x12 Tee 12x12 Tee 8x8 Cross o 12" 90 Bend Fire Hydrants 12x6 Tee 8x6 Tee 6" Valve and Box Trenching Bedding(sand) Compaction(sand) 6" Watermain Pressure Pumps Main System Pump

6550 35662 8 90 16 13 23 1 4 141 119 22 141 56283 28141 28141 1410 1 2

LF LF Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea Ea CY CY CY LF Ea Ea

Total

XVII. STORM WATER MANAGEMENT 17.1 General Comments

Storm water concerns occur only in Zone 2. A 42 culvert has been designed to handle the runoff and disperse the flow under Interstate 40. Other storm water control structure designs will be left up to the contractor. The price for the 42 culvert was costed using the RS Means Construction Cost Data. The costing data is shown in Table 11.
Table 11: Storm Sewer Culvert Culvert Totals 42" x 29" size $151.00 Amount of Pipe 100 Price $15,100.00

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XVIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Fundamentally, this design consists of a collection network to gather wastewater, which is then funneled toward and through the water treatment plant, and is subsequently pumped directly back into the distribution line and to individual homes and businesses. At the heart of the treatment plant are membrane bioreactors and reverse osmosis membranes, both units employing membrane technology to reduce the footprint size of the plant and produce high quality drinking water in an attempt to shrink the water cycle. Each component in the plant was chosen for its robustness and its ability to handle variations in influent sanitary sewer flow composition. An important limitation of our project to address here is the modularity of the plant. At this point, we have designed under the assumption that all phases of both the RRMF and the RCSs plans come to be in the next two decades. Due to the ambiguity of not only the plans we had available but also the opinions of the contacts we talked to, any design based on incremental phasing was not a possibility. Our design, in an economic sense, is the lowest investment possible. The majority of our chosen equipment is the smallest of its variety and will not be able to handle any lower flows than 100,000 gal/day6. This constraint would force Rehoboths dependency on Gallups wastewater treatment facility until the full plant has been constructed and all future developments have been built in their entirety. However, if the proposed treatment plant were built, Rehoboth would gain a significant amount of agency. The region is presently, and will be even more so in the future, in a water rights feud. Gallup has offered to annex all of the Rehoboth land and provide the area water treatment as well as drinking water, but Gallup has a less beneficiary motive; by annexing the region it would also gain full possession of water rights. This puts in Rehoboth in a terribly dependent position on Gallup, which will then charge the small town inordinately expensive fees for water access. The water production plant gives Rehoboth the ability to be self-sufficient in terms of water production and it retains valuable rights to water in a very water deprived region. Below, in Table 12, is a complete cost outline from site preparation through the redistribution watermain. Also included are the 20% contingency and yearly operational costs associated with both the piping networks and the treatment plant.

This value was obtained by comparing the varying equipment within the plant and determining that the MBR was the limiting flow factor.

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Table 12: Total Combined Cost Estimate Name Site Preparation Sanitary Sewer Lift Station Pretreatment MBR Solids Handling RO UV Chlorination Plant Operators (2) Pumping Station Watermain Contingency (20%) TOTAL COST = Constructed Cost $54,649 $2,950,000 $120,000 $300,000 $910,500 $616,885 $405,939 $81,000 $8,400 -$17,595 $1,500,000 $1,392,994 $8,357,962 Operational Cost -$3,000 $16,000 $1,400 $9,700 $23,000 $5,600 $1,668 $1,800 $60,000 $8,593 $20,000 -$150,761

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