15.index - Steam, Its Generation & Use, 41 - Ed

The Babcock & Wilcox Company
Index
Abrasiveness index, 9-9
Absorber (FGD), 35-2 Absorption, 35-5 Absorptivity definition, 4-3 of gases, 4-12, 4-31 Access doors, 20-6, 23-9 Acid mist, 35-18 Acid rain, 32-4, 34-2, 35-1 Acidity, 36-1 Acoustics electromagnetic, 45-4 emissions, 45-5 leak detection, 45-16 Adiabatic, 3-4 Adiabatic flame temperature, 2-26, 10-11 Adipic acid, 35-12 Aging (degradation) mechanisms corrosion, 44-6 erosion, 44-6 fatigue, 44-6 stress, 44-6 Air combustion, 10-5, 10-16 composition, 10-4 control, 41-10 distributor, fluidized-bed, 17-1, 17-3 enthalpy, 10-19 flow measurement, 40-20, 41-13 infiltration, leakage, 10-16, 10-23, 23-7 moisture, 10-5, 10-6 properties of, 4-11 theoretical, 10-5, 10-7, 10-9, 10-16 Air, quaternary, 28-4 Air flow-steam flow control, 41-13 Air heater, Chapter 20 applications, 20-15 calculations, 22-15 cast iron, 20-8 cold end minimum metal temperatures, 20-13
Steam 41 / Index
condition assessment of, 45-5, 45-11 corrosion, 20-13 environmental, 20-15 erosion, 20-3, 20-14 fires, 20-14 industrial, 20-15 leakage, 20-12 Ljungstrm, 20-9 marine, 31-12 operation, 20-13 performance, 20-12 plate, 20-8 plugging, 20-14 recuperative, 20-7 regenerative, 20-9 Rothemhle, 20-10 seal(s), 20-10, 20-11 steam coil, 20-9, 29-12, 29-21 marine, 31-10 testing, 20-12 tubular, 20-7, 29-21 Air pollution, Chapter 32 air toxics, 32-5, 32-8 carbon dioxide, 32-8 carbon monoxide, 32-2, 32-7 greenhouse gas, 32-8 international regulations, 32-6 mercury, 32-8 nitrogen oxides (NOx), 32-1, 32-4, 32-7 (see also NOx control) particulate matter, 32-7 (see also Particulate control) sources, 32-1 sulfur oxides (SOx), 32-1, 32-4, 32-7 (see also SO2 control) technologies, 32-8 U.S. legislation, 32-1 Air swept spout, 16-7, 29-17 Air testing, 39-18 Albacore hull, 46-24 Alkalinity, 35-1, 36-1 Allowable stress, 7-20, 8-3, C-4
Allowances, 32-4 Alloying elements, 7-5 interstitial, 7-2 substitutional, 7-2 Alpha emitters, 47-4 particle, 47-3 Alumina ceramics, 13-11, 44-10 Aluminizing, 7-15 American Boiler Manufacturers Association (ABMA), 23-6, C-1 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 9-5, 9-7 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 1-14, 2-1 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 8-1, 19-8, 20-6, C-1 allowable stresses, 7-20, 8-3, C-4 calculations, 8-5 design criteria, 8-2, 8-14 strength theories, 8-2 stress classifications, 8-2, 8-9, 8-10 Performance Test Code, 10-10, 10-18, 10-21, 40-1 Pressure Piping (B31), C-1, C-6 Ammonia, 34-3, 35-2, 35-18 anhydrous, 34-6 aqueous, 34-7 flow control, 34-8, 41-17 injection, 34-6 reagent systems, 34-6 Ammonia sulfates, 20-15, 34-6 Annealing, 7-8 Anticipatory reactor trip system (ARTS), 46-15 API gravity, fuel oil, 9-14, 10-20 Approach temperature flue gas desulfurization, 35-14 As-received, coal, 9-5, 9-7 Ash, black liquor, 28-8 (see also Recovery boiler, Kraft process) carryover, 28-9
I-1

chloride/potassium purging, 28-10, 28-21 fume, 28-9 stickiness, 28-9 Ash, coal, 9-4, 9-8, 21-1 (see also Slag) characteristics and composition, 21-3, 21-6 characterization methods, 21-13 classification, 20-13 composition, 9-8 content, 21-1 corrosion, 15-4, 15-10, 21-20 deposition, deposits, slagging and fouling, 21-3, 44-7 effects of reducing atmosphere, 21-6, 43-7 effects on boiler design, 19-6, 2114, 21-16, 43-7 convection pass design, 21-16 furnace design, 21-14 erosion, 21-17 (see also Erosion) fusibility, fusion temperature(s), 15-1, 15-3, 21-5 fusion, 9-8 gasifier, Chapter 18 hoppers, 20-4 influence of elements, 21-7 numerical model, 6-12 operating variables, 21-17 particles, 20-3 pulverized coal combustion, 14-4 removal, dry-bottom, wet-bottom, flyash, 21-2 residue, 10-11, 10-14 sintering strength, 21-19 viscosity, 21-8 measurement, 21-9 temperature relationship, 21-10 Ash, fuel oil, 21-22 characteristics, 21-24 control, 21-25 corrosion, 21-25 high temperature, 21-25 low temperature, 21-25 deposition, 21-23 design considerations, 21-24 operating considerations, 21-24 origin, 21-23 Ash cleaning equipment (see also Sootblowers) mechanical rapping system, 29-21 sootblowers, 24-1, 29-21 Ash deposits emittance, 4-10 thermal conductance, 4-9 Ash handling systems, 24-12, 29-12, 29-18 air heater flyash, 24-12 bottom ash handling systems clinker grinders, 24-14 dewatering storage bin, 24-14 hydraulic, 24-13 mechanical drag, 24-14 plunger ash extractor, 24-15, 29-12 slag tank, 24-14 submerged chain conveyor, 24-14, 29-18 water impounded hopper system, 24-15 dry flyash handling systems, pneumatic, 24-16 airlock, 24-17 pressure system, 24-17 vacuum system, 24-16 flyash handling system, 24-15, 29-12, 29-19 collector, 24-20 drag chain conveyor, 24-15, 29-12 screw conveyor, 29-12 silo, 24-20 silo unloading, 24-20 mechanical conveying, 24-14 pyrite, 24-15 Aspirator, 3-16 Atom, 47-1 Atomic Energy Act, 49-14 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC, now NRC), 46-1, 49-14 Atomic number, 47-1, T-15 Atomic Safety and Licensing Board, 49-14 Atomization oil, 11-11 mechanical, 11-11 steam, 11-12 slurry (FGD) dual fluid, 35-13 rotary, 35-13 Attemperation, 1-8, 19-14 marine, 31-9 water, 42-7 Attemperator, 19-13, 19-14 arrangement(s), 19-15 condition assessment, 45-9 control, 19-14 spray, 1-8, 19-14 Austenite, 7-3 Austenitic stainless steel, 7-13 Automatic sequence burner controls, 41-14 Automation power plant, 41-19 welding, 38-1 Auxiliaries, 39-18 ash handling, Chapter 24 boiler, 1-9, Chapter 25 power requirements, 15-10, 26-6 sootblowers, Chapter 24 Auxiliary power, cost, 37-11, 37-17 Availability maintaining, Chapter 44 Available energy, 2-17 economizer, 20-3 marine, 31-12, 31-13 numerical modeling, 6-13 Bagasse, analysis, 9-12 Baghouse, 29-22, Color Plate 7 (see also Fabric filter) Bainite, 7-5 Balanced draft, 23-4 Ball or ball-and-tube mill, 13-5, 35-6 Banks of tubes convection heat transfer in, 4-16 crossflow around, 4-16 effect of number of tube rows in, 4-18 longitudinal flow around, 4-18 Bare tube, arrangement in-line, 20-1 staggered, 20-1 Bark fuel, 27-2, 30-1 Barns, 47-5 Basic oxygen furnace, 27-20 Batch refueling, 46-10 Bernoullis equation, 3-4 Best Achievable Control Technology (BACT), 32-3 Beta particle, 47-3 Bid evaluation, 37-7 Bimetallic materials and tubes, 7-14, 28-11, 29-5 Binding energy, 47-2 Biological effects, radiation, 47-3 Biomass (see also Chapter 30) as a fuel, 9-18, 30-3 fluidized-bed, 17-1, 17-3, 30-7 Black liquor see Recovery boiler, Kraft process Blackbody definition of, 4-4 radiation from, 4-4, 4-7 Blast furnace, 27-2, 27-18 gas, 9-10, 27-4, 27-13 Blowdown steam generator, fossil, 19-14, 42-7 steam generator, nuclear, 48-7 Blowing, steam line, 43-3 Boiler bank, 1-8, 19-2, 22-11, 27-2, 28-4, 28-17, 29-21 chemistry, 42-1 circulation, general theory, 3-17, 5-17 cleaning, 43-2 codes, 8-5, C-1 configurations, 19-1 control, Chapter 41, 43-3 automatic sequence, 43-3 basic theory, 41-1 coal, pulverized, drum, 41-10 coal, pulverized, Universal Pressure, 41-12 combustion optimization, 43-6 Cyclone, 41-11 fluidized-bed, 41-11 key operating functions, 43-7 manual, 43-3 oil and gas, 41-10
Babcock,
George Herman, Intro-5, Intro-6 Baffle(s) air heater, 20-7 drum, steam, 5-14
I-2
Steam 41 / Index

system design, utility boiler, 41-5 temperature reheat, 41-10 superheat, 41-10 definition, 1-1, 19-1 design, 1-14, 19-3 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 19-8, C-1 basic circulation systems, 19-3 calculations, performance, 22-1 combustion effects, 19-5 convection surface, 19-6 criteria, 19-4 critical heat flux, 5-2, 5-4, 19-8 heat absorption, 19-3 heat and chemical recovery boilers, paper industry, 28-1 heating surface, 19-4, 19-6 pressure parts, 19-8 recovery, chemical and heat, Chapter 28 safety valves, 19-8 specifications, 19-4 supports, 19-8 thermal gradients, 19-8 design practice, 26-2 development, history of, Intro-1 enclosure, 19-8, 23-1 energy equation, 2-9 expansion, 23-4 historical (see also Steam engine) Blakey, William, Intro-4 centennial, Intro-5 shell, Intro-2 Stevens, John, Intro-4 straight tube, Intro-7 Trevithick, Richard, Intro-4 waggon, Intro-3 Watt, James, Intro-3 industrial, 27-1 industrial byproduct, 30-2 numerical model, 6-12 pulverized coal, 6-14 recovery, 6-14 waste-to-energy, 6-21 windbox, 6-16 once-through, 1-3, 1-12 operation, 43-1 abnormal, 43-9 operator requirements, 43-2 performance tests, 43-8 personnel safety, 43-8 shutdown, 43-9 startup, 43-2 screen, 19-6 selection, 26-1 setting, 23-1 supports, 19-8 surface, 19-1 types anthracite combustion (RBW), 19-2, 26-6, 26-15 basic oxygen furnace (BOF), 27-20 bent tube, Intro-7 biomass-fired, Chapter 30 blast furnace gas, 27-4 bubbling fluidized-bed (BFB), 17-2, 27-11 carbon monoxide (CO), 27-17 Carolina (RBC), 19-2, 26-12, Color Plate 2 circulating fluidized-bed (CFB), 17-9, 27-8, Color Plate 5 El Paso (RBE), 19-2, 26-16 electric utility, Chapter 26 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), 27-14 fire tube, Intro-4 FM, 27-12 FMB (marine package boiler), 31-4, 31-5 heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), 27-15 High Capacity FM (HCFM), 27-12 industrial, Chapter 27, 28-1, 30-1 Integral Furnace, Intro-9, 19-2 fluidized-bed, 17-1 large utility, 19-2, Chapter 26 marine, Intro-6, Chapter 31 (see also Marine boiler) oxygen converter hood, 27-20 package, Intro-10, 27-12 PFI, 27-13 PFM, 27-12 PFT, 27-13 pressurized fluidized-bed, 17-13 process recovery (PR), 28-1, Color Plate 4 Radiant, Intro-10, 19-2, 26-11 shop-assembled, Intro-10, 27-12, 38-11 spiral circuitry or spiral wound, 19-2, 26-7, 26-10 Spiral Wound Universal Pressure (SWUP), 26-7, Color Plate 1 Stirling (SPB), Intro-7, 19-2, 27-8, 30-2, Color Plate 3 subcritical, 19-3 supercritical, 19-3 Tomlinson, 28-10 Tower (RBT), 19-2, 26-14 Towerpak, 27-8, 30-8 Universal Pressure (UP), Intro-10, 19-2, 26-6, 26-9 vertical tube, variable pressure, 26-10 waste heat, 27-18 water tube, Intro-4, 19-1 wood-fired, Chapter 30 Boiler as a calorimeter (BAC) calculation method, 10-23 Boiler-following control, 41-5 Boiler support steel, 39-11 Boiling, 1-2, 4-22, 5-1 convective, forced, 5-2, 5-3 departure from nucleate, 5-4, 46-11 (see also Critical heat flux) film, 5-2 flow, 5-2, 5-3 heat transfer, 4-22, 5-3 incipient, 5-2 nucleate, 4-22, 5-2 subcooled, 4-23, 5-2 transition, 5-2 Boiling water reactor (BWR), 46-2 Bomb calorimeter, 10-9 Bond work index, 35-7 Boric acid, 49-16, 49-18 Boring mill, 38-3 Bottom ash, 21-2, 24-13, 32-16 Boundary layer, fluid flow, 4-3, 4-14 Bourdon tube pressure gauge, 40-1 Brayton cycle, 2-22 IGCC plants, 18-14 Breeder reactor, 47-15 Broaching, 50-6 Buckstays, 23-2, 23-5 Buffer, 35-12 Bulk fluid temperature, 4-15 Buoyancy effects, 4-3 Burnable absorbers, nuclear, 47-13 Burner auxiliary, 28-23, 29-21 coal, pulverized, Chapter 14 air-fuel mixing, 14-7 boiler integration, 14-5 burner nozzle, 14-7 cell, 14-9 circular, 14-9 corner-firing system, 14-16 DRB-4Z, 14-13 DRB-XCL, 14-12 dual register, 14-11 enhanced ignition, 14-18 flame safety system, 14-20 flame stability, 14-2, 14-7 impeller, 14-8 low NOx Cell, 14-14 movable, 19-16 numerical model, 6-21 oil or gas firing, 14-20 performance, 14-8 primary air exchange, 14-18 register, 14-7 S-type, 14-9 excess air, 10-15 (see also Excess air) flame detection, 41-15 fuel management, 41-15 management system, 41-14 automatic sequence, 41-14 failure mode analysis, 41-17 remote manual sequence, 41-14 supervised manual control, 41-14 oil and gas, Chapter 11 circular, 11-9 corner-firing system, 11-10 gas elements, 11-13 igniters, 11-15 marine, 31-6 mechanical atomizers, 11-11
Steam 41 / Index
I-3

steam atomizers, 11-12 XCL-S type, 11-9 operation adjustments, 43-7 emissions 43-6 excess air, 15-2, 43-7 fuel conditions, 43-7 optimization, 43-6 overfire air adjustments 43-7 recovery boiler limited vertical sweep, 28-20 oscillator, 28-20 selection, effect on steam temperature, 19-16 Burner management systems, 41-14 Burning profiles, 9-8 Burnup, nuclear, 47-8 Bypass and startup systems drum boilers, 19-20, 43-4 drum pressure control, 19-21, 44-16 dual pressure 19-20 operation, 19-20 steam pressure control, 19-21 upgrades, 44-16 UP boilers, 19-16, 43-12 constant furnace pressure startup system, 19-19 flash tank, 19-19 heat recovery, 19-19 minimum required flow, 19-19 overpressure relief, 19-20 steam temperature control, 19-19 variable throttle pressure, 19-19 variable furnace pressure startup system, 19-17 minimum flow, 19-17 vertical steam separator, 19-17 water collection tank, 19-17 Byproduct fuels, solid, 30-1 Carryover, impurities mechanical, 42-12 moisture, 5-13 vaporous, 42-12 Carryunder, 5-13, 48-7 Casing, 23-3, 39-18 marine boilers, 31-12 Cast iron, 7-3, 7-14 air heater, 20-8 Cast steel, 7-15 Castings, 38-4 Catalyst see NOx control, catalyst Catalytic cracker, 27-13 Cavity heat transfer, 4-28, 23-6 radiation calculation, 22-13 Celsius, 40-4 Cementite, 7-3 Centigrade temperature scale, 40-3 Centrifuge, 35-8 Ceramic tile, 35-5 Ceramics, 7-15 Ceramics and refractories, 15-10, 29-3 Chain reaction, nuclear, 47-7, 47-10, 47-11 Change of phase, solid, 7-2 Char, 14-3, 18-2 Charpy test, 7-17 Chemical analyses dewatering system, 36-10 EPA method, 36-7, 36-8 gypsum quality, 36-10, 36-13 lime quality, 36-7 limestone quality, 36-6 recirculation slurry/blowdown, 36-8 cleaning, fossil see Chapter 42 advantages, 43-3 alkaline boilout, 42-18 circulation cleaning method, 42-20 cleaning equipment, 42-23 cleaning frequency, 42-19 cleaning time, 42-23 deposit samples, 42-22 deposits, 42-21 inhibitors, 42-22 precautions, 42-24 preoperational, 42-18 preparation, 42-23 procedures, 42-20, 42-23 soaking (cleaning) method, 42-21 solvent strength, 42-22 solvent temperature, 42-22 solvents, 42-21 superheater/reheater, 42-24 cleaning, nuclear, 49-3, 49-7 chemical addition, 49-16 startup, 49-16 cleaning solvent disposal considerations, 42-24 co-ponding, 42-24 evaporation, 42-24 incineration, 42-24 options, 42-24 recovery process, pulp, 28-1, 43-16 vapor deposition, 7-15 Chemistry, fuel and water, Intro-17 Chimney see Stack and draft Chloride, 35-5 Chromizing, 7-15 Circulation, 1-3, 3-17, 5-17, 19-3, 20-4, 48-8 design criteria, 5-19 forced, 1-3, 5-19 improvements, 44-16 marine, 31-12 natural, 1-3, 5-18, 19-3, 43-4 once-through, 5-17, 19-3 startup, 43-4 steam generator, nuclear, 48-8 Circulation or flow circuits Radiant boiler (RB), 26-13, 26-14 Spiral Wound Universal Pressure (SWUP) boiler, 26-10 Cladding, 46-5, 46-8, 50-2, 50-4, 50-13 (see also Weld, cladding) Classifier, coal, 13-2, 13-8 rotating, 13-13 Clean Air Act, U.S., 32-1, 35-1 1990 Amendments, 32-4 acid deposition control, 32-4 air quality control regions, 32-2 air toxics, 32-5 criteria pollutants, 32-2 evolution of legislation, 32-1 Maximum Achievable Control Technology, 32-5, 32-10 National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 32-2 New Source Performance Standards, 32-2 New Source Review, 32-2 NOx SIP Call, 32-5 state implementation plans (SIPs), 32-2 Clean Air Rules, 32-6 Clean Water Act (CWA), 32-13 Cleaning air heater, 24-10 back pass/economizer, 24-8 convection pass, 24-5 external, 19-12 furnace, 24-2 internal, 19-12, 43-3 (see also Chemical, cleaning, fossil) SCR catalyst, 24-9 sonic horns, 24-9 Cleaning and inspection, nuclear, 49-15 Cleanliness, internal, 39-16 Cleanliness factor, 4-20, 22-4 Climate factor, fossil fuel units, 26-5 CO catalyst, 27-17 Coal abrasiveness, Chapter 13 testing, 13-8 wear effects, 13-1, 13-4, 13-9 analysis ash, 15-3 burning profile, 9-8
Calcination, 17-12 Calcium carbonate, 35-9 sulfate, 35-9 sulfite, 35-9 Calculations, performance, 22-1 Calorimeter boiler as (BAC), 10-23 bomb, 10-7 Calorimeter throttling, 40-17 CANDU, 46-2, 46-5, 48-1, 50-2 calandria, 46-6 Capacity factor, 37-11 increase, 44-2, 44-20 Capitalized cost method, 37-13 Carbon dioxide in flue gas from fuel analysis, 10-6, 10-21, 32-8 properties, 10-2 Carbon steel, 7-12 Carburization, 44-12 Carnot cycle, 2-12 Carrying charges, 37-11 Carryover, 5-13, 48-7
I-4
Steam 41 / Index

crushers, 15-6, 15-11 equilibrium moisture, 9-7 grindability, 9-8, 13-8 mineral-matter-free, 9-5, 9-7 moisture, 9-7, 15-3 moisture-free, 9-7 sizing, 15-6 sulfur, 9-4, 9-7, 15-12 angle of repose, 12-14 anthracite, 9-6 bituminous, 9-6 blending, 12-16 breakers, 12-3 bulk density, 12-14 caking, 9-8 char, 9-9 characterization (impurities), 9-7, 12-5 organic sulfur, 12-5 pyritic sulfur, 12-5 sulfate sulfur, 12-5 classification, 9-5 cleaning, 12-4, 32-8 dewatering, 12-8 dry processing, 12-8 flotation, 12-8 gravity concentration, 12-6 tramp metal, 12-3, 12-13 coalification, 9-3, 12-5 crushers, 12-3, 12-12 dry, mineral-matter-free, 9-5 drying, 13-2 dust suppression and collection, 12-17 elemental ash analysis, 9-8 enthalpy, 10-20 erosiveness, 9-9, 13-9 feeders, 12-15, 13-2, 15-7, 44-3 gravimetric, 12-15 volumetric, 12-15 fixed carbon, 9-5 fouling indices, 9-8, 21-13 free swelling index, 9-8 friability, 12-8 frozen coal, 12-17 gasification, 9-11, Chapter 18 (see also Gasification, coal) grindability, 9-8, 13-8 grinding, 13-2 gross calorific value, 9-8 gross (higher) heating value (HHV), 9-8 Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI), 9-8, 13-8 heating value, 9-8, 10-10 lignite, 9-6 lower (net) heating value (LHV), 9-8 mining, 12-2 moisture, 9-5, 9-7, 13-10 oxidation, 12-17 preparation, 12-4 processing and handling, Chapter 12 properties, effect on design, 26-3 proximate analysis, 9-5 pulverizer see Pulverizer pyritic sulfur, 9-4 rank, 9-5 reserves, 9-1 screening, 12-4 size reduction, 12-3 sizing, 12-3 slagging indices, 9-9, 21-13 slagging potentials, 9-9 spontaneous combustion, 12-13 stoker, 16-1, 16-4 storage, 12-10 bunker, 12-14 design, 12-14 downspout design, 12-15 seal height, 12-15 fires, 12-18 flow problems, 12-17 funnel flow, 12-15 mass flow, 12-15 shear cell, 12-15 silo, 12-14 stacker, 12-13 stockpile, 12-13 fires, 12-17 inspection and maintenance, 12-14 reclaim, 12-14 subbituminous, 9-1, 9-6 transportation, 12-8 barge, 12-9 continuous transport, 12-10 rail, 12-9 truck, 12-10 ultimate analysis, 9-8 U.S. availability, 9-2 volatile matter, 9-5 world availability, 9-1 Coalification, 9-3 Coatings, 7-15 Codes, 8-5, C-1 Cogeneration, 1-4, 27-4, 30-1 Coke, 9-6 breeze, 9-9 delayed coke, 9-17 fluid coke, 9-17 oven gas, 9-10 Cold bending, 7-9 drawing tubes, 38-10 forging, 7-9 rolling, 7-9 work, 7-9 Combined cycle, 1-17, 27-4 Combined heat and power, 30-1 Combustion biomass fluidized-bed, 17-3, 17-5, 30-7 Btu method, 10-6, 10-23, 10-26 calculation methods, 10-3, 10-23 calculations, 22-3, 22-5 (see also Chapter 10) coal, fluidized-bed, 17-1 (see also Fluidized-bed boiler) coal, pulverized, 14-1 char oxidation, burnout, 14-3 char reactivity, 14-3 combustion rate, 14-2 devolatilization, 14-3 mineral matter effect, 14-4 moisture effect, 14-3 unburned carbon loss, 14-8, 14-19 volatile matter effect, 14-3 (see also Volatile matter, coal) constants, 10-2 control(s), 41-10 corner-firing, 11-10, 14-16 definition, 10-1 Dulongs formula, 10-10 equilibrium, 2-26 fundamental laws, 10-1 guides, operating, 41-13 heat of, 10-7 mole method, 10-3, 10-6, 10-8, 10-23 numerical model, 6-1 (see also Numerical modeling) advanced burner, example, 6-21 combustion reactions heterogeneous, 6-8 homogeneous, 6-7 mesh generation, 6-19 radiation, 6-8 stoker, example, 6-21 theory, 6-3 oil and gas efficiency, 11-5 excess air, 11-4 performance requirements, 11-4 pulsation, 11-5 stability, 11-4 turndown, 11-4 pressurized fluidized-bed, 17-13 principles of, Chapter 10 pulverized coal see Combustion, coal, pulverized system, coal applications for metals and cement industry, 14-21 compartmented windbox, 14-11 conventional, 14-4 corner-firing, 14-16 downshot firing, 14-5, 14-18 high moisture coal, 14-5 integration with boiler, 14-5 low volatile coal, 14-5 overfire air (OFA) ports, 14-10, 14-18 primary air, 14-2, 14-6 pulverized coal, 14-1 safety, 14-20 secondary air, 14-2, 14-7 research and development, Intro-14 sorbent, 10-11, 10-27 stoker see Stoker three Ts of, 10-1 use of mole, 10-3 Commercial operation, nuclear, 49-20 Commercial structure, 37-9 Compressed water, properties, 2-4, T-7
Steam 41 / Index
I-5

Compressible, 3-1 Compressor, energy equation, 2-9 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 6-1 Computer numerical control, 38-3 Condensate/condensate polishing, 42-6 Condensation, film, 4-22 Condensing attemperator system, 25-21, 27-7 Condition assessment, Chapter 45 analysis techniques BLESS code, 45-15 crack growth, 45-14 cycling effects, 45-17 leak before break, 45-14 life fraction, 45-10, 45-12, 45-15 remaining life, 45-11 boiler components air heater, tubular, 45-11 attemperators, 45-9 drums, 45-6, 45-20 economizer, 45-17 headers high temperature, 45-7 low temperature, 45-8 settings, 45-11 tubing steam-cooled, 45-7, 45-11 water-cooled, 45-7, 45-13 Conductance, heat transfer for conduction, 4-1 for convection, 4-3 in thermal circuit, 4-6 unit-thermal conductance, 4-3 Conduction, heat transfer cylindrical geometries, 4-6 definition, 4-1 Fouriers law, 4-1 Conductivity feedwater limits, 43-12 method, steam purity, 40-17 thermal, refractory and insulation, 23-6 Conservation of energy, 3-3, 6-4 of mass, 3-2, 6-4 of momentum, 3-2, 6-4 Consolidated nuclear steam generator, 46-21 Constructability, 39-4 Construction, Chapter 39 approaches, 39-6 field modularization, 39-6 knocked down, 39-6 shop modularization, 39-6 cost, 39-2 project management, 39-3 safety, 39-16 schedule, 39-2 technology, 39-5 Contact resistance, heat transfer, 4-1 Containment building, 46-3 Continuity equation, 3-2, 6-5 Continuous emission monitoring (CEM), 34-8, 36-4 Contraction pressure loss, 3-11 static pressure, difference, 3-13 Control (and protective systems), nuclear in-core instrumentation, 49-9 integrated control system, 46-14, 49-17 neutron detectors, 47-14, 49-17 non-nuclear instrumentation, 49-17 nuclear, 49-17 reactor protection system, 49-17 rod, 49-8, 49-18 assemblies, 46-8 drive mechanisms, 49-8 worth, 47-13, 49-18 room, 49-20 Control system design philosophy Universal Pressure oncethrough boiler, 41-12 utility drum boiler, 41-5 Control volume fluid dynamics, 3-2 for energy balance, 4-5, 4-23 for numerical modeling, 6-7 Control(s) and control systems, Chapter 41 atmospheric fluidized-bed boiler, 41-11 auxiliary boiler (marine), 31-5 basic theory, 41-1 boiler-following, 41-5 burner, 41-14 burner management systems, 41-14 closed loop, 41-2 combustion, 41-10 coordinated boiler-turbine, 41-6 Cyclone-fired boiler, 41-11 during startup, 43-3 feedforward/feedback, 41-4 fluidized-bed, 41-11 furnace draft, 41-10 human factor engineering, 41-20 integrated boiler and turbinegenerator, 41-6 merchant marine boiler, 31-2, 31-3 naval boiler, 31-1 neural networks, 43-7 nuclear plant, 49-10, 49-17 oil- and gas-fired boiler, 41-10 open loop, 41-2 proportional, 41-2 proportional plus integral, 41-4 proportional plus integral plus derivative, 41-4 pulverized coal-fired boiler, 41-10 pulverizer, 13-2 selective catalytic reduction systems, 41-17 scrubbers, 41-17 sootblowing, 43-8 steam flow-air flow, 41-13 steam temperature, 19-12, 31-9 (see also Steam, temperature) turbine-following, 41-5 Universal Pressure boiler, 43-11 Convection, heat transfer, 4-3 boiler surface, 19-6 definition, 4-3 fouling, 4-20 heat flow, rate of heat transfer, 4-3 Convection pass, 1-7, 7-21, 19-1, 20-4 Convective heat-transfer coefficient, (see also Nusselt number) in flow over banks of tubes, 4-16, 4-18 in flow through tubes (and ducts) laminar, 4-15 turbulent, 4-16 in free convection, 4-14 Conversion factors, Appendix 1 Conversion formulae for emission rates, T-14 Converter reactor, 47-15 Coordinate measuring machine, 50-8, 50-11 Coordinated boiler-turbine control, 41-5 Coordination curves, pulverizer, 13-7 Core see Reactor Core reactivity coefficients, 49-18 Corrosion, 23-7, 42-14 (see also Ash, coal, corrosion and Ash, fuel oil, corrosion) acid corrosion, 42-16 acid dew point, 27-16 acid phosphate corrosion, 42-16 air heater, 20-13 caustic corrosion, 42-17 caustic cracking, 42-17 caustic gouging, 42-17 chelant corrosion, 42-16 corrosion fatigue, 42-16 decarburization, 42-17 erosion-corrosion, 45-9 (see also flow accelerated corrosion) flow accelerated corrosion, 42-15 fretting, 48-9, 49-2 fuel ash, 7-22, 21-20 general, 42-1 hydrogen damage, 42-16 intergranular, 7-6, 42-15, 42-18, 48-9 locations, 42-15 out-of-service corrosion, 42-18 pitting, 42-16, 48-9, 49-2 protection, process recovery boiler, 28-11 stress corrosion, 48-9, 49-2, 49-7, 49-8 stress corrosion cracking, 42-18, 48-9 syngas cooler, gasification, 18-11 under-deposit corrosion, 42-16 wastage, 49-2 waste-to-energy system, 29-2 ash cleaning equipment, 29-21 bimetallic tube, 29-5 ceramic tiles, 29-3 chloride, 29-2 flue gas temperature, 29-3, 29-18 hydrochlorides, 29-3
I-6
Steam 41 / Index

Inconel, 29-4, 29-19 Inconel bimetallic, 29-5, 29-19 lower furnace, 29-3 metal temperature, 29-3 oxidizing atmosphere, 29-3 parallel flow superheater, 29-20 pin stud, 29-3 protection, 29-3 reducing atmosphere, 29-3 refractory, 29-3, 29-8 silicon carbide, 29-3, 29-8 superheater, 29-20 wear zone panel, 29-4 weld overlay, 29-3 Cost(s) constant, 37-11 current, 37-11 evaluation, 37-11 future value, 37-12 levelization, 37-12 present value, 37-12 Cranes, 39-9 Creep, 7-1, 7-19, 8-12, 44-12 crack growth, 8-12 detection, 45-7 flaw size, 8-10 headers, 45-7 life prediction, 45-12 piping, 45-9 replication, 45-5 rupture, 7-19 Creep-fatigue, 44-14 Criteria Pollutants, 32-2 Critical boron concentration, 47-13 Critical flow, 5-20 Critical heat flux (CHF), 5-2, 5-4, 5-19, 19-8 criteria, 5-6 definition, 5-4 evaluation, 5-6 marine boiler, 31-7 ribbed bore tube, 5-6 Critical mass, 47-10 Critical transformation temperature, 7-3 lower critical, 7-4 upper critical, 7-4 Cross-section, nuclear, 47-5, 47-12 absorption, 47-6 capture, 47-6 fission, 47-6 macroscopic, 47-6 microscopic, 47-6 resonance, 47-6 scattering, 47-6 Crossflow, friction factor, 3-15 Crushers, 12-3 double roll, 12-3 hammermill, 12-4 rotary breaker, 12-3 single roll, 12-3 Crystal structure, 7-1 body-centered cubic, 7-1 body-centered tetragonal, 7-4 face-centered cubic, 7-1 Curies, 47-4 Cycle Brayton, 2-22 Carnot, 2-12 nuclear fuel, 47-12 Rankine, 2-13 for nuclear plant, 2-19 regenerative, 2-14 reheat, 2-15 steam, 2-1, 2-12 Cycling, 27-17, 44-15 definition, 45-17 drum, 45-20 economizer, thermal shock, 45-17 furnace, subcooling, 45-18 operation control, 41-7 superheater, tube leg flexibility, 45-19 Cyclone furnace, Chapter 15, 43-10 advancements, 15-12 advantages, 15-1 air pollution control, 15-12 ash, 15-3 burner, 15-2, 15-4 radial, 15-4 thin door radial, 15-4 scroll, 15-4 vortex, 15-4 capacities, 15-5, 15-9 coal crushers, 15-6, 15-11 feeders, 15-7 sizing, 15-6, 43-10 suitability, 15-3, 15-5, 43-10 combustion air, 43-10 combustion control, 15-9 controls, 41-11 design features, 15-7 erosion, 15-11 fabrication, 38-9 firing arrangements, 15-5 flyash emission and recovery, 15-3, 15-12 fuels suitable for, 15-3, 15-8, 43-10 igniters, 15-10 oil and gas burners, 15-8 operation and maintenance, 15-10, 43-10 power requirements, 15-10 waste fuels, 15-3, 15-9 of gases, 4-11 Departure from nucleate boiling, DNB see Critical heat flux Deposits ash, 21-3, 24-1 scaling, 42-3 slag, 21-11, 24-2 water-side, 42-15, 42-19 Desuperheater (see also Attemperator) marine, 31-10 Diffusion atomic, 7-1 thermal, 4-7, 4-22 Dimensional analysis, heat transfer correlation of data, 4-15 dimensionless numbers or groups, 4-15 Discount rate, 37-11 Discrete ordinates method, 6-9 Dislocations, 7-2 Dissimilar metal welds, 7-11 Dissolved alkalinity, 35-12 Distillate fuels, 9-12 Distributor grid, 27-17, 34-6 DNB see Critical heat flux Doppler coefficient, nuclear fuel, 47-14, 49-18 effect, 47-6 Dose equivalent, 49-13 radiation, 47-3 radiation absorbed, 49-13 Downcomer, 48-5 definition, 1-3, 1-9 Draft (see also Stack and draft) calculations see Chapter 22 loss, 19-7, 25-6 Draft effect, 3-15 Drainability, economizer, 20-5 Drum, steam, 1-3, 5-13, 39-10 allowable temperature differential, 43-5 baffle(s), 5-14 capacity, 5-17 condition assessment of, 45-6 cycling, 45-20 fabrication, 38-5 head fabrication, 38-5 lifting, 39-11 marine, 31-11 materials, 7-23 protection, startup and shutdown, 43-5, 45-20 support, 39-11 U-bolts, 39-12 Dry scrubbers see SO2 control controls, 41-19 Dry shielded canister, 50-13 Dryout see Critical heat flux Dual economizer steam air heater (DESAH), 31-11 Dual furnace, 31-9 Duct burner, 27-17 Ductile iron, 7-15 Ductility, 7-17
D-type boiler (FM), 27-12
Dampers control, 25-3 guillotine, 25-4 isolation, 25-3 louver, 25-3 round, 25-4 Data acquisition, 40-3, 40-24 Dead weight gauge, 40-2 Decay radioactive, 47-4 Degradation mechanisms, 44-6, 44-11 Demand charge, 37-11 Density of flue gas, 4-11
Steam 41 / Index
I-7

Duplex alloys, 7-14 Dust collector, 33-12, 35-2 applications, 33-3, 33-8 Electrostatic precipitator, dry, 33-2 components, 33-4 casing, 33-4 collecting electrodes, 33-5 discharge electrodes, 33-5 enclosure, 33-4 hoppers, 33-4 insulators, 33-5 power supplies and controls, 33-6 rapping systems, 33-5 transformer rectifier, 33-6 particle size distribution, 33-7 particulate control, 33-3 ash removal, 33-3 charging, 33-2 collection, 33-2 rapping, 33-3 performance Deutsch-Anderson equation, 33-6 enhancement, 33-7 fuel and ash, 33-3 gas flow control, 33-5 sizing factors, 33-6 reentrainment, 33-3 resistivity, 33-3 sectionalization, 33-7 Electrostatic precipitator, wet, 33-8, 35-19 Emergency core cooling system (ECCS), 46-15 Emergency feedwater system, 49-15 Emissions, air pollution (see also individual pollutants) cold gas, 18-2 F-factor, 36-12 gasification plants, 18-12 industrial boilers carbon monoxides (CO), 27-7 nitrogen oxides (NOx), 27-7 particulate matter (PM), 27-7 sulfur oxides (SOx), 27-7 volatile organic compounds (VOC), 27-7 oil and gas, 11-5 opacity, 11-9 oxides of nitrogen, 11-5 oxides of sulfur, 11-8 particular matter, 11-8 stokers, 16-10 utility boilers, 1-10, 26-5, 32-2 waste-to-energy system activated carbon injection, 29-23 baghouse, 29-22 carbon monoxide, 29-23 dry scrubbing system, 29-22 electrostatic precipitator, 29-22, 29-23 hydrochloric acid, 29-22 mercury, 29-22 nitrogen oxides, 29-23 polychlorinated dibenzofurans, 29-6 polychlorinated dibenzoparadioxin, 29-6 selective catalytic reduction, 29-23 selective non-catalytic reduction, 29-23 sulfur dioxide, 29-22 Emissive power, 4-4 Emissivity (and emittance), 4-4, 4-10 coal-ash deposits, 4-10 gases, 4-12 gray surfaces, 4-4, 4-10 non-gray surfaces, 4-4 of various surfaces, 4-12 Enclosure, Chapter 23 (see also Setting, boiler) Energy applications, 2-9 available, 2-17 consumption, 9-1 equation, 2-7, 2-9, 3-4, 4-5, 4-7 production, 9-1 Enhanced oil recovery, 27-14 Enthalpy, 2-1, 2-7, 5-1 steam and water, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6 Entrainment, 3-16 Entropy, 2-10 increase, 2-12 steam and water, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6 Environmental gas-side measurements, 36-8 legislation major U.S., Chapter 32 Clean Air Act, 32-1 (see also Clean Air Act, U.S.) Clean Water Act, 32-13 research, development and evolution of, Intro-14 The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 32-15 process monitoring, 36-6 Environmental control, 27-4, Chapter 32 Environmental equipment, construction 39-15 Environmental regulations, Chapter 32, 44-2, 44-20 Equilibrium diagram, 7-3 Equipment diagnostics, nuclear (see also Nondestructive examination) check valves, 49-11 destructive examination, 49-4 eddy current testing, 49-4, 50-10 fitness-for-service assessment, 49-3 foreign object search and retrieval (FOSAR), 49-3 loose parts monitoring, 49-10 motor operated valves, 49-11 neutron noise monitoring, 49-11 reactor coolant pump monitoring, 49-11 valve monitoring and diagnostics, 49-11 Equipment selection, 26-1 Equipment specification, 37-2 Equivalent diameter, 3-7, 4-15, 4-18 (see also Hydraulic diameter)
Earthquake
requirements, 26-2 Economic evaluation, 37-1, 37-10 Economizer, 1-8, Chapter 20, 27-2 calculations, 20-4, 22-13 cascading longflow, 28-14 cleanability, 20-2 condition assessment of, 45-7 continuous, 28-14 crossflow, 28-14 cycling, 45-17 drainability, 20-5 erosion, 20-3 fabrication, 38-8 fin, 20-2 gas velocity limits, 20-3 header, 20-6 heat transfer, 20-4 longflow, 20-4, 28-14 marine, 31-11 materials, 7-21 mean temperature, 20-4 plugging, 20-2, 20-14 pressure drop, 20-5 sootblowers, 20-3 startup protection, 43-4 steaming, 20-4 stringer tubes, 20-6 supports, 20-5 tube baffles, 20-3 diameter, 20-6 tube deflection, 20-5 upgrade, 44-7 vibration, 20-6 wall enclosures, 20-5 Eddies, 3-8 Eddy current testing see Nondestructive examination Edison, Thomas Alva, Intro-6, Intro-8 Efficiency, 44-18 boiler or steam generating unit, 19-4 combustible fuel, 10-17 cycle see Chapter 2 gasification systems, 18-2, 18-14 heat balance, 10-18 marine boiler, 31-10 operating techniques, 43-6 particulate removal, 36-13 recovery boiler, 28-4 calculations, 28-6 SO2 removal, 35-6, 36-13 Effluents (aqueous), 32-13 Ejector, 3-16 Electric resistance welded (ERW) tubes, 7-21 Electric utilities history of, Intro-7 Electromagnetic acoustics, 45-4 Electron, 47-1 Electropolishing, 50-2, 50-11 Electrostatic precipitator, 29-22, 32-10, 33-2, 33-8, 35-2, 35-13
I-8
Steam 41 / Index

Erection (see also Construction) approaches, 39-3 auxiliaries, 39-18 cleanliness, 39-16 cost estimates, 39-2 field welding, 39-13 material handling, 39-8 nonpressure parts, 39-18 procedure, fossil fuel unit, 39-11 structural supports, 39-11 time estimates, 39-2 time span, 39-2 Erection methodology, 39-6 contractor interface, 39-7 new construction, 39-6 plant arrangement, 39-6 product parameters, 39-7 retrofit, 39-6 schedule, 39-2, 39-7 scope, 39-6 site conditions, 39-7 Erosion, 21-17, 23-4 air heater, 20-14 barriers, 44-8 protection, 44-4, 44-20 tube bends, economizer, 20-3 Estimating, construction, 39-2 Euler equation of motion, 3-3 number, definition, 3-7 Evaluation criteria, 37-7 Evaporation, 4-22, 5-1, 42-2 Evaporator, chemical process recovery cascade, 28-19 cyclone, 28-19 direct contact, 28-19 multiple effect, 28-19 Examination (see also Condition assessment) destructive boat samples, 45-6 tube samples, 45-6 methodology, 45-1 nondestructive (see also Nondestructive examination) acoustic emissions, 45-5 eddy current, 45-3 electromagnetic acoustics, 45-4 liquid penetrant, 38-12, 45-2 magnetic particle, 38-12, 45-2 nuclear fluorescence, 45-4 radiography, 38-11, 45-4 replication, 45-5 strain, 45-6 temperature, 45-6 ultrasonic, 38-12, 45-2 visual, 45-1 Excess air, 10-15 effect on Cyclone corrosion, 15-4 effect on Cyclone operation, 43-10 effect on efficiency, 43-1 effect on steam temperature, 19-13 from flue gas analysis, 10-21, 10-23 loss, 43-6 measurement of, 10-21 Expansion, boiler, 23-4 Expansion joints, 25-5 configurations used in flues and ducts, 25-5 metallic, 25-5 nonmetallic, 25-5 types, 25-5 Extended surface, 4-20 Extruded tubing, 44-8 boiler, 43-11 temperature, effect on final steam temperature, 19-13 treatment effect on boiler availability, 43-8 Ferrite, 7-3 Ferritic stainless steels, 7-14 Filling boiler, 43-4 Film condensation, 4-22 Filter sludge, vacuum, 35-8 Fine grinding, coal, 13-14 Fineness, coal, 13-8 capacity factors, 13-10 testing, 13-10 Finite element analysis (FEA), 8-8 application of, 8-8, 8-9 computer software, 8-9 limitations, 8-9 nonlinear, 8-9 stress analysis, 8-8 Finned tube economizer, 44-7, 44-18 Fins circumferentially attached, 4-20 economizer, 20-2 efficiency, 4-21 Fire(s) and fire protection air heater, 20-14 pulverizer, 13-13 Firing rate control, Universal Pressure boiler, 43-11 Fission, Intro-12, 1-11, 46-1 (see also Fuel, nuclear) process, 47-2 product(s), 46-11 Fittings flow resistance, 3-9 Fixation, 32-16 Fixed charges, 37-11 Flake glass, 35-5 Flame coal, pulverized, 14-7 detection or scanners, 14-20, 41-15 stability, 14-7 photometer, 40-18 Flat stud tubes, 23-2 Floor design, process recovery boiler, 28-12 decanting, 28-12 sloped, 28-12 Flow around tubes, 4-16, 4-18 boiling, 5-2 coast down, 49-20 in tubes (and ducts), 4-15, 4-16 instability, 5-11 laminar, 3-8, 4-15 over flat plate, 4-15 patterns, 5-8 turbulent, 3-8, 4-16 two-phase, steam-water, 5-8 Flue gas, 1-5, 1-10 analysis, 10-21 enthalpy, 10-19 excess air determination, 10-21
33-8, 35-13, Color Plate 7 air/cloth ratio, 33-10 applications, 33-10 bag materials and supports, 33-11 cleaning, 33-11 configurations, 33-11 hatch style, 33-11 walk-in, 33-11 design parameters, 33-10 drag, 33-10 dustcake, 33-8 enclosure, 33-11 hoppers, 33-11 operating fundamentals, 33-8 tubesheet, 33-8 types, 33-9 pulse jet, 33-10 reverse gas, 33-9 shake deflate, 33-10 shaker, 33-10 Fahrenheit temperature scale, 40-4 Fans acoustic noise, 25-20 aerodynamic characteristics, 25-20 axial flow, 25-17 centrifugal, 25-15 drives, 25-17 forced draft, 25-13 gas recirculating, 25-14 induced draft, 25-14 laws of performance, 25-11, 25-18 maintenance, 25-14 output control, 25-15 performance, 25-11 power, 25-10 primary air, 13-6, 25-14 specific diameter, 25-12 specific speed, 25-15 stall, 25-19 testing, 25-14 variable speed, 25-15 Fast reactors, 47-15 Fatigue crack growth, 8-11, 8-13 damage evaluation, 8-6, 45-5 design curve, 8-6 maintaining availability, effect on, 44-6, 44-11, 44-14 Feasibility, project, 37-1 Fechheimer probe, 40-22 Feedwater control, 41-8 design considerations, 26-5 economizer, 20-6 requirements, Universal Pressure
Fabric filter (and baghouse), 32-10,
Steam 41 / Index
I-9

mass flow, 10-16 moisture, 10-6, 10-17 residue, 10-14 sampling, 10-21 specific heat, 22-9 volumetric combustion chart, 10-22 Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) (see also SO2 control, scrubber (FGD)) construction, 39-15 dry scrubbing, 32-9, 35-12 sorbent injection, 32-9 wet scrubbing/scrubber, 32-9, 35-2, 36-1 Flue gas sampling isokinetic, 36-12 location selection, 36-7 Flue gas velocity, 20-3 Fluid dynamics, Chapter 3 research and development of, Intro-15 entrainment, 3-16 flow, energy equation, 3-4 flow measurement, 40-20 flow nozzle, 40-20 orifices, 40-20 venturi tube, 40-20 friction, pressure loss, 3-5 pressure loss, two-phase, 5-9 straightening vanes, 40-20 Fluidization, 17-2 Fluidized-bed boiler, Chapter 17, 27-8, Color Plate 5 air staging, 17-8 ash, 17-10, 17-12 attrition, 17-13 bubble caps, 17-2 bubbling bed, 17-1, 17-2, 27-11 calcination, 17-12 circulating bed, 17-1, 17-9, 27-8 control, 41-11 distributor, 17-3 fixed bed, 17-1 fuel feed systems, 17-7 mean diameter, particle, 17-2 minimum fluidization, 17-1 NOx control, 17-8, 17-13 operations, 43-13 bubbling bed, 43-15 fuel sizing, 43-15 operating overview, 43-15 circulating bed, 43-13 biomass firing, 43-14 coal firing, 43-14 fuel sizing and characteristics, 43-14 operating overview, 43-13 operations, 43-13 startup and shutdown, 43-14 overfire air system, 17-6, 17-8 pressurized bed, 17-13 Sauter mean diameter, 17-2 slumped bed, 17-3 solids separation, 17-11 staged combustion, 17-13 superficial bed velocity, 17-3 temperature control, 17-4, 17-10 turbulent bed, 17-2 U-beams, 17-11 volume-surface mean diameter, 17-2 waste fuels, 17-1 Flyash, 32-1, 32-16 (see also Ash, coal) Flyash plugging, 44-7 Forced circulation, 1-3, 5-19 (see also Circulation) Forced convection, heat transfer entrance effects, 4-14 heat transfer coefficient inside tubes (and ducts), 4-3, 4-15, 4-16 laminar flow, 4-15 turbulent flow, 4-16 Forced outage rate, 44-1 Formic acid, 35-12 Forming, 38-3 Fouling, 4-20, 9-8, 28-9, 44-6 (see also Ash, coal, deposition) Fracture mechanics, 8-10 creep crack growth, 8-12 flaw size, 8-12 elastic-plastic, 8-11 failure assessment deformation plasticity, 8-11 diagrams, 8-11, 8-12 leak-before-break, 8-12 plastic instability, 8-12 safety margins, 8-12 fatigue crack growth, 8-12 linear elastic, 8-10 time dependent, 8-13 toughness, 7-18 Free convection, heat transfer, 4-14 Free surface, 3-1 Friction factor crossflow gases, 3-15 flow in pipes and ducts, 3-7, 3-8 Friction loss, 3-5 two-phase flow, steam-water, 5-9 Fuel (see also specific fuel and Chapter 9) biomass, 9-18, 16-1, 16-7, 30-1 boiler operations, 43-1 coal, 15-1, 26-3 flow control, 41-10 flow measurement, 41-13 natural gas, 15-8 (see also Natural gas) firing application, 26-16 nuclear, assembly, 46-8, 47-9 burnup, 47-8 fission, 47-6 chamber, 47-14 energy, 47-7 neutrons, 47-7 process, 47-6 products, 47-8 fissionable, 47-5 fusion, 47-2 handling, 49-12 loading, 49-18 refueling, 46-10 oil, 9-12, 11-1, 15-8 (see also Petroleum) API gravity, 9-14, 11-2 asphaltene content, 11-2 auxiliary, marine, 31-5 burning equipment, 11-9 burning profile, 11-2 carbon residue, 11-2 combustion calculations, Chapter 10 distillation, 11-2 enthalpy, 10-20 fire point, 11-2 firing application, 26-16 flash point, 9-14, 11-2 heating value, 11-2 kinematic viscosity, 9-14 merchant marine, 31-3 naval, 31-2 No. 2, 9-12 No. 6, 9-12 Nos. 4 and 5, 9-13 pour point, 9-14, 11-2 preparation, 11-1 properties, 11-2 reserves, 9-12 residual fuel oils, 9-13 Saybolt Furol viscosity, 9-14 Saybolt Universal viscosity, 9-14 specific gravity, 11-2 transportation, storage and handling, 11-1 ultimate analysis, 11-2 viscosity, 11-2 water and sediment, 9-14, 11-2 Orimulsion, 11-3 other gases, 11-3 purging, 43-1 research and development of, Intro-14 sludge, 30-4 straw, 30-2 switching, 32-5, 32-8 switching, SO2 control, 35-1, 44-18 wood, 30-2 Fuel ash corrosion, 44-12 Fuel NOx, 34-1 Furnace, 1-7 Controlled Combustion Zone (CCZ), 16-7, 30-6 design, enclosure, 19-4 dry ash, 19-6 recovery boiler, 28-10 sizing, 19-5, 21-14 slag-tap, 19-6 water-cooled walls, 19-6 wet-bottom, 19-6 divided, 19-16 draft control, 41-10 dutch oven, 30-4 exit gas temperature, calculation, 22-4 heat transfer calculations, 22-3
I-10
Steam 41 / Index

heat transfer methods empirical, 4-24 numerical, 4-26 marine, 31-1, 31-2 materials, 7-21 subcooling, 44-15 wall corrosion, 44-8 wall wastage, 44-7 Fused coatings, 7-16 Future value, 37-12 upflow, 18-3 Geiger counter, 49-13 Generating bank (see also Boiler, bank) crossflow, 28-12 longflow, 28-17 Geographical considerations in boiler design, 26-5 Global warming, 32-8 Grain boundaries, 7-2 Graphitization, 7-4, 7-11, 44-12 Grashof number, definition of, 4-2, 4-14 Grate air-cooled, 16-6, 16-8 chain, 16-3 moving, 16-2 pinhole, 30-4 stationary, 16-2 traveling, 16-3, 16-5, 16-8, 30-5 vibrating, 16-3, 16-5, 16-9, 30-5 water-cooled, 16-3, 16-10 Gray iron, 7-14 Graybody, thermal radiation, 4-10 Green liquor, 28-25 Greenhouse gases, 32-8 Grid see Mesh generation Guarantees equipment, 26-6 performance, 37-4, 37-5 Gundrilling, 50-4 Gypsum, 32-1, 32-16, 35-8 losses, 10-15, 10-18, 10-19, 23-5, 43-6 mechanical equivalent, 2-8 of combustion, 10-7 of formation, 28-5 of reaction correction, 28-5 of vaporization, 5-1 rate, 19-9 reduction due to deposits, 43-6 transfer, Chapter 4 applications, 4-28 basic modes, 4-1 boiling, 4-21, 4-27, 5-3 calculations, Chapter 22 cleanliness factor, 4-20 coefficient of, 4-3 condensation, 4-22 conduction, 4-1 contact resistance, 4-1 convection, 4-3, 4-14 discrete ordinates, 6-9 electrical analogy, 4-6, 4-23 extended surface, 4-20 furnaces, 4-24 gas-side, 20-4 gas-to-gas, 20-16 insulation, 4-22, 4-29 Kirchoffs law, 4-4 modeling of, 6-5 NTU method, 4-21 Ohms law, 4-6 porous materials, 4-22 radiation, 4-3, 4-7, 6-8 research and development of, Intro-15 steam generator, nuclear, 48-3, 48-6 supercritical (pressure water), 5-7 surface, 20-1 waste gases, 27-18 water-side, 20-4 treatment post weld, 7-11, 50-5, 50-12 welding, 38-6 Heat flux measurement, 40-12 Heat rate, 37-11 Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), 27-15 Heat transfer (see Heat, transfer) Heating surface, regenerative air heater, 20-11 Heating values, high and low, 9-8, 10-10 Heavy lifting, 39-8 Heavy water, 46-2 Heros engine, Intro-1 Hideout, chemical, 42-3 History of steam generation and use, Intro-1 Hook gauge, 40-2 Hookes law, 7-16 Hopper, 23-3 numerical model, 6-21 Hot functional testing, 49-16
Galvanizing, 7-16
Gamma ray, 47-3, 49-13 Gas (see also Natural gas) constant, 3-4, 40-4 enthalpy, 10-12, 10-19 equation, 40-4 expansion, 40-4 temperature evaluation, 40-16 temperature measurement, 40-14 flue gas, 10-16 forced convection around cylinders, 4-15 free convection, 4-14 laminar forced convection in tubes, 4-15 laws, 3-4, 10-1 physical properties, 3-10, 4-9, 4-11, 10-2 turbulent forced convection in tubes (and ducts), 4-16 viscosity, 3-11 Gas, flue (see also Flue gas) analysis, 41-14 biasing effects, 19-15 proportioning damper, 19-15 recirculation, 19-15 tempering, 19-15 Gas disperser, 35-13 Gaseous fuels from coal, 9-9, 18-1 radiation, 4-4, 4-8, 4-12 state, 3-1 Gasification, black liquor, 28-27 high temperature, 28-28 low temperature, 28-28 Gasification, coal, 9-11, Chapter 18 air-blown, 18-2 crossflow, 18-4 definition, 18-1 developmental issues, 18-11 developments, 18-7 down-flow, 18-4 entrained flow, 18-6 fixed (moving) bed, 18-4 fluidized bed, 18-5 gas compositions, 18-3 gas cooling, 18-11 oxygen blown, 18-2, 18-10 power generation, 18-14 processes, 18-2 product cleanup, 18-12 reactions, 18-1 transport, 18-7
heavy elements, 47-5 radioactive, 47-4 Hardening, quenching, 7-9 Hardness, 7-17 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs), 32-4 Hazardous waste, 32-15 Header(s) analysis techniques, 45-14 condition assessment of, 45-7 creep, 45-7 fabrication, 38-6 leak detection, 45-17 ligament, 44-14 material, 7-23 protection, startup, 43-5 structural analysis see Chapter 8 tube-to-header weld, 44-15 upgrade, 44-14 Heat affected zone (HAZ), 7-10 available, 10-11, 10-23 credits, 10-18, 10-23 Dulongs formula, 10-10 exchanger air heater(s), 20-7 effectiveness, 4-22 mean temperature difference in, 4-19, 4-21 nuclear, 48-1 types, arrangements, 4-20
Half-life, 47-4
Steam 41 / Index
I-11

rolling, 7-9 shortness, 7-6 work, 7-9 zero power, 49-18 Human factor engineering, control systems, 41-20 Hydraulic diameter, 3-5 (see also Equivalent, diameter) Hydroclones, 35-8 Hydrogen damage, 42-17, 44-6 detection of, 45-3 Hydrolysis, 34-7 Hydrostatic test, 39-17, 42-23, 43-2, 50-2, 50-11 Iron, effects on coal ash, 21-7, 43-10 Irrecoverable, pressure losses, 3-6 Irreversible, 3-5 Isentropic, 3-4 Isolation valves, nuclear, 49-10 Isothermal transformation diagrams, 7-4 Isotope, 47-1 Load, 39-18 blocks, 39-11 dead, 39-9 distribution, 39-10 static equilibrium, 39-10 factor, 37-11 friction, 39-9 impact, 39-9 imposed, 39-9 lifted, 39-9 live, 39-9 seismic, 39-9 stabilization force, 39-9 wind, 39-9 Local heat transfer coefficient definition, 4-3 in boiling, 5-4 in free convection, 4-14 in laminar flow, 4-15 in turbulent regions, 4-16 Longflow economizer, 20-4, 28-15 Low water, 43-9 Lowest Achievable Emission Rate, 32-4
Jet pump, 3-16 Kelvin temperature scale, 40-4 Kinematic viscosity, 3-10 Kraft process see Recovery boiler, Kraft process Lagging, 23-2, 23-9 Lamellar tearing, 7-11 Laminar flow (see also Flow, laminar) definition, 4-14 inside tubes (and ducts), 4-15 Larson-Miller parameter creep life fraction, 45-12 life prediction, 45-12 Laser alignment, 50-8 Laws of thermodynamics, 2-10 Layup, 42-25 dry layup, 42- 27 hot standby, 42- 26 nitrogen blanketing, 42-27 wet layup, 42-27 Leak detection acoustics, 45-16 headers, 45-17 piping, 45-17 tubes, 45-16 Leak test, 50-10, 50-11 Levelization, cost, 37-12 Licensing, nuclear, 49-14 Life management, nuclear, 49-2 Lighter see Igniter Lignite, 9-6 ash fusion temperature, 43-10 Lime, 35-2, 35-15 hydrated, 35-16 pebble, 35-16 Limestone, 35-2 (see also Sorbent) forced oxidation, 35-6 Linear accelerator, 38-6 Linings, rubber, 35-5 Liquid forced convection around tubes, 4-16 laminar forced convection in tubes (and ducts), 4-15 metal coolants, 46-2, 46-22 penetrant examination, 38-12 physical properties, 3-10 state, 3-1 turbulent forced convection in tubes (and ducts), 4-16 viscosity, 3-11 Ljungstrm air heater, 20-9
Igniter, 11-15, 14-20, 15-10 capacity, 15-10 classification of, 41-16 coal burner, 14-20, 15-10 oil and gas, 11-15, 15-10 operation, 15-10 Ignition stability, flame, 14-7 temperatures, 10-10 Imaging radiometer, 40-6 Impact protection, 44-9 Impact suction pitot tube, 40-21 In-core instrumentation, 49-9 Incineration, 28-23, 29-1 Incompressible, 3-1 Induced nuclear reactions, 47-4 Industrial boiler design, 27-1 Injector, 3-16 Inspection (see also Equipment diagnostics, nuclear) pre-operation, 39-19 startup, 43-2 Instability, flow, 5-11 Instrumentation, 40-1 corrections, 40-3 water leg, 40-3 environmental, 36-1 in-core, 49-9 nuclear, 49-10 startup, 43-3 Insulating material properties of, 4-1, 4-9 thermal conductivity, 23-6 Insulation, 4-22, 4-29, 23-1, 23-5, 23-6, 39-18 ambient air conditions, 4-29 heat loss, 4-29 installation, 23-5 temperature limits and thermal conductivities, 4-29 Integral Furnace boiler, Intro-9, 19-2 Internal deposits, water-side, 43-9, 44-6 Internal recirculation, CFB, 27-10 International temperature scale, 40-3 Inverse temperature solubility, 42-2 Inviscid, 3-4 Ionization, 47-3 chamber, 47-14, 49-13
Ideal gas, 3-4
Machine tools, 38-3 Machining, 38-2 electrical discharge, 38-3 Magnesium oxide, 35-12, 35-18 Magnetic particle examination, 38-12 Maintaining availability, Chapter 44 Maintenance boiler, Chapter 44 economizer, 20-6 fans, 25-14 nuclear equipment, 49-2 pulverizer, 13-11 remote technology, 49-1, 49-5 stack, 25-10 strategic plan, 44-1 Makeup water and purification system, 42-5, 49-15 Malleable cast irons, 7-14 Manometer, 40-1 high pressure, 40-2 inclined, 40-1 micromanometer, 40-2 Manpower loading, construction, 39-3 Manufacturing development, Intro-13, Intro-16 fossil fuel equipment, Chapter 38 methods, 38-1 nuclear equipment, Chapter 50 requirements, 38-1 tubes, 38-10 Marine boiler circulation, 31-12 codes, 31-6 design, 31-6 development, 31-1 efficiency, 31-10 furnace design, 31-7 nuclear, 46-19 requirements, 31-1 steam separation, 31-12
Steam 41 / Index
I-12

steam temperature control, 31-9 superheater design, 31-8 tube bends, 31-8 types coal, 31-3 merchant, 31-2 naval, 31-1 package, 31-4 reheat, 31-3 waste heat, 31-5 Martensite, 7-5 Mass conservation of, 3-2 defect, 47-2 diffusion and transfer, 4-22 energy equivalence, 47-2 flow rate per unit area, 3-6 flux, 3-6 number, 47-2 transfer coefficients, 4-22 transfer rate, 35-10 velocity, 3-6 Mass burning, refuse, 29-3 air plenums, 29-11 combustion air system, 29-11 excess air, 29-11 fuel feed system, 29-11 overfire air, 29-11 plunger ash extractor, 29-12 rams, 29-11 reciprocating grate, 29-10 steam coil air heaters, 29-12 stoker capacity diagram, 29-10 stoker design, 29-10 undergrate air, 29-11 vibrating conveyor, 29-12 Master fuel trip, 23-5 Material handling and storage equipment, 39-8 erection, 39-8 plan, 39-8 transportation, 39-8 Materials see Chapter 7 and specific materials Materials, bimetallic, 28-11 Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT), 32-5 Mean film temperature, 4-19 Measurement, instrument and methods (see also Chapters 36 and 40) atomic absorption, 42-14 conductivity, 42-14 density, 36-4 flame photometer, 42-14 flow, 36-4, 40-20 gravimetric, 42-14 ion chromatography, 42-14 liquid level, 36-2 mercury emissions, 36-13 on grab samples, 42-14 on-line, 42-13, 42-15 opacity, 36-5, 36-13 pH, 36-1 pressure, 36-4, 40-1 purity, steam, 40-17 quality, steam, 40-17 solids level, 36-3 temperature, 36-4, 40-3 Mechanical equivalent of heat, 2-8, 3-3, 10-9 Membrane wall, 19-6, 23-1 construction, 39-18 fabrication, 38-7 gasifier design, 18-9 tubes, 23-1, 23-2 Mercury, 32-8 control technologies, 32-10, 32-11, 36-13, 36-14 in U.S. coals, 32-10 regulations, 32-6, 32-10 Mesh generation, 6-9 Metal lagging, 23-2 Metal removal, 38-2 Microalloyed steels, 7-12 Mineral wool, 23-5 Modeling (see also Numerical modeling) ash, coal, 6-12 boiler, 6-14 burner, coal, pulverized, 6-21 combustion, 6-1, 6-7 large particle (popcorn) ash (LPA), 6-12 numerical, Chapter 6 recovery boiler, 6-14 stoker, 6-21 turbulent flow, 6-5 windbox, 6-16 Moderator, 46-1 temperature coefficient, 47-14, 49-18 Modular construction, 27-6, 39-6 field, 39-6 shop, 39-6 Moisture air, 10-5 flue gas, 10-6, 10-17 gypsum, 36-10 in stack gas, 36-8 pulverization, 13-10 pulverized coal combustion, 14-3 Molar quantities conversion to mass units, 10-4 Molar ratio, NOx control, 34-8 Mole concept of, 10-1 in combustion calculations, 10-3, 10-6 Mollier diagram nuclear steam cycle, 2-21 steam, Chapter 2 Frontispiece, T-9 Momentum conservation of, 3-2 Mud drum, 1-8 Multi-cyclone (multiclone) dust collector, 17-11, 27-10 Multi-lead ribbed tubes, 5-5, 26-13, 44-17 Municipal solid waste (MSW), 9-19, 12-18, 27-2, 29-1 Standards, 32-2 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 11-1, 13-12, 23-4 National Pollution Discharge Elimination System, 32-13 Natural circulation, 1-3, 5-18, 26-10, 26-11, 27-1, 27-15, 48-6 Natural gas see Chapter 11 burner, 11-9 burning equipment, 15-10 consumption, 9-16 firing application, 26-16, 27-4 gas elements, 11-13 igniter, 11-15 preparation, 11-2 production, 9-16 properties, 11-3 reserves, 9-16 transportation, storage and handling, 11-2 Nautilus, 46-19 Navier-Stokes equation, 3-2 Navy special fuel oil (NSFO), 31-12 Net plant heat rate, 37-11 Neutron, 47-1 absorption, 47-6 delayed, 47-11 detector, 47-14, 49-17 energy distribution from fission, 47-8 flux, 47-11, 49-17 leakage, 47-11 production, 47-10 prompt, 47-11 reactions, 47-5 source, 47-14 thermal, 47-6 New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), 32-2 New Source Review (NSR), 32-2 Newtons law of cooling, 4-3 Newtonian fluid, 3-1 Nitrates, 34-2 Nitric acid, 34-2, 35-1 Nitrogen oxides (NOx), 32-7, 34-1, 35-1 (see also NOx and NOx control) combustion optimization, 43-6 emissions, 32-7, 34-1 formations, 34-1 nitric oxide (NO), 32-7, 34-1 nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 32-7, 34-1 Non-condensable gases/waste stream, 28-23 Nonattainment Areas, 32-2 Nondestructive examination, 38-11, 45-1 (see also Examination, nondestructive) eddy current testing (ECT), 45-3, 49-4, 50-10 probes, 49-4 electromagnetic acoustics, 45-4 leak testing, 50-10 dye penetrant (PT), 50-2 liquid penetrant (PT), 45-2, 49-10
National Ambient Air Quality
Steam 41 / Index
I-13

magnetic particle (MT), 45-2, 49-10, 50-2 nuclear fluorescence, 45-4 radiographic (RT), 50-2 ultrasonic testing (UT), 45-2, 49-4, 50-2 Nonpressure parts, materials, 7-24 Nonrecoverable see Irrecoverable Normalizing, 7-8 NO x emissions control, postcombustion, 41-17 ammonia flow control, 41-17 flue gas inlet temperature, 41-17 NOx control, 32-4, 32-9, Chapter 34 analyzer, 34-8 catalyst, 34-3 base metal, 34-5 corrugated fiber configuration, 34-5 honeycomb configuration, 34-5 operating issues, 34-6 parallel plate configuration, 34-5 precious metal, 34-5 sizing, 34-6 zeolite, 34-5 chemical reagents, 34-3 anhydrous ammonia (NH3), 34-3 aqueous ammonia, 34-6 urea, 34-3 coal, and wood/bark stoker, 16-10 coal, Cyclones, 15-13 coal, fluidized-bed, 17-1, 17-8, 17-13 coal, gasification systems, 18-15 coal, pulverized, 14-9 air staging, 14-14 corner-fired, 14-16 wall-fired, 14-15 control by combustion, 14-10 fuel NOx, 14-9 fuel ratio (FC/VM), 14-10, 14-18 fuel staging, 14-10 NOx formation, 14-9 NOx ports, 14-10 thermal NOx, 14-10 combustion, 34-1 oil and gas burners out-of-service, 11-6 flue gas recirculation, 11-7 low excess air, 11-6 overfire air ports, 11-6 oxides of nitrogen, 11-5 reburning, 11-7 two-stage combustion, 11-6 options, Chapter 34 post-combustion, 34-3 selective catalytic reduction, Chapter 34 numerical model, 6-18 NOx formation, 34-1 NOx ports, 14-10 Nozzle energy equations, 2-9 fabrication, 38-6 spray, FGD, 35-3, 35-4 Nuclear (see also Fuel, nuclear, and Chapters 46 through 50) binding energy, 47-2 chain reaction, 47-7 component maintenance, 49-2 cross-section, 47-12 emergency core cooling system (ECCS), 46-15 fission, 46-1, 47-1 nucleons, 47-1 nucleus, 47-1 nuclide, 47-1 fuel, 46-2, 46-8, 47-7 fuel assembly, 46-8 fuel cycle, 47-12 fundamentals, 47-1 icebreaker, Lenin, 46-20 merchant ship, Otto Hahn, 46-21 merchant ship, Savannah, 46-20 moderator temperature coefficient, 47-14 multiplication factor, effective, 47-10 operations, 49-14 power, Intro-12, Chapter 46 pumps and piping, 46-13 radiation, 47-2, 49-1 reactions, Chapter 47 reactor, 46-1, 46-5 (see also Reactor) resonance, 47-6 safety systems, 1-13 service, Chapter 49 steam generator, 1-12, 46-12 (see also Steam generator, nuclear) once-through, 46-12 recirculating, 46-12 steam supply system (NSSS), 1-11, 46-4 future of, 46-18 integrated control system, 46-14 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 46-9, 49-14 Nuclear ships, 46-19 Nuclides, 47-1 Numerical analysis, 19-7 Numerical modeling, Chapter 6 benefits of, 6-2 carbon burnout kinetic (CBK) model, 6-8 chemical percolation devolatilization (CPD) model, 6-8 chemical reactions, 6-4, 6-7 combustion, 6-7 eddy dissipation combustion model (EDM), 6-7 eddy dissipation concept (EDC) model, 6-7 heterogeneous chemical reaction, 6-8 homogeneous chemical reaction, 6-7 computational fluid dynamics, 6-1 conduction heat transfer, 4-23 discrete ordinates, 6-9 discrete phase transport, 6-7 equations discretization of, 6-8 fluid flow/heat transfer, 6-5 fundamental, 6-5 turbulence, 6-5 Eulerian reference frame, 6-7 examples of, 6-10 advanced burner, 6-21 Kraft recovery boilers, 6-14 popcorn (large particle) ash, 6-12 SCR systems, 6-18 wall-fired pulverized-coal boiler furnaces, 6-14 waste-to-energy system, 6-21 wet scrubbers, 6-10 windbox, 6-16 finite difference method, 6-9 finite volume approach, 6-9 fluid transport, 6-4 furnace heat transfer, 4-26 history of, 6-2 Lagrangian reference frame, 6-7 limitations of, 6-3 mathematical, 6-1 mesh generation, 6-9 particle, transport, 6-4, 6-7 (see also Numerical modeling, discrete phase transport) process, 6-2 radiation heat transfer, 4-23 radiative heat transfer, 6-4, 6-8 theory of, 6-3 turbulence, 6-5 uses, 6-3 Nusselt number definition, 4-2, 4-15 in long tubes or conduits, 4-16
O-type FM Boiler, 27-12 Oil see Fuel, oil Oil emulsions, 9-18 Once-through boiler, 1-3, 26-9 (see also Universal Pressure (UP) boiler) circulation, 1-3, 5-17 steam generator, nuclear, 1-12, 46-12, 48-2, 48-13, 49-1, 49-17, 50-2, 50-4 Ontario Hydro Method, 32-10 Opacity, 36-13 Openings, pressure vessels ligaments between, 8-13 reinforcement, 8-13 Operating issues, 34-10 retrofits, 34-10 Operating license, nuclear, 49-14 Operation fossil fuel-fired boilers, Chapter 43 abnormal, 43-9 combustion safety, 43-1 cooling requirements, 43-1 fundamental principles, 43-1
Steam 41 / Index
I-14

general, 43-1 general safety considerations, 43-1 low water, 43-9 personnel safety, 43-8 preparations for startup, 43-2 shutdown, 43-9 startup, 43-2, 43-4 tube failures, 43-9 water chemistry and treatment see Chapter 42 nuclear steam supply systems, Chapter 49 acceptance tests, 49-20 operator requirements, 49-18 power ascension testing, 49-19 startup, nuclear, 49-18 zero power tests, 49-18 Operator requirements, fossil fuel units, 43-2 training, nuclear, 49-18 Optical fiber, 40-6 pyrometer, 15-3, 40-5 Orifice, 40-19 Orimulsion, 9-18 Orsat analysis, 10-21 Otto Hahn, 46-21 Overfire air (OFA), 11-6, 14-14, 15-13, 16-1, 16-6, 16-9, 17-4, 17-9 Overfire air ports see NOx ports Overheat failures, 42-18 Overheating, 44-6 Oxidation, 44-11 FGD, forced, 35-8 resistance, 7-12 Oxygen analyzer, 10-21 in feedwater, 26-5 required for combustion, 10-5 scavengers, 42-6 treatment, water, 42-8 Ozone, 32-2, 34-2 selection, 33-12 venturi scrubbers, 33-12 New Source Performance Standards, 32-2 opacity, 33-2 Particulate matter condensable, 36-13 constituents, 33-1 Partnerships, 37-9 Pearlite, 7-4, 7-5 Peat, 9-6 Penthouse, 23-3 Performance air heater, 20-12 calculations, Chapter 22 economizer, 20-4 environmental system, 37-4 monitoring, 41-21 steam generating system, 37-2 tests environmental control systems, 36-7 fossil fuel-fired units, 43-8 nuclear units, 49-15 Periodic Table of the Elements, T-15 Personnel safety, rules, 43-8 Petroleum, 9-12 (see also Fuel, oil) byproducts, 9-17 consumption, 9-14 pitch, 9-17 pH, 36-1 calibration, 36-2 control, 41-18 electrode, 36-1 feedwater, 42-6 for corrosion control, 42-6 fossil, drum, 42-6, 42-8 fossil, once-through, 42-12 sensors, 36-2 standardization, 36-2 Phase diagram, 7-2 iron carbon, 7-2 Phosphate hideout, 42-9 Photochemical smog, 34-2 Physical metallurgy of steel, 7-2 Pinch point, thermal, HRSG, 27-16 Piping condition assessment of, 45-9, 45-14 creep, 45-9 leak detection, 45-17 materials, 7-23 nuclear, 49-10 Pitot tube, 3-4, 40-21 (see also S-type pitot tube) Plant safety, nuclear, 46-15 Plate air heater, 20-8 Plate forming, 38-4 Plutonium, 47-4, 47-15 PM2.5, 32-7 PM10, 32-7 Pneumatic signals, 40-2 Pollution control see Emissions, air pollution and individual pollutants) Post weld heat treatment, 7-11, 50-5, 50-12 Potentiometer direct reading, 40-10 millivolt, 40-10 Powder River Basin (PRB) coal, 9-2, 12-15, 21-13, 44-18 Powdered activated carbon (PAC), 32-12 Power coefficient, nuclear, 47-14 costs, 26-1 cycle diagram fossil fuel, 2-16, 2-18 nuclear fuel, 2-20 distribution, neutron, 47-7 for auxiliaries, fossil fuel equipment, 15-10, 26-5 Power plant automation, 41-19 emissions, discharges aqueous discharges, 32-13 atmospheric emissions, 32-1, 32-7 solid wastes, 32-1, 32-10 Prandtl number, 4-2, 4-14 Precipitation hardened stainless steels, 7-14 PrecisionJet, 16-9 Present value, present value factor, 37-12 Pressure component assembly, 38-6, 39-12 difference, contraction and enlargement, 3-11 drop (or loss) acceleration loss, 5-10 bend, 3-13 calculation, Chapter 22 contraction, 3-11 enlargement, 3-11 equation, closed channel, 3-7 fittings, 3-9 fluidized-bed, 43-14 friction loss, 3-5, 3-7, 5-10 gas flow across tube banks, 3-15 hydraulic or static loss, 5-10 local loss, 5-10 rectangular duct, 3-13 reheater relationship, 19-11 stack, 3-15 steam-water, 5-9 separator, 5-17 superheater, 19-11 two-phase (steam-water), 3-16, 5-9 valve, 3-9 gauge dead weight, 40-2 opposed bellows, 40-2 slack diaphragm, 40-2 gradient, 3-1 loss see Pressure, drop manometer, 40-1 high pressure, 40-1 measurement instrument connections, 40-3 part welds, 39-13
Package boiler, Intro-10, 27-9, 27-12
Paper industry see Chapter 28 recovery boiler operation, 43-15 recovery processes and units, 28-1 steam requirements, 28-1 waste fuels, 28-1 Parr formulas, 9-5 Particle(s), atomic alpha, 47-3 beta, 47-3 fundamental, 47-1 mass, 47-2 Particulate control, 32-9, Chapter 33 coal, gasification systems, 18-12 equipment, 33-2 electrostatic precipitators, 33-2 (see also Electrostatic precipitator) fabric filters, 33-8 (see also Fabric filter) mechanical collectors, 33-12
Steam 41 / Index
I-15

stress analysis, 8-3 taps, 40-3 transducer, piezoelectric, 40-3 transmitters, 40-2 vessel design, 8-1 Pressurized casing, marine, 31-12 Pressurized fluidized bed, 17-13 cycle, 17-13 pressure, 17-13 turbine, gas, 17-13 Pressurized water reactor (PWR), 1-12, Chapter 46, 48-1, 49-14 component, manufacturing, 50-1 components, 49-2 coolant pumps, 49-9 fuel handling, 49-11 naval type, 46-20 reactor vessel, 49-7 vessel internals, 49-8 Pressurizer, nuclear steam system, 46-12, 49-9, 50-12 heater, 49-9, 49-16, 50-12 Prevention of Significant Deterioration, 32-3 Primary air, 13-6 Process steam, 27-5, 27-15 Producer gas, 9-11 Prompt NOx, 34-1 Properties (see also Chapters 2, 3, 4, 7 and 9) acoustic, 40-6 boiling point, 40-3 coefficients of thermal, 40-5 electrical, 40-6 emissivity, 40-5 expansion, 40-4 freezing point, 40-3 gases, 40-4 liquids, 40-4 optical, 40-6 triple point, 40-3 Proportioning dampers, 19-15, 26-6 Propulsion, nuclear ship, 46-19 Proton, 47-1 Psychrometric chart, T-11 Pulping, 28-1 Pulverized coal (see also Combustion, coal, pulverized) firing, application, 26-6, 27-2 introduction of, Intro-9 Pulverizer, Chapter 13 availability improvement, 44-3 ball-and-tube, 13-5 capacity correction factors, 13-11 capacity testing, 13-10 controls, 13-12 fabrication, 38-9 fluid energy, 13-15 high speed, 13-4 loading system, 13-14 maintenance, 13-11 principles of operation, 13-1 roll wheel, 13-1, 44-4 safety systems, 13-13 systems, 13-6 temperatures, 13-8, 13-12 throat, rotating, 44-5 types E and EL, 13-3, 44-3 upgrades, 44-3, 44-4 Pump, energy equations, 2-9 Pump seals, nuclear, 49-9 Purging, furnace, 43-4 Purification system, 49-15 Pyroelectric vidicons, 40-6 Pyrometer Cyclone application, 15-3 fusion, 40-4 optical, 40-5 radiation, 40-5 Pyrometric cone, 40-4 processing, 12-18 (see also Chapter 29) RDF firing, refuse, 29-5, 29-13 combustion air-swept distributor spouts, 29-17 Controlled Combustion Zone, 29-18 dump grate stokers, 29-13 fluidized-bed combustion, 29-18 fuel distribution, 29-17 metering feeder, 29-17 overfire air system, 29-18 refuse-derived fuel (RDF), 29-2 technology, 29-13 supplemental firing (co-firing), 29-13 traveling grate stoker, 29-2, 29-17 processing, 29-14 air density separator, 29-15, 29-17 aluminum separator, 29-17 disk screen, 29-15 eddy current separator, 29-17 flail mill, 29-15 magnetic separator, 29-15 oversized bulky waste, 29-17 quality, 29-16 shredder, 29-15 storage, 29-17 system, 29-14 tire shredding, 29-17 trommel, 29-15 yield, 29-15 RDF retrofit, 29-19 Reactivity, 47-11 coefficients, 47-14, 49-18 limestone, 36-6 Reactor closure head, 46-9, 49-9, 50-1 replacement, 46-9, 50-1 containment building, 46-3 control rod drive mechanism (CRDM), 50-1 control rods, 46-8, 49-8 coolant pumps and motors, 46-13, 49-9 pump seals, 49-9 coolant system (RCS), 46-5, 49-14 core support, 46-6 decay heat removal system, 46-17 electropolishing, 50-2 emergency core cooling system, 46-15 hydrostatic testing, 50-2 inspection, 50-2 instrumentation, 46-11 machining, 50-2 operator, 49-18 plenum, 46-6 protection system, 46-15 refueling, 46-10 service support structure, 49-9 shielding, 46-5, 46-20 trip testing, 49-20
Quality assurance, 38-10, 49-14, 50-1 Quality control, Intro-13, 38-10 Quaternary air, 28-21 Radiant boiler see Boiler, types,
Radiant bypass systems, 19-20 Radiation, nuclear, 47-1, 49-1 absorbed, 47-3 detector, 47-3, 49-13 dose, 47-3 factor in maintenance, 49-1 protection, 47-3, 49-1 Radiation pyrometer, 40-5 Radiation, thermal, 4-3, 4-7 absorptivity, 4-3 between blackbody surfaces, 4-4 between gray surfaces, 4-4 blackbody, 4-4 carbon dioxide, from, 4-12 cavity, 4-28, 4-32, 20-4, 22-13 discrete ordinates, 6-9 emissive power of, 4-4 emissivity (emittance), 4-4 enclosures for, 4-7 gases, from, 4-8 geometry factor, 4-4 heat loss from setting, 23-6 heat transfer coefficient, 22-7 intertube, 20-4, 22-7 modeling of, 6-8 particles from, 4-8 reflection of, 4-3 reflectivity, 4-3 shield, 4-31 transmissivity, 4-3 water vapor, from, 4-12 Radioactive decay constant, 47-4 half-life, 47-4 Radioactivity, 47-4 Radiographic examination, 50-2, 50-6 Radiography, 38-11 Rankine cycle, 2-13 (see also Cycle, Rankine) in IGCC plants, 18-14 nuclear heat source, 2-19 Rankine temperature scale, 40-4 RDF
I-16
Steam 41 / Index

types boiling water, 46-2 breeder, 47-15 converter, 47-15 fast, 47-15 pressurized heavy water (CANDU), 46-2, 46-5 water, Chapter 46, 47-9 naval, 46-20 thermal, 47-15 vessel, 46-5 vessel and internals, 49-7 Reactor vessel, 46-5, 50-1 Reburning, 32-9 Recirculating steam generator, nuclear, Intro-13, 1-12, 46-12, 48-4, 49-1, 49-17, 50-2, 50-4 Recirculation, gas, 19-15 Recovery boiler economizer, 20-4 Kraft process, 28-1 black liquor, 28-2, 28-7 elemental analysis, 28-6 evaporation, 28-18 gross heating value, 28-5 limited vertical sweep burner, 28-20 mix tank, 28-21 oscillator burner, 28-20 oxidation, 28-19 splash plate spray nozzle, 28-20 combustion air system, 28-15 convection surface, 28-17 direct contact evaporator, 28-19 dissolving tank, 28-25 emergency shutdown system, 28-18 emissions, 28-8 evaporator, 28-18 feedwater temperature, 28-18 furnace, 28-3, 28-15 heat balance, 28-5 heat inputs, 28-5 heat losses, 28-5 numerical model, 6-14 operation, 43-15 black liquor combustion process, 43-16 primary air, 43-16 secondary air, 43-16 tertiary air, 43-16 overview, 43-15 pluggage, 43-16 tube corrosion, 43-16 rated capacity, 28-3 smelt spout system, 28-24 smelt water reactions, 43-17 soda process, 28-25 sootblowers, 28-23 streams entering and leaving, 28-5 sulfite process magnesium, 28-26 thermal performance, 28-4 vent stack scrubber, 28-25 wall construction, 28-11 Rectangular ducts, flow, 3-13 Recuperative, air heater, 20-7 Red liquor see Recovery boiler, sulfite process, magnesium Refinery gas, 27-2 Reflooding, 5-4 Refractories, 7-15 Refractory, 23-1 materials, 23-6, 39-18 Refueling, nuclear, 49-11 fuel handling equipment, 49-12 Refuse, 10-14, 29-1 (see also Residue or Ash, coal) Refuse-derived duel see RDF firing Regenerative air heater, 20-9 heating surface, 20-11 Rankine cycle, 2-14 Reheat cycle, 2-15 flue gas, FGD, 35-3 temperature adjustment and control, 19-15, 19-21 use of, 19-3 Reheater (or reheat superheater), 1-7, 19-11 attemperator, 19-14 cleaning, external, 19-12 cleaning, internal, 19-12 design, 19-11 marine, 31-10 materials, 7-21 Reinjection stoker, carbon, 16-6 stoker, flyash, 16-9 Relative roughness, 3-9 Remote manual sequence burner controls, 41-14 Repairs, nuclear equipment, 49-1 Repowering, 26-5 Research and development, Intro-13, 48-14 Residual elements, 7-12 Residual stress, 50-2 Residue, 10-14 Resin fragments, 42-6 Resistance, heat transfer, 4-1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 32-15 Retort, 16-2 Revenue requirements method, economics, 37-13 Reverse osmosis, 42-5 Reynolds number, 4-2, 4-15 Reynolds number, friction factor relationship, 3-7 Ribbed tube, 5-5, 26-13, 44-17 Rickover, Admiral Hyman G., 46-1, 46-21 Rigging design, 39-8 Riser (tubes), 1-9 Risk, financial, 37-13 Rothemhle air heater, 20-10 Roughness, effect on friction factor, 3-9 Safety burner, coal, 14-20 burner, oil and gas, 11-16 combustion, 14-20, 43-1 construction, 39-16 factors, C-3 nuclear, analysis report, 49-14 limits, 49-15 pulverizer, 13-13 relief valve, 25-1 valve, 19-8 valve, setting, 43-4 Sampling, water and steam, 42-13 Saturated steam, properties, 2-2, 2-3, T-5, T-6 Saturated water, properties, 2-2, 2-3, T-5, T-6 Savannah, 46-20 Scale, marine, 31-8 Scale detection, fossil fuel boiler, 40-12 Scaling, 35-2 Schedule, construction, 39-2 Scope of supply or work, 37-5 SCR see Selective catalytic reduction Screen heat transfer and draft loss calculations, 22-4 Screw feeders, 16-7 Scrubber, dry, Color Plate 7 see SO2 control Scrubber, wet, Color Plate 6 see SO2 control Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), 27-5, 27-7, 29-23, 32-9, 32-12, 34-3, 39-15 (see also NOx control) applications, 34-3 arrangements, 34-4 catalyst see NOx control, catalyst cold side/low dust, 34-4 distributions, 34-8 ammonia to NOx, 34-9 temperature, 34-9 velocity, 34-8 hot side/high dust, 34-4 mixing, 34-10 retrofits, 34-10 systems, 34-4 Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR), 29-23, 32-9, 34-3, 34-13 (see also NOx control) Series present value factor, economics, 37-12 Setting, boiler appearance, 23-9 cased enclosures and casing, 23-3, 39-18 construction, 23-1 corrosion, 23-7 definition, 23-1 enclosures, 23-1 expansion, 23-4 explosion effect, 23-4
S-type pitot tube, 36-8, 36-10
Steam 41 / Index
I-17

fabrication and assembly, 23-9 heat loss, 23-5 implosion effect, 23-5 inner casing, 23-2 insulation, 23-5, 23-6, 39-18 leakage, 23-7 outer casing, 23-2 penthouse, 23-3 resistance to ash and slag, 23-4 resistance to weather, 23-8 serviceability, 23-9 tube wall, 23-1, 23-2 ventilation, 23-6 vibration, 23-5 windbox, 23-3 Shape or configuration factors, thermal definition, 4-4 for radiation, 4-4, 4-7, 4-31 Sheet metal lagging, 23-8, 39-19 Shielding, nuclear, 46-5, 46-20, 47-4, 49-8, 49-13 Shipboard nuclear reactors, 46-20 Shipment and shipping, 39-6, 50-12 Shutdown fossil fuel-fired units, 43-9 Signal multiplexer, 40-24 Slag, 21-3, 43-7, 43-10 entrained flow gasifier, 18-6 layer, 15-3 removal, 15-3, 15-8, 24-2, 24-13 screen, 19-6 viscosity, 9-8 (see also Ash, coal) Slagging, 21-3, 44-9 (see also Ash, coal, deposition) Slaker, FGD ball mill, 35-15 detention, 35-15 Slip, ammonia (NH3), 34-6 Slurry, dewatering, FGD, 35-7 Smart transmitters, 41-20 Smelt, Kraft process, 28-2, 43-19 reduction efficiency, 28-8 SO2 control, Chapter 35 fuel switching, 32-5, 32-8, 35-1, 44-18 reagent(s) lime, 35-2, 35-12, 35-16 limestone, 35-2, 35-6, 35-10 magnesium oxide, 35-12 scrubber (FGD) chemical analysis, 36-6, 36-8 control, 41-17 density, 41-18 level, 41-18 pH, 41-18 dry, 35-12, Color Plate 7 (see also Spray dryer absorber (SDA)) lime, 35-2 limestone, 35-2, 35-6 liquid level, 36-2, 36-3 magnesium oxide, 35-12 numerical model, 6-10 performance testing, 36-7 pH measurement, 36-1 reagent consumption, 36-13 spray tower, 35-2 stoichiometry, 35-7 tray, 35-3, 35-4 wet, 35-2, Color Plate 6 technologies, 32-8 SO3 control, 35-18 Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME), 31-6 Soda process see Recovery boiler, Kraft process Sodium carbonate, 35-2 cycle softener, 42-5 selective ion electrode, 42-15 tracer method, 40-17 zeolite softener, 42-5 Solid waste disposal, 32-15 treatment, 32-16 utilization, 32-17 Solids carryover, 5-13 concentration, 19-14 gasifier discharge, 18-12 gravimetric analysis, 40-17 in boiler water, 5-13 in steam, 5-13, 40-17 Solution annealing, 7-8 Sootblowers, 20-3, 20-14, 24-1, 44-19 application, 24-5, 28-23 cleaning media, 24-1 control(s), 24-4 intelligent controls, 43-8 marine, 31-3 operations, 43-8 RDF boiler, 29-21 recovery boiler, 28-23 terminology, 24-1 type air puff, 24-12 extended lance, 24-7 fixed position, 24-8 G9B, 24-8 HydroJet, 24-3 IK, 24-5 IR, 24-2 long retractable, 24-5 one way, 24-7 oscillator, 24-7 Precision Clean, 24-7 rake, 24-9 rotary, 24-8 short retractable, 24-2 straight line, 24-10 swing arm, 24-11 waterlance, 24-2 Sorbent (see also SO2 control, reagent) calcination, 10-14, 10-28 calcium to sulfur molar ratio, 10-11, 10-14, 10-28 combustion calculations, 10-11, 10-28 injection, 35-18 spent sorbent, 10-14 sulfation, 10-14 Specific gravity, 9-14 Specific heat, 2-22, 4-9 ratio, 3-4 Specific volume water and steam, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6 Specifications, Chapter 37 Spent fuel, nuclear, 46-11, 50-13 Spheroidizing, 7-9 Spout see Air swept spout Spray dryer absorber (SDA), 35-12 (see also SO2 control) approach temperature, 35-14 atomizer, 35-13 gas disperser, 35-13 process, 35-16 reagent, 35-15 recycle, 35-15 single pass, 35-15 spray chamber, 35-13 spraydown, 35-15 stoichiometry, 35-15 Stability, 5-12 Stack and draft, 25-6 barometric pressure, 25-7 draft balanced, 25-6 forced, 25-6 induced, 25-5 loss, 25-6 natural, 25-6 loss (or resistance), 43-6 friction, 25-8 velocity head, 25-8 specific volume, 25-6 air and flue gas, 25-6 stack effect, 22-18, 25-6 flow, 3-15 flow loss, 25-8, 43-6 operation and maintenance, 25-10 Staged combustion, 14-11, 15-13, 16-6, 44-8 Startup fossil fuel-fired units, 43-2, 43-4 State Implementation Plans (SIPs), 32-2 Steady-state flowing systems, 4-6 heat conduction, 4-5 Steam air heater, 31-10 as a thermodynamic system, 2-1 capacity, 27-8 coil air heater, 20-9 conditions, 37-2 cycle, 2-14 nuclear plant, 2-19 enthalpy, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6 entropy, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6 flow requirements, 27-2 generating bank, 1-8 (see also Boiler, bank) generation fundamentals, 1-2 heat recovery steam generator,
I-18
Steam 41 / Index

gasification, 18-14 history of generation and use, Intro-1 impurities, 5-13 line blowing, 43-3 Mollier diagram, Chapter 2 Frontispiece, T-9 natural separation, 5-14 pressure-enthalpy diagram, 2-6, T-10 process and heating, 27-3 properties, Chapter 2, 4-9, 5-1, T-5, T-6 purity, 40-17, 42-2, 42-12 measurement, 40-17 quality, 5-1, 40-17 measurement, 40-17 requirements, 26-3, 26-4 samples, 42-13 sampling nozzle, 40-17 installation location, 40-17 scrubber, secondary separator, 5-13 separation, 5-13 separators, 5-13, 31-13, 48-2, 48-7, 50-10 solids removal, washing, 5-16 specific volume, 2-1, 2-7, T-5, T-6 tables, 2-2, T-5 temperature adjustment, 19-13 control, 1-8, 19-12, 41-10, 43-6 attemperation, 19-14 gas recirculation, 19-15 gas tempering, 19-15 temperature-enthalpy diagram, T-12 viscosity, 3-1, 3-9, 3-12 Steam engine (see also Boiler, historical) aeolipile, Intro-1 beam, Intro-3 Branca, Giovanni, Intro-1 Corliss, Intro-5 Heros, Intro-1 Newcomen, Thomas, Intro-3 Savery, Thomas, Intro-3 Steam flow-air flow control, 41-13 Steam generation, Chapter 1 history of, Intro-1 Steam generator fossil fuel, 1-6 (see also Boiler) nuclear, Intro-12, 1-12 (see also Chapter 48) baffle plate, 50-7 blowdown, 48-7 CANDU, 48-1, 50-2 carryover, 48-7 carryunder, 48-7 circulation, 48-8 clean room, 50-8 cleaning, cleanliness, 50-8 closing seam, 50-10 cracking, 48-9 damage (mechanisms), 48-9 denting, 48-9 divider plate, 48-12, 50-4, 50-8 downcomer, 48-5 electropolishing, 50-11 erosion-corrosion, 48-9 feedwater, 48-2, 48-6 flow circuits, 48-2, 48-6 foreign object damage, 48-9 fretting, 48-9 heat transfer, 48-3, 48-6 instrumentation, 48-4 integral economizer (preheater), 48-3, 48-7, 50-8 intergranular attack, 48-9 lattice grid (tube support), 48-7, 48-11, 50-6, 50-8 manipulator, 49-5 manufacture, 50-2 natural circulation, 48-6 naval, 46-20 once-through (OTSG), 1-12, 46-4, 46-12, 48-2, 48-13, 49-1, 49-17, 50-2, 50-4 pitting, 48-9 post weld heat treatment, 50-5, 50-11 preheater, 48-7 pressure boundary, 50-5 primary head, 50-4, 50-6, 50-11 primary side maintenance, 49-3 tubing, 49-3 eddy current testing, 49-4 plugging, 49-5 repair, 49-6 recirculating (RSG), 46-5, 46-12, 48-4, 48-10, 49-1, 49-17, 50-2, 50-4 replacement, 48-9 secondary side maintenance, 49-7 chemical cleaning, 49-7 sludge lancing, 49-7 shell (course), 50-3 shroud (wrapper), 48-2, 48-6, 50-8 steam drum, 48-4, 48-12 steam drum head, 50-4 steam drum internals, 50-10 stress corrosion cracking (SCC), 49-2, 49-7, 48-9, 49-8 support plate, 48-2, 48-7 surface conditioning, 50-11 tack expansion, 50-9 terminal points, 50-11 tie rods, 50-8 tube bending, 50-7 bundle, 50-6, 50-8 expansion, 50-10 installation, 50-9 ovality, 50-7 plugging, 49-5 repair, 49-6 sleeving, 49-6 support plate (TSP), 50-6, 50-8 tube material, 48-4, 48-10 tube to tubesheet welding, 50-9 tubes, 50-6 tubesheet, 48-2, 48-6, 50-4 U-bend support (restraint) 48-6, 48-8, 50-7 oxygen converter hood, 27-20 Steam line blowing, 42-19 Steam tables (SI) and selected charts, Appendix 1 Steaming economizers, 20-4 Steel, structural, 8-14, 38-8 Stefan-Boltzmann constant and law, 4-4, 40-5 Stoichiometry NOx control, 34-7 SO2 control, 35-16 Stoker, Chapter 16 coal characteristics, 16-4, 16-6 industrial boiler applications, 16-1, 27-1, 29-9, 30-4 marine, 31-4 mass feed, 16-3 numerical model, 6-21 overfeed, 16-1 reciprocating grates, refuse, 29-10 spreader stoker, coal-fired, 16-4 air system, 16-7 ash removal, 16-7 carbon injection, 16-6 feeders, 16-4, 16-7 grates, 16-5 selection/sizing, 16-7 spreader stoker, wood-, bark-, biomass-fired, 16-7, 30-4 air system, 16-9 ash removal, 16-10 combustion air temperature, 16-10 feeders, distributors, 16-7 grates, 16-8, 30-4 selection/sizing, 16-10 traveling grate, refuse, 29-17 underfeed, 16-2 Storage areas, site, 39-11 Strain gauges, 40-3 Stress allowable, ASME Code, 7-20, 8-3, C-4 alternating, 8-6 analysis methods, 8-3 classifications, 8-2, 8-9, 8-10 concentrations, 8-2, 8-6, 8-14 discontinuity, 8-7 drum, 43-5 failure theories, 8-2 hoop, 8-3, 8-4 intensity factor, 8-10 longitudinal, 8-3 peak, 8-3 pressure, 8-3 primary, 8-2 secondary, 8-3 significance, 8-1 steady-state, 8-2 strength theories, 8-2 thermal, 8-5 transient, 8-2 Stress corrosion cracking, 50-1, 50-10
Steam 41 / Index
I-19

(see also Corrosion, stress corrosion cracking) Stress-strain diagrams, 7-16 Stringer tubes, 20-5 Structural analysis, Intro-16, Chapter 8 Structural support codes and standards, 8-15 design loads, 8-14 linear type, 8-16 plate type, 8-15 shell type, 8-15 Stud-tube walls pin stud, recovery furnace, 28-11 sulfite process, 28-26 ammonium-base, 28-27 calcium-base, 28-26 magnesium-base, 28-26 sodium-base, 28-26 Studded surfaces, 15-10, 29-3 Subcooling, 44-15 Subcritical (pressure) drum boilers, 26-11 Sulfation, 17-8, 17-13 Sulfite process see Recovery boiler, sulfite process Sulfur, 9-3 acid gas removal, 18-13 capture, 10-16, 10-31 Claus recovery process, 18-15 coal, gasification systems, 18-13 content U.S. coals, 9-3, 12-5 forms, 12-5 organic, 12-5 pyritic, 12-5 dioxide (SO2) control, Chapter 35 (see also SO2 control) emissions in flue gas, 35-1 emissions control, FGD, 35-1 hot gas desulfurization, 18-13 in syngas, 18-13 trioxide (SO3), 32-7, 35-18 Sulfuric acid, 35-1 Supercritical (pressure) boilers, 19-2, 20-6, 26-6 Supercritical pressure steam heat transfer, 5-7 properties, 5-7 Superheat, 19-9 (see also Steam, temperature) Superheated steam, properties, 2-4, T-7 Superheater, 1-7, 19-9 cleaning, external, 19-12 cleaning, internal, 19-12 condition assessment of, 45-7 convection, 19-9 design, 19-10 fabrication, 38-7 heat transfer surface, 19-11 horizontal, 19-12, 19-13 ligament damage, 45-8 marine, 31-8 mass velocity or mass flux, 19-10 materials, 7-21 pendant, 19-11, 19-13, 26-6, 26-11, 28-17 performance calculations, 22-8 platen, 28-17 radiant, 19-9, 28-17 remaining life, 45-11 separately fired, 19-16 startup protection, 43-5 supports, 19-11 tube metals, 7-21, 19-11 tube sizes, 19-10 tube spacing, 19-7, 19-11 types, 19-9 Supply tubes, 1-9 Supports boiler, 19-8 reheater, 19-11 superheater, 19-11 Surface tension water and vapor, 3-1 Surveillance requirements, 49-15 Syngas compositions, 18-11 zero power, 49-18 Thermal analysis, 8-9 circuit, 4-6, 4-30 conductivity, 4-1, 4-9 of gases, 4-9, 4-11 of insulating materials, 4-9 of liquids, 4-9 of steels and alloys, 4-10 efficiency, Carnot cycle, 2-12 neutron, 47-6 probe, 43-5 resistance, 4-1, 4-6 contact, 4-1 in conduction, 4-3 utilization, 47-11 viewers, 40-6 Thermal conductivity of insulating materials, 23-6 Thermal NOx, 34-1 Thermocouple, 40-7, 43-5 chordal, 40-12, 42-19 circuit arrangement, 40-7 cold junction, 40-7 correction for, 4-31, 40-8 emf (chart), 40-7 gas temperature error graph, 40-14 gradient, 40-12 limitations, 40-13 scale detection, 40-12 high velocity, 40-14 hot junction, 40-7, 40-9 lead wire, 40-8 material selection, 40-8 multiple circuits, 40-7 multiple-shield high velocity, 40-15 pad type, 40-8 peened, 40-9 principles of, 40-7 sheathed type, 40-8 types, 40-7 Thermodynamics see Chapter 2 cycles, 2-1, 2-12 definitions, 2-1 first law of, 4-5 laws of, 2-10 process, 2-7 irreversible, 2-11 reversible, 2-10 Thermographic imagers, 40-6 Thermoluminescent dosimeter, 49-13 Thermometer gas, 40-4 liquid in glass, 40-4 mercury, 40-4 resistance, 40-6 vapor pressure, 40-4 well, 40-10 Thermopile, 40-7 Thermoprobe, 40-16 Thermowell, 40-10 Thorium, 47-4 Throat tap nozzle, 40-20 Throttle pressure control, 43-12 Throttling calorimeter, 40-19
Temperature
adiabatic flame, 2-26, 10-11 difference, log mean, 4-19 entropy diagrams, 2-11 exit gas, 19-4 gradient, 40-12 ignition, 10-10 measurement, 40-3 acoustic, 40-6 bimetallic strip, 40-5 casing, 40-16 fluid, 40-10 fusion, 40-4 gas, 40-14 evaluation, 40-16 weighted average, 40-16 gradient, 40-12 infrared, 40-6 insulation, 40-16 methods, 40-4 standards, 40-3 tube, 40-11 recorders, 40-10 scales, 40-3 Tempering gas, 19-15 gas plenum, 23-3 materials, 7-9 Tensile test, 7-16 Terms and conditions, contract, 37-7 Testing, nuclear, 49-15 acceptance, 49-20 electrical, 49-15 full load, 49-18 functional, 49-16 hot functional, 49-16 hydrostatic, 49-16 instrumentation, 49-16 operational, 49-16 preoperational, 49-15 procedures, 49-15
I-20
Steam 41 / Index

Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams, 7-4 Tire shredding, 29-17 Title IV (Acid Deposition Control), 32-4 Total organic carbon (TOC), 42-4 Toughness, 7-17 Trademarks (B&W) appearing in this edition, TM-1 Transducer, 40-3 Transfer units, 35-10 Transformation diagrams, isothermal, 7-4 Transient or unsteady-state conduction, heat transfer, 4-5 Tray, perforated plate, 35-3, 35-6 Trepanning, 50-2 Trim, marine, 31-1 Tube banks, 19-7 (see also Banks of tubes) bending, 38-4, 50-7 cold drawing, 38-10 composite, 28-11 crossflow pressure drop, 3-15 electric resistance welding, 38-10 expansion, 50-10 flat stud, 23-2 forming, 38-4 hole drilling, 38-6 leak detection, 45-16 leg flexibility, 45-19 manufacture, 38-10 membrane, 23-1 plugging, nuclear, 49-5 refractory lining, 23-1 remaining life, 45-11 repair, nuclear, 49-6 seamless, 38-10 sizes, 19-10, 31-2, 31-5 sleeving, 49-6 spacing, 19-7, 19-11 surface, 40-11 tangent, 23-2 temperature, 40-11 upgrades, 23-2 wall enclosures, 23-1 Tube banks, 4-27 arrangement factors, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21 crossflow over, 4-16 longitudinal flow over, 4-18 radiation, 4-28 Tube rolling and expanding, 39-13 Tubular air heater, 20-7 Turbine combustion in IGCC plants, 18-14 energy equation, 2-9 feed pump, nuclear, 49-17 following control, steam, 41-5 gas, 17-13 nuclear, bypass valve, 49-17 steam, 17-13 trip, testing, 49-20 Turbine-generator control, 43-6 Turbulence fluctuations, 6-5 Turbulence model, 6-5 Turbulent flow, 4-14, 4-16 (see also Flow, turbulent) crossflow around tubes, 4-16 inside tubes, 4-16 longitudinal flow around tubes, 4-18 structure of, 4-16 Turning vanes, flow through, 3-13 Turnkey, 37-5 Two-phase flow, steam-water, 5-8 heat transfer, boiling, 5-3 instability, 5-11 pressure drop or loss, 5-9 separation, 5-13 stability, 5-12 void fraction, 5-9 U.S.S. Skipjack, 46-24 U.S.S. Virginia, 46-24 Utility power plant, Color Plate 8
Ultimate tensile strength, 7-17 Ultrasonic examination, 38-12, 45-2, 49-4, 49-10, 50-2, 50-5 immersion testing, 45-3 oxide measurement, 45-2 shear wave, 45-3 thickness testing, 45-2 time of flight defraction, 45-3 Unburned carbon or unburned combustible, 10-14, 44-7 pulverized coal, 14-8, 14-19 Undergrate air, 16-1, 16-6, 16-9 Universal gas constant, 3-4, 10-3, 10-9, 40-4 Universal Pressure (UP) boiler, Intro-10, 19-2, 26-6, 26-9 attemperators, 19-15 bypass and startup systems, 19-16, 19-20 control system philosophy, 41-12 controls, 41-12 operation, 43-11 bypass system, 43-11 control functions, 43-11 limits and precautions, 43-12 practice, 43-11 principles, 43-11 skills, 43-12 startup, 43-12 Upgrades, boiler bypass system, 44-16 capacity, 44-20 circulation, 44-16 cycling operation, 44-15 economizer, 44-7 headers, 44-14 superheater, 44-13 Uranium, 47-4 Uranium dioxide, 46-8 Urea, 34-3 Useful charts and tables, Appendix 1 U.S. Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, 46-21 U.S.S. Kennedy, 31-1 U.S.S. Missouri, 31-1 U.S.S. Nautilus, Intro-12, 46-22 U.S.S. Ronald Reagan, 46-25 U.S.S. Seawolf, 46-23
U-beams, 17-11, 27-10
Valve flow, coefficient, 3-12 flow resistance, 3-9 nuclear, 49-10 safety and relief see Safety, relief valve Universal Pressure boiler, bypass, 43-12 Vapor, superheated, 3-1 Vaporization (ammonia), 34-7 Variable pressure operation, 19-2, 19-17, 19-20, 43-6 operation control, 41-7 Vegetation wastes, 9-19 Velocity fluidizing, 17-2 head, 3-6 head, mass-velocity relationship for air, 3-15 head loss for valves and fittings, 3-12 minimum, 17-2 ranges, 3-9 steam generating system, 3-9 Ventilation, boiler room, 23-6 Venturi, 3-4 air foil, 40-21 tube, 40-20 Venturi scrubber, 35-2 Vibration buckstays, 23-5 casing, 23-5 Viscosity, 3-1 absolute, 9-14 apparent, 3-9 coal ash slag effect of iron, 15-4 compared with kinematic, 3-10 gases of, 4-11 in common gases, 3-11 in common liquids, 3-11 oxidizing versus reducing atmosphere, 15-13 requirements for Cyclone furnaces, 15-4 steam, 3-12 T250, 15-4 Void fraction, 5-9 Volatile matter, coal ASTM test, 14-3 fuel ratio (FC/VM), 14-10, 14-18 NOx influence, 14-5 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 32-7
Vacuum filter, 35-8
Warm working, 7-9 Waste, 12-18 energy, 27-4 gas turbine exhaust, 18-14
I-21
Steam 41 / Index

heat marine boiler, 31-5 steam generator, 27-15 Waste burning (see also Fuel) fuel application, 15-3, 15-9 Water alkalinity, 42-8 analysis (see also Measurement), 42-13 attemperation, 42-7 boiler, 42-2 chemistry, Chapter 42 quality assurance, 42-14 chloride, 42-4 coil, air heater, 20-9 condensate, 42-6 conductivity, 42-14 demineralizer, 42-5 enthalpy, 2-2, T-5, T-6 entropy, 2-2, T-5, T-6 feedwater, 42-4 foaming, 42-12 for spray attemperators, 42-7 gas-shift reaction, 18-2 gasification system treatment, 18-15 hammer, 20-4 hardness, 42-2, 42-3 hydroxide, 42-1 iron, 42-4 makeup, 42-5 organics, in water, 42-5 oxygen, 42-4 pollution control, 32-13 technologies, 32-15 U.S. legislation, 32-13 quality, 42-5, 49-16 boric acid, 49-16 corrosion product transport, 49-16 pH, 49-16 requirements fossil fuel boilers, Chapter 42, 43-8 nuclear units, 49-16 seal tanks, 27-18 silica, 42-9, 42-13, 42-14 sodium, 42-2, 42-5 specific volume, 2-1, 2-2, T-5, T-6 total dissolved solids, 42-9, 42-12 treatment, 32-15, 42-1 all volatile, 42-8 chelants, 42-11 conventional phosphate, 42-11 coordinated phosphate, 42-8 deaeration, 42-6 demineralization, 42-5 dispersants, 42-11 equilibrium phosphate, 42-9 evaporation, 42-2 for drum boilers, 42-7 high alkalinity phosphate, 42-11 hydroxide, 42-1 internal, 42-7 oxygen, 42-8 pH control, 42-6 phosphate, 42-8 polymers, 42-7, 42-11 raw water, 42-5 reverse osmosis, 42-5 softening, 42-5 Universal Pressure boilers, 42-12 waste water, 42-24 Water-cooled furnace introduction of, Intro-9 Water-cooled walls, 19-6 Water leg correction, 40-3 Weak wash, pulp, 28-3, 28-5 Wear, pulverizer, 13-9 Wear metals castings, 38-4 Wear resistant materials, 44-10 Weld cladding, 7-14, 44-8 Welding, 7-10, 38-1 arc, 38-1 automation, 38-1 cladding/overlay, 50-2, 50-4, 50-13 development of, Intro-13 electrodes, 38-6 gas metal arc welding, 38-1, 50-2 gas shielded metal arc, 38-1 gas shielded tungsten arc, 38-1 gas tungsten, 38-1, 50-5, 50-9 heat treatment, 38-1 high frequency resistance, 38-1 laser beam, 38-1 orbital, 38-2, 50-5 plasma arc, 38-1 processes, 38-1 robotic, 38-2 shielded metal arc, 38-1 submerged arc, 38-5, 50-2, 50-5 tube to tubesheet welding, 50-9 Welds applications, 39-14 codes and inspection, 39-14 field, 39-13 nondestructive examination, 38-11, 49-2 pressure, 39-14 processes and equipment, 39-14 qualification, 39-14 seal, 39-14, 50-6 thermal treatment, 39-14 Wet electrostatic precipitator, 33-8 Wet scrubbers see SO2 control Wheatstone bridge, 40-6 White iron, 7-14 White liquor, pulp, 28-2 Wick boiling, 42-2 Wilcox, Stephen, Intro-5, Intro-7 Wind loading, 26-4, 39-9 Wind swept spout see Air swept spout Windbox, 23-3 Wood as a fuel, 30-2 fuel properties, 9-18 Work breakdown structures, 39-3 Work-hardening, 7-9
Xenon, 47-6, 47-9, 49-20 X-ray, 47-1 machine, 38-6, 38-11 Yancey-Geer Price, 9-9, 13-9 Yield point, 7-17 Yield strength, 7-17 Youngs modulus, 7-16
I-22
Steam 41 / Index

15.index - Steam, Its Generation & Use, 41 - Ed

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

15.index - Steam, Its Generation & Use, 41 - Ed

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

D-type boiler (FM), 27-12

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Fabric filter (and baghouse), 32-10,

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Ideal gas, 3-4

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

National Ambient Air Quality

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Package boiler, Intro-10, 27-9, 27-12

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

S-type pitot tube, 36-8, 36-10

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

U-beams, 17-11, 27-10

Vacuum filter, 35-8

The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Você também pode gostar