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About India
Capital Area Population (2001) : New Delhi : 3,287,263 sq. km : 1,027,015,247 State (28): Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Union Territories (6): Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep and Pondicherry. National Capital Territory (1): Delhi ECONOMIC INDICATORS: Gross Domestic Product: Rs.18,95,843 crores. Per Capita Income: Rs.16,486 GDP (in $ term, 2000): 476 billion approx. Capitals, Area and Population of States (According to Senses 2001) States Capitals Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Jammu & Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Hyderabad Itanagar Dispur Patna Raipur Panaji Gandhinagar Chandigarh Srinagar (summer) Jammu (winter) Simla / Dharamshala Ranchi Bangalore Thiruvananthapuram Bhopal Mumbai Imphal Shilong

Area Sq. K.M. 275,045 83,743 78,438 94,164 135,237 3,720 196,024 44,212 222,236 55,673 79,261 191.791 38,863 308,144 307,713 22,327 22,429

Population 75,727,541 1,091,117 26,638,407 82,878,796 20,795,956 1,343,998 50,596,9992 21,082,989 10,069,917 6,077,248 26,909,428 52,733,958 31,838,619 60,385,118 96,752,247 2,388,634 2,306,069

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4 891,058 1988636 36,706,920 24,289,296 56,473,122 540,493 62,110,839 3,19,168 16,60,52,859 8,479,562 80,221,171 13,782,976 13,782,976 900,914 220,451 158059 60,595 973,829

Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Delhi Andaman & Nicobar Chandigarh Dadra & Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Pondicherry

Aizawl Kohima Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Jaipur Gangtok Chennai Agartala Lucknow Dehradun Kolkata Delhi Port Blair Chandigarh Silvassa Daman Kavaratti Pondicherry

21,081 16,579 155,707 50,362 342,239 7096 130,058 10492 294,000 53,566 88,750 1483 8,249 114 491 112 32 192

The National Flag The National Flag of India is a tri-colour with three equal horizontal stripes (i) Saffron (Kesari) at the top (ii) White in the middle and (iii) dark green at the bottom. A Chakra, dark blue in colour and having 24 spokes is super-imposed on the middle white stripe. This Emblem on the flag is an exact reproduction of the Dharma Chakra on the capital of Ashokas pillar at Sarnath. The ratio of the width to length of the flag is two to three. The National Flag of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on the 22 nd July, 1947 and it was presented to the nation on behalf of the women of India at the midnight session of the Assembly on the 14th August, 1947. Use of the Flag (i) The dipping of the Flag to any person or things is prohibited. (ii) No other flag or emblem is to be placed above or to the right of the National Flag. It hung in a line all other flags are to be placed on the left of the National Flag. When flown or raised with other Flags, the National Flag must be the highest. (iii) The flag is not to be carried flat or horizontally but always aloft and free when carried in a procession it is to be borne high on the right shoulder of the standard bearer and carried in front of the procession.

National Animal, Bird, Flower

National Animal of India: Tiger (Lion has been replaced by tiger as the National Animal of India) National Bird of India: Peacock National Flower of India: Lotus. Principal Religions, Place of Worship and Religious Books Principal Religions Christianity Hinduism Placed of Worship Church Temple Religious Books Bible Vedas, The Bhagabat Gita,

ABOUT INDIA

5 Religious Books Ramayana, Mahabharata. Qoran Torah The Granth Sahib Fire Temple: Zend Avesta.

Principal Religions Islam Jews Sikhism Zoroastrianism

Placed of Worship Masque Synagogue Gurudwara (Parsi religion)

National Song The song Vande Mataram is the national song of India. It is older than Jana-Gana-Mana and was composed by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee appeared in his novel Anandamath, published 1882. It was first sung at the 1896 session of the Indian National Congress. National Anthem The song Jana-Gana-Mana was adopted as the National Anthem of India on 24 th January 1950. The song Jana-Gana-Mana was composed by Rabindranath Tagore and it was first published in January 1912. Under the title Bharat Vidhata in the Tatva-Bodhini Patrika edited by Tagore himself. The song was translated into English by Tagore in 1919 under the title Morning Song of India. The complete song consists of five stanzas and only the first stanza has been adopted by the Defence Forces and is usually sung on ceremonial occasion.

Indian Constitution
The task of framing the Constitution of India was given to the Constituent Assembly, formed under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. The inaugural meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on December 9, 1946. Dr. Sachidananda was the first Chairman of the Constituent Assembly. On December 11, 1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected President of the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly then appointed a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the then Law Minister and the Leader of the Scheduled Castes. The Constitutional Advisor was Shri B. N. Rao. The first draft of the Constitution was published in February 1948. Adopted: The Constitution on India was enacted, signed and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. Commencement of the Constitution: On January 26, 1950, the Constitution of India came into force (this date is also referred to as date of the commencement of the Constitution), on which date India also became a Republic. The Constitution finally passed by the Constituent Assembly had 395 Articles and only 8 Schedules. Now it has over 400 Articles and 10 Schedules. The Constitution of India now consists of: (i) The Preamble (ii) Pars I to XXII, covering Articles Kore than 400 (iii) Schedules 1-10 (iv) An Appendix. Salient Features (1) It is the longest, written Constitution in the world. (2) Consisting of 22 Chapters, Mare than 400 Articles and 10 Schedules. (3) The proclaims India a Sovereign Democratic Republic. (4) Fundamental Rights are guarantied to all citizens of India.

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Directive Principles of State Policy are incorporated. It is federal in form (in normal times), but unitary in spirit (in emergencies) It is neither too rigid (as some provisions can be amended by a simple majority) nor flexible (as some provisions require special majority for amendment). (8) It established an independent judiciary; the Supreme Court acts as a guardian of the Constitution in place of the Privy Council. (9) It guarantees single citizenship to all citizens. (10) It declares India a secular state. Articles of the Constitution Part/Article Part I Articles 1-4 Part II Articles 5-11 Part III Articles 12-35 Part IV Articles 36-51 Part IV-A Articles 52-A Part V Articles 52-151 Part VI Articles 152-237 Part VII Article 238 Part VIII Articles 239-241 Part IX Articles 242-243 Part X Articles 244-244A Part XI Articles 245-263 Part XII Articles 264-300 Part XIII Articles 301-307 Part XIV Articles 308-323 Part XIV-A Articles 323A323B Part XV Articles 324-329 Part XVI Articles 330-342 Part XVII Deals with Territory of India, admission, establishment or formation of new states. Citizenship. Fundamental Rights. Directive Principles of State Policy. Duties of a citizen of India. It was added by 42 nd Amendment in 1976. Government at the Union Level. Government at the State Level. Deals with states in Part B of the First Schedule. it was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956. Administration of Union Territories. Territories in Part D of the First Schedule and other territories. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956. Scheduled and tribal areas. Relation between the Union and States. Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits. Trade, Commerce and Travel within the Territory of India. Services under the Union and States. Added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and deals with administrative tribunals to hear disputes and other complaints. Election and Election Commission. Special provision to certain classes ST/SC and Anglo-Indians. Official Languages.

(5) (6) (7)

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Articles 343-351 Part XVIII Articles 352-360 Part XIX Articles 361-367 Part XX Articles 368 Part XXI Articles 369-392 Part XXII Articles 393

Emergency Provisions. Miscellaneous provisions regarding exemption of the President and Governors from criminal proceedings. Amendment of Constitution. Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions. Short title, Commencement and Repeat of the Constitution.

The President There shall be a President of India; the executive power of the Union vested in him, exercised by him directly or through officials subordinate to him in accordance with the Constitution of India. The President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. He is liable to act on the advice of ministers who are responsible to the legislature (Parliament). Election: elected by an electoral college consisting of: (i) elected members of Parliament (both Houses) (ii) elected members of the State Legislatures. The election is conducted by secret ballot in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote. Position: He is the Constitutional head of a parliamentary system of government. He represents the nation but does not rule it. The real power vests in the council of ministers. Qualifications: (i) He must be a citizen of India. (ii) He must not be less than 35 years of age. (iii) He must be qualified to be an elected member of the Lok Sabha but shall not be a member. (iv) He must not be holding any office of profit under the Government of India or any other Government. A governor of state, or a minister of the Union or State or Vice-President of the Union will not, however, be considered as persons holding office of profit and as such they are eligible for election. Tenure: Elected for five years but is eligible for immediate re-election and can serve any member of terms. Procedure for Removal of President: May be removed from office for violation of the Constitution before the expiry of his term by impeachment. Such impeachment can be moved in either House of Parliament by means of a resolution of 14 days notice in writing, duly signed by at least one-fourth of the total membership of the House concerned, is given. The charges must be investigation. If the charges are sustained by a resolution adopted by a two-thirds majority, the President can be removed from office. Prime Minister

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The office of the Prime Minister is recognised in Article 74(1) in the constitutions India. The President appoints that man as Prime Minister, who enjoys majority support in the House of the People. While the President is the Head of the State, the Prime Minister is the head of the Government. Functions: (a) He recommends the names of persons for the Council of Minister, (b) he presides over the meetings of the cabinet, (c) he communicates to the President all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the Union and proposal for legislation, (d) he allocates business among his colleagues, (e) he coordinates the policies of the several Ministers, (f) he acts as the leader of the House of the people, (g) he recommends to the president the names for major appointments like those of Ambassadors, Judges, Attorney General, Comptroller General, Governors etc. Election Commission The Constitution provides for an independent Election Commission to ensure free and fair elections to the Parliament, the State Legislatures and the offices of President and Vice-President. The Election Commission consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and such other Election Commissioners as the President may decide from time to time. They are appointed by the President for a terms of 5 years. The term can be cut short on account of registration or removal by the President on grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity on the recommendation of the Parliament. Powers: The Chief Election Commissioner cannot be removed by the President except as a consequence of the passing of a resolution by the Parliament on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. Functions: 1. To superintend, direct and control the preparation of the electoral rolls for election. 2. To conduct all elections to parliament and state legislatures and elections of the President and Vice-President. 3. To advise the President regarding disqualification of the members of Parliament etc. 4. To examine the return of election expenses filled by the candidates. The Chief Minister Is the leader of the party that commands a majority in the Legislative Assembly, and is invited by the Governor to become the Chief Minister and form his cabinet. The Appointment He is appointed by the Governor of the concerned state on the basis of his leadership of the majority party in the Legislative Assembly. A Non-member as Chief Minister A person, who is not a member of the State Legislature, can be appointed as Chief Minister. In case of such an appointment, the persons concerned is required to get himself elected as a member of the State Legislature within six months of his appointment, failing which he is removed form office. Appointment of Ministers

ABOUT INDIA

The Chief Minister recommends the names of ministers together with proposed portfolios for them to the Governor who then appoints them.

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India The President appoints the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) to perform all duties and exercise power in connection with the accounts of the Union and States. His main duty is to keep a vigilant watch on the finances of the Union and the States, to submit reports to the President and the Governors of the States, and to ensure that the money voted by the Legislature is spent under appropriate heads and not exceeded or varied. He holds office for a term of 5 years or till he attains the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. The President can remove his (CAG) from the office before the expiry of his term on grounds of proved misbehaviour and incapacity. In short, the CAG acts as the custodian and trustee of public money. He ensures regularity of expenditure and looks into the wisdom of the expenditure. The Governor The Governor is the nominal executive head of the state and all executive authority of the state is vested in him. Qualification: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) must be citizen of India must have completed 35 years of age. must posses the qualifications prescribed for membership of the state legislature must not hold any office of profit.

Appointment: Governors of states are appointed by the President of India. Why Appointed and Not Elected? There are several considerations which prompted the Constituent Assembly to have the Governor appointed and not elected; important among them being: (i) an elected Governor may be considered superior to the Chief Minister because the latter is elected only from one constituency; (ii) to have a strong Central Government to counter the separatist tendencies in the country, it is better to have the Governor appointed by the President and not elected. Tenure: A Governor is appointed for a term of 5 years and holds office with the consent of the President. The Attorney-General of India The President appoints the Attorney General. The persons should be qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court. His duties include providing to expert legal advice to the Government of India and other legal tasks as are assigned to him by the President. He is entitled to such salary and allowances as may be determined by the President. The Attorney-General is entitled to audience in all courts in the country and can take part in the proceedings of the Parliament and its committees. However, he is not given the right to vote. Finance Commission

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Under Article 280 of the Constitution, provision has been made for the Constitution of a Finance Commission within two years of the commencement of the Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of every 5th year. It consists of a Chairman and four other members appointed by the President. The Chairman is selected from amongst persons who have had experience in public affairs, while the members are selected from amongst persons who: (i) are or have been, or are qualified to be appointed judges of the high court, or (ii) have special knowledge of the finance and accounts of the government, or (iii) have had wide experience in financial matters and its administration , or (iv) have special knowledge of economics. Functions 1) Distribution of the net proceeds of the taxes, which are divisible between the Union and the States. 2) To recommended the principles, which should govern the grant-in-aid of the revenues of the states out of the consolidated funds of India. 3) To tender advice to the President on any other matter referred to the Commission in the interest of sound finance. Planning Commission The necessity for planning was advocated in India much before Independence by individuals like M. Visvesvarayya, the Congress Party as well as the Government. It was, however, after independence that the Government of India set up a Planning Commission in March 1950 to prepare a plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of the countrys resources. The Commission issued a draft outline of the first five-year plan in July, 1951 which was finalised and submitted to Parliament in December, 1952. Objective of Planning Commission: The chief objective of Planning was defined as initiating a process of development, which will raise living standards and open out to the people new opportunities for a richer and more varied like. Another objective in view was to stabilize the growth of population over a reasonable period. Yet another main objective before the planning commission was to ensure that the country could after a period of ten years or so, reduce substantially dependence on assistance from abroad. Functions of Planning Commission: The main functions of the Planning Commission are: 1) Assessment of the material, capital and human resources of the country including technical, personnel, and formulation of proposal for augmenting such of these resources as are found to be deficient. 2) Formulation of Plans for the most effective and balanced utilisation of the countrys resources. 3) Definition of stages in which the plan should be carried out or a determination of priorities and allocation of resources for completion of each stage. 4) Determination of the nature of the machinery necessary for the implementation of the plan in all its aspects. 5) Appraisal from time to time of the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the plan. 6) Public co-operation in national development 7) Perspective planning. The Planning Commission is concerned broadly with technical questions relating to planning and the planning organisation itself. The policy and details of specific schemes included in the plan are now dealt with by the Central Administrative Ministers and State Governments.

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Miscellaneous
Superlatives India Scheduled Tribes Largest Auditorium Largest Botanical Garden Longest Sea Bridge : : : : Madhya Pradesh Sri Shanmukhananda Hall, Mumbai National Botanical Garden in Kolkata Anna Indira Gandhi Bridge connecting the island of Rameswaram with Mandapam in Tamil Nadu (2.34 km long) Indira Gandhi Canal or Rajasthan Canal (959 km long) Ellora (Maharashtra) St. Cathedral at Old Goa, 10 km from Panaji. Corridor in Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu (1220 m/4002 ft. long) Shatabdi Express between New Delhi and Bhopal at a speed on 140 kmph. IOC Refinery at Koyah (Gujarat) Chamar Grand Trunk Road from Kolkata to Delhi Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Kerala Statue of Jain Saint Gomateswara at Sravanabelagola in Karnataka. Jawahar Tunnel, Banihal Pass (Jammu and Kashmir) Lakshadweep (32 sq. km)

Longest Canal Largest Cave Temple Largest Church Longest Corridor

: : : :

Faster Train Largest Refinery Community Longest Road Largest State in area Most populated State Most Densely populated State Most Literate State Tallest Statue Largest Tunnel Smallest Union Territory in area Most population Union Territory Highest Airport Largest Public Sector Bank Longest Rivet Bridge Biggest Cantilever Bridge Largest Cave Oldest Church Most Populous City Highest Dam Most Literate Union Territory Largest Zoo

: : : : : : : : : : :

: Delhi (94,20,644) : Leh Airport in Laddakh (3256 m/16080 ft high) : State Bank of India : Mahatma Gandhi Setu over the Ganga at Patna (5,575 m/18286 ft long) : Rabindra Setu (also called Howrah Bridge), Hooghly river in Kolkata. : Amaranth (about 44 km from Pahalgaon in Jammu and Kashmir. : St. Thomas Church at Palayar in Trichur district in Kerala built in 52 A.D. : Mumbai. : Bhakra Dam on Sutlej river in Punjab (226m/738 ft high and 518 m/1699 ft long). : Lakshadweep : Zoological Gardens Kolkata

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Longest River Highest Road Smallest State in Area Least Populated State Least Densely Populated State Most Women State Largest Stupa Largest Union Territory in area Least Populated Union Territory Highest Water Fall Largest Delta

: : : : : : : : :

Ganga (2640 km long) Road at Khardungla in the Leh-Manali Sector Goa. Sikkim. Arunachal Pradesh. Kerala. Great Stupa of Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh. Andaman and Nicobar Island (8,249 sq. km) Lakshadweep (51,707)

Highest Gateway Largest Gurudwara Largest Lake Largest Library Largest Mosque Largest Museum Largest Prison Longest Passenger Train Route Longest Railway Platform Largest Tribe Longest Dam Largest Dome Longest Glacier Highest Hydel Power Station Largest Freshwater Lake Oldest Monastery

Highest Mountain Peak Largest Planetarium Longest Railway Bridge

: Jog Waterfall, Karnataka : Sundarban (75,000 sq. km. formed by the Ganga and Brahmaputra in West Bengal and Bangladesh) : Buland Darwaza at Fatepur Sikri near Agra. Built by Akbar (53.5m/175 ft high) : Golden Temple at Amritsar. : Wular Lake, Kashmir. : National Library, Kolkata : Jama Masjid, Delhi (built by Shah Jahan in 164458). : Indian Museum, Kolkata. : Tihar Jail, Delhi : Jammu Tawai Kanyakumari (3730 km) : Kharagpur in West Bengal (833 m/2733 ft). Also worlds longest. : Gond : Hirakund Dam on Mahanadi river in Orissa (24.4 km long) : Gol Gambuz, Bijapur in Karnataka : Siachen Glacier on the Indo-Pakistan border (75.6 km long and 2.8 km wide) : Rongtong Hydel Project in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. : Kollern in Andhra Pradesh. : Buddhist Monastery (situated at an altitude of 3,048 m/10,000 ft) at Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh. : Kanchanjungha : Birla Planetariums, Kolkata : Dehri-on-Sone Railway bridge over the Sone river near Sasaram on Kolkata-Delhi main line.

Citizenship
(a) Indian Constitution provides for a single and uniform citizenship i.e., a person residing in any State in India docs not need to acquire a separate citizenship of the Union in addition. A citizen of India cannot acquire citizenship of any foreign country simultaneously and also a

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person of Indian origin who voluntarily acquires the citizenship of any foreign State is not entitled to Indian citizenship. (b) An Indian citizen is not entitled to vote if he is less than years of age on a fixed date and/or is otherwise disqualified under the Constitution or any law of the appropriate Legislature on the ground of non-residence, unsoundness of mind, crime or corrupt or illegal practice. How it is acquired? The citizenship of India is acquired (i) by birth or (ii) by descent or (iii) by naturalization. Except in the case of children born in India to foreign diplomats accredited to this country or to enemy aliens, every person born in India on or after the 26th of January, 1950, is a citizen of India by birth. A person born outside India on or after the 26th of January, 1950, is a citizen of India by descent if his or her father happened to be a citizen of India at the time of his or her birth. Citizenship can be acquired by naturalization by (i) persons of Indian origin ordinarily living outside India and Pakistan, (a) by women married to citizens of India, (iii) by minor children of persons who arc citizens of India or (iv) by persons belonging to other countries who fulfil certain conditions laid down in the citizenship Act of 1955. Citizenship can be terminated, if a person makes a declaration renouncing it and such declaration is registered-by prescribed authority. All Indians who voluntarily acquired the citizenship of another country between 26th January, 1950, and 30th December, 1955 (when the Citizenship Act came into force) automatically ceased to be citizens of India. The Central Government can deprive a naturalized citizen of his citizenship by an order in that behalf, if the said citizen appears to be disloyal or is known to have engaged in trade with an enemy or has been sentenced to imprisonment for not less than-two years in another country or has been living outside India for a continuous period of seven years. Budget The Budget is a Programme of action with a financing plan and an expenditure plan and can be termed as annual financial statement. It gives detailed proposals as to how much is to be spent on what and how much of it is to be contributed by whom and from where. Budget is presented to the Lok Sabha normally at 5 PM on the last working day of February every year when The Stock Exchanges close for the day. Simultaneously a copy of it is placed on the table of the Rajya Sabha. The Parliament is not competent to discuss the provision made in the Budget for the emoulments and allowances of the President. Article 113 of the constitution enjoins that such sums as are charged on The Consolidated Fund like the salary, allowances etc of the President, The Presiding officers of the Parliament, Judges of The Supreme Court etc, need not be voted upon. Deficit Financing When a Finance Minister resorts to deficit financing, the gap between The State resorts and expenditure is bridged up by drawing upon reserves with the Government or by resort to borrowing. This process is known as deficit financing by which money is created without productive resources being augmented to back the money supply. Inflation A phenomenon that occurs when the supply of money and of bank deposits circulating through cheques increases relatively to the demand for medium of exchange, so as to bring about a rise in general price level, developing into a spiral where in costs and prices chase

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each other. In short, it is an increase in the amount of paper money, which tends to raise general price-level commodities. Consolidated Fund of India All revenues received by the Government of India, all loans raised by The Government by the issue of treasurey bills, loans or ways and means, advances and all money received by that Government in repayment of loans form one consolidated fund called Consolidated fund of India Finance Commission Under Article 280 of the Constitution, provision has been made for the Constitution of a Finance Commission within two years of the commencement of the Constitution and thereafter at the expiration of every 5th year. It consists of a Chairman and tour other members appointed by the President. The Chairman is selected from amongst persons who have had experience in public affairs, while the members are selected from amongst persons who: (i) are or have been, or arc qualified to be appointed judges of the high court, or (ii) have special knowledge of the finance and accounts of the government, or (iii) have had wide experience in financial matters and its administration, or (iv) have special knowledge of economics. Functions 1) Distribution of the net proceeds of the taxes which are divisible between the Union and the States. 2) To recommended the principles which should govern the grant-in-aid of the revenues of the stales out of the consolidated funds of India. 3) To tender advice to the President on any other matter referred to the Commission in the interest of sound finance. Planning Commission The Planning Commission in India was set up on March 1950 to promote a rapid rise in the standard of living of the people by utilizing the resources of the country, increasing production and offering employment opportunities to all. The Planning Commission has the responsibility for formulating plans as to how the resources can be used in the most effective way. The Planning Commission has to make periodic assessment of all resources in the country, boost up insufficient resources and formulate plans for the most efficient and judicious utilization of resources. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first chairman of the Planning Commission. Structure of the Planning Commission: The Prime minister is the chairman of the Planning Commission. The Deputy Chairman and the full time members give advice and guidance for the formulation of Five Year Plan, Annual Plans, State Plans, Projects and Schemes etc. Currently the structure of the planning commission is like this: 1. Chairman - Dr. Manmohan Singh 2. Deputy Chairman- Shri Montek Singh Ahluwalia 3. Minister of State- Shri M.V. Rajshekharan 4. Members - Dr. Kirit Parikh,Prof. Abhijit Sen, Dr. V. L. Chopra ,Dr. Bhalchandra Mungekar, Dr.(Ms.) Syeda Hameed,Shri B.N. Yugandhar, Shri Anwar-ul-Hoda, Shri B. K. Chaturvedi 5. Secretary- Dr. Subhas Pani

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Functions of the Planning Commission India: Following are the functions of the Planning Commission of India: To make an assessment of the resources of the country and to see which resources are deficient. To formulate plans for the most effective and balanced utilization of country's resources To indicate the factors which are hampering economic development. To determine the machinery, that would be necessary for the successful implementation of each stage of plan. Periodical assessment of the progress of the plan. With the changing times, the Planning commission is preparing itself for long term vision for the future. The commission is seeing to maximize the output with minimum resources. From being a centralized planning system, the Indian economy is slowly progressing towards indicative planning wherein the Planning Commission has set the goal of constructing a long term strategic vision for the future. It sets sectoral targets and provides the catalyst to the economy to grow in the right direction. The Planning Commission plays an integrative role in the development of a holistic approach to the formulation of policies in critical areas of human and economic development. The 1950 resolution setting up the Planning Commission outlined its functions as to: a. Make an assessment of the material, capital and human resources of the country, including technical personnel, and investigate the possibilities of augmenting such of these resources as are found to be deficient in relation to the nation's requirement; b. Formulate a Plan for the most effective and balanced utilisation of country's resources, c. On a determination of priorities, define the stages in which the Plan should be carried out and propose the allocation of resources for the due completion of each stage; d. Indicate the factors which are tending to retard economic development, and determine the conditions which, in view of the current social and political situation, should be established for the successful execution of the Plan; e. Determine the nature of the machinery which will be necessary for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the Plan in all its aspects; f. Appraise from time to time the progress achieved in the execution of each stage of the Plan and recommend the adjustments of policy and measures that such appraisal may show to be necessary; and g. Make such interim or ancillary recommendations as appear to it to be appropriate either for facilitating the discharge of the duties assigned to it, or on a consideration of prevailing economic conditions, current policies, measures and development programmes or on an examination of such specific problems as may be referred to it for advice by Central or State Governments. Evolving Functions From a highly centralised planning system, the Indian economy is gradually moving towards indicative planning where Planning Commission concerns itself with the building of a long term strategic vision of the future and decide on priorities of nation. It works out sectoral targets and provides promotional stimulus to the economy to grow in the desired direction. Planning Commission plays an integrative role in the development of a holistic approach to the policy formulation in critical areas of human and economic development. In the social sector, schemes which require coordination and synthesis like rural health, drinking water, rural energy

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needs, literacy and environment protection have yet to be subjected to coordinated policy formulation. It has led to multiplicity of agencies. An integrated approach can lead to better results at much lower costs. The emphasis of the Commission is on maximising the output by using our limited resources optimally. Instead of looking for mere increase in the plan outlays, the effort is to look for increases in the efficiency of utilisation of the allocations being made. With the emergence of severe constraints on available budgetary resources, the resource allocation system between the States and Ministries of the Central Government is under strain This requires the Planning Commission to play a mediatory and facilitating role, keeping in view the best interest of all concerned. It has to ensure smooth management of the change and help in creating a culture of high productivity and efficiency in the Government. The key to efficient utilisation of resources lies in the creation of appropriate self-managed organisations at all levels. In this area, Planning Commission attempts to play a systems change role and provide consultancy within the Government for developing better systems. In order to spread the gains of experience more widely, Planning Commission also plays an information dissemination role.

Fundamental Right
(i) Right to Equality: Prohibits discrimination against any citizen on grounds or race, religion, caste, sex or place of birth; equality of opportunity in matters of public employment; social equality by prohibition of the practice of untouchability in any form and abolition of titles, except those which seek to confer military or academic distinctions. (ii) Right to freedom of speech etc: Freedom of speech and expression; freedom to assemble peacefully and without arms; to form associations or unions; freedom to move freely throughout India; to reside and settle in any part of India; to acquire, hold and dispose of properties; and freedom to practice any profession, trade or business. (iii) Right against exploitation: It prohibits traffic in human beings, begar or other forms of forced labour; prohibition of employment of children below 14 years of age in any factory or mine or in other risky occupations. (iv) Right to freedom of religion: complete freedom of conscience and right to profess, practice, or propagate any religion, subject only to public order, mortality, health and some other essential provisions. (v) Cultural and Educational rights: right of every community to protect its language, script or culture. Right of the minorities to establish and administer their own educational institutions. (vi) Right to Constitutional remedies: Right of every citizen to protect these Fundamental Rights against encroachment by the executive and the right to move the Supreme Court or a High Court for the enforcement of these rights. This right can, however, be suspended during the operation of proclamation of emergency by the President. Property Right The Right to Property, which used to be one of the Fundamental Rights, ceases to be a Fundamental Right and becomes only a legal right according to the Constitution 44th Amendment. It is, however, ensured that the removal of the Property Right from the list of Fundamental Rights would not affect the right of the minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. Besides, a provision has been made, as before that no person will be deprived of his property except in accordance with law.

ABOUT INDIA

17

First in India
First Woman Minister First Woman to Climb the Mount Everest First Woman Prime Minister First Woman Speaker of a State Assembly First Woman Airline Pilot First Woman to win an Asiad Gold First Woman Judge of the Supreme Court First Woman IPS Officer First Indian in the British Parliament First Indian to win Miss Universe Title First Indian Woman Congress President Woman President of UN (First) First Woman to win the Nobel Prize The First Beyond Visual Range air-to-air Missile (Bvraam) The First free internet-based Indian Language Electronic Mail The First network-based fully computerised used post office was set-up at The First Central Jail for Women was set-up at The First Army Institute of Information Technology is established at The First e-business newspaper The First Internet Mutual Fund for all On-line banking customers launched by The first Virtual Card launched The first luxury taxi service was launched in The first all-composite twin seater trainer aircraft First British Governor in General First British Governor-General of Independent India First Chief Justice of India First Commander-in-Chief of Free Indian First Chief of Air Staff First Indian Air Chief First Chief of Army Staff First Chief of Naval Staff First Cosmonaut First Emperor of Mughal Dynasty in India First Field Marshal First Governor-General of Indian Union First Train Steamed off from First Electric Train First Silent Movie First Coloured Cinemascope Film First Satellite launched First indigenously built satellite : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Vijayalakshmi Pandit of U.P. Bachendri Pal Indira Gandhi Shano Devi Durba Banerjee Kamaljit Sandhu Meera Sahib Fatima Bibi Kiran Bedi Dadabhai Naoroji Sushmita Sen Sarojini Naidu (1925) Vijayalakshmi Pandit (1953) Mother Teresa (1979) Astra

: GIST-mail : New Delhi : New Delhi : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Hyderabad Financial Express Kothari Pioneer Mutual Fund Citi Bank E-card Delhi Hansa Warren Hastings Lord Mountbatten Hiralal J. Kania General K. M. Cariappa Air Marshall Sir Thomas Elmhirst Air Marshal S. Mukherjee General M. Rajendra Singh Vice Admiral R. D. Katari Sqn. Leader Rakesh Sharma Babur SPFJ Manekshaw C. Rajagopalachari Mumbai to Thane (1853) Mumbai VT to Kurla (1925) Raja Harish Chandra made by Dada Saheb Phalke (1913) Pyar Ki Pyas (1961) Aryabhatta (1975) INSAT-2A (1992)

Chapter 1

18 : : : : Pokharan in Rajasthan (1974) Apsara (1956) Darjeeling (1898) Prithvi (1988)

First atomic device exploded at First large-scale nuclear reactor First Hydroelectric Station set-up at First indigenously designed and built missile First member of the Dalit Community to become the President of India First Solar Thermal Parabolic through power station was established at. First infrastructure project completed on a build operatetransfer basis without any foreign borrowing First Indian writer to win the Booker Prize First Musician to be awarded the Bharat Ratna First Indian Woman to go into space First Extra Fast Attach craft on the Navy First Chairman of the Prasar Bharati Board First Indian Institution to be awarded Gandhi Peace Prize The First CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) run bus was started in The First Solar City is developed at First Magsaysay Award Winner First Novel Prize Winner First President of the Indian National Congress First Woman President of the Indian National Congress First President to die in office First Prime Minister to lose an Election First Prime Minister to Resign form Office First Deputy Prime Minister First Talkie Film First test-tube baby First Viceroy First Woman Central Minister First Woman Chief Minister of a State First Woman Governor First Woman to become Miss World First Speaker of Lok Sabha First Chairman, Rajya Sabha First Indian to pass ICS First Indian Pilot First to reach Antarctica First judge to face impeachment proceedings in Lok Sabha First Newspaper First Vernacular Daily First Post Office opened at First Telegraph Line installed Lokpal Bill was introduced first in the Parliament in First Mobile Police Station was set-up at

: K.R. Narayanan : Mathania (Rajasthan) : : : : : : : Konkan Railway Arundhati Roy M.S. Subhalakshmi Kalpana Chawla T-80 Nikhil Chakravarthy Ramakrishna Mission

: Delhi : Anandpur Sahib : Acharya Vinoba Bhave (1958) : Rabindranath Tagore : W.C. Banerjee : Annie Besant : Dr. Zakir Hussain : Indira Gandhi : Morarji Desai : Ballavbhai Patel : Alam Ara (1931) : Indira (Baby Harsha) : Lord Canning : Rajkumari Amrit Kaur : Sucheta Kripalani : Sarojini Naidu : Rita Faria : G.V. Mavalankar (1952-57) : S.V. Krishnamoorthy (1952) : Surendra Nath Banerjee (1862) : JRD Tata (1929) : Lt. Ramcharan (1960) : Justice V. Ramaswami (1993) : Bengal Gazette (1781) : Samachar Darpan (1818) : Kolkata (1727) : Between Diamond Harbour and Kolkata (1851) : 1968 : Hoshiarpur

ABOUT INDIA

19 : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Sitapura (near Jaipur) Kolkata Ludhiana and New Delhi Kolkata Goa Ruskin Bond Kamalbai Gokhale Harita Deal P. S. Rao Bhanu Athaiya Col. I. K. Bajaj. Satyendra Nath Tagore Sri S. P. Sinha Mihir Sen Arati Saha Arti Pradhan Tenzing Norgay Phu Dorjee Nawang Gombu Razia Sultana

First Export Promotion Industrial park was opened at First DNA typing forensic laboratory set-up at First Electric Train started between First Science City was inaugurated in First Oceanarium was set-up in First Indian Author to get the Anderson Award First Actress of Indian Cinema First Woman Pilot of IAF First Indian to reach the deep sea floor in the mid-Atlantic First Indian to get an Oscar First Indian to reach the South Pole First Indian ICS Officer First Indian Member of the Viceroys Executive Council First Indian Man to Swim across the English Channel First Indian Woman to Swim across the English Channel First Indian Woman to Swim across the Strait of Gibraltar First Man to Climb Mount Everest First Man to Climb Mount Everest without oxygen First man to climb Mount Every twice First Muslim woman to sit on the throne of Delhi

Newspapers-India
Name Mid-Day The Hitavada Deccan Herald Akali Patrika Aaj Hindustan Standard Searchlight Times of India Nav Bharat Times Matribhoomi Tej Amar Ujala Pioneer Economic Times The Tribune The Indian Nation The Eastern Times The Telegraph Ananda Bazar Patrika The Statesman Vishwamitra Place of Publication Mumbai Nagpur Bangalore Jullundhur Kanpur/Varanasi/Agra Kolkata Patna New Delhi/Mumbai/Ahmedabad etc. New Delhi/Mumbai Cuttack Delhi Agra/Bareilly/Meerut/Jhansi/Allahabad/Aligarh/ Kanpur Lucknow Mumbai/Delhi Chandigarh Patna Cuttack Kolkata Kolkata New Delhi/Kolkata Kolkata/Mumbai/Kanpur/Patna Language English English English Punjabi Hindi English English English Hindi Oriya Urdu Hindi English English English English English English Bengali English Hindi

Chapter 1

20

Indian Express

New Delhi / Mumbai / Chennai / Cochin / English Madurai / Vijayawada / Chadigarh / Hyderabad / Vijainagaram / Ahmedabad / Pune / Bangalore Madurai/Chittur Delhi/Patna Delhi/Patna Lucknow/Delhi Mumbai Tamil English Hindi English English

Dinamani Hindustan Times Hindustan National Herald Financial Express The Hindu

Mumbai/Coimbatore/Bangalore/Hyderabad/Mad English urai and New Delhi.

Presidents of India
1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad 2. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan 3. Dr. Zakir Hussain 4. V. V. Giri (Acting) 5. M. Hidayatullah (Acting) 6. V. V. Giri 7. Fakhruddin Ali Ahamed 8. B. D. Jatti (Acting) 9. Neelam Sanjiva Readdy 10. Gyani Zail Singh 11. R. Venkataraman 12. Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma 13. Mr. K. R. Narayanan 14. Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 15. Prativa Devisingh Patil From Jan. 26, 1950 May 13, 1962 May 13, 1967 May 3, 1969 July 20, 1969 Aug. 24, 1969 Aug. 24, 1974 Feb. 11, 1977 July 25, 1977 July 25, 1982 July 25, 1987 July 25, 1992 July 25, 1997 July 25, 2002 July 25, 2007 To May 13, 1962 May 13, 1967 May 3, 1969 July 20, 1969 Aug. 24, 1969 Aug. 24, 1974 Feb. 11, 1977 July 25, 1977 July 25, 1982 July 25, 1987 July 25, 1992 July 25, 1997 July 25, 2002 July 25, 2007 Till date

Vice-Presidents of India
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Dr. Zakir Hussain V.V. Giri G. S. Pathak B.D. Jatti Justice M. Hidayatullah R. Venkataraman Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma K. R. Narayanan Krishna Kant V.S. Sekhawat Md. Hamid Ansary 1952-1962 1962-1967 1967-1969 1969-1974 1974-1979 1979-1984 1984-1987 1987-1992 1992-1997 1997-2002 2002-2007 2007-till date

Prime Ministers of India

Jawaharlal Nehru Aug. 15, 1947 May 27, 1964

ABOUT INDIA

21

Gulzari Lal Nanda (Acting) Lal Bahadur Shastri Gulzari Lal Nanda (Acting) Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Charan Singh Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi V.P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P.V. Narasimha Rao Atal Behari Vajpayee H.D. Deve Gowda Indar Kumar Gujral Atal Behari Vajpayee Manomohan Singh

May 27, 1964 June 9, 1964 Jun. 9 1964 Jan. 11, 1966 Jan. 11, 1966 Jan. 24, 1966 Jan. 24, 1966 March 24, 1977 March 24, 1977 July 28, 1979 July 28, 1979 Jan. 14, 1980 Jan. 14, 1980 Oct. 31, 1984 Oct. 31, 1984 Dec. 1 1989 Dec. 2, 1989 Nov. 10, 1990 Nov. 10, 1990 Jan. 21, 1991 Jun. 22, 1991 May 15, 1996 May 16, 1996 May 31, 1996 Jun. 1, 1996 April 20, 1978 April 21, 1997 March 18, 1998 March 19, 1998 May 21, 2004 May 22, 2004 till date.

Commander in Chief
Gen. Sir Roy Buchar Gen. (Field Marshal) K. M. Cariappa Gen. Maharaj Rajenda Sinhji Women Chief Ministers in India Name Sucheta Kripalani Nandini Satpati State U.P. Orissa Period Oct. 1963 March 1967 June 1972 March 1974 & March 1974 Dec. 1976 Aug. 13, 1973 June 7, 1977 & June 7, 1977 April 28, 1979 Dec. 1980 June 1981 Jan. 7, 1988 Jan. 30, 1988 June 1991 May 1996 & May 14, 2001 Sep. 21 2001 June 1995 Oct. 1995, March 1997 Sep. 1997 & May 3, 2002 Aug. 31 2003 April 1996 Feb. 1997 Party Congress Congress Jan 1, 1948 Jan. 14, 1949 Jan. 15, 1949 Jan. 14, 1953 Jan. 15, 1953 Mar. 31, 1955

Sashikala Khadokar

Goa

Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party Congress A.D.M.K. (J) A.D.M.K. (J)

Syeda Anwara Taimur Janaki Ramchandran J. Jayalalitha

Assam Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu

Mayawati

U.P.

B. S. P.

Rajinder Kaur Bhattal

Punjab

Congress

Chapter 1

22 R.J.D.

Rabri Devi

Bihar

Sushma Swaraj Sheila Dixit Uma Bharati

Delhi Delhi M.P.

Vasundhara Raje Rajasthan Sindhia Mamata Banerjee West Bengal

July 25, 1997 Feb. 12, 1999 & March 9, 1999 March 3, 2000 Dec. 3, 1998 Dec. 15 2003 Dec. 3, 2003 Dec. 15, 2003 Dec. 8, 2003 Aug. 23, 2004 Dec. 8, 2003 2011

B.J.P. Congress B.J.P. B.J.P. A.I.T.M.C

Updated

Speakers of Lok Sabha

G. V. Mavalankar M.Ananthasayanam Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy Gurudayal Singh Dhillion Bali Ram Bhagat Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy Somnath Chatterjee 1952-56 1956-62 1962-67 1967-69 1969-75 1976-77 1977 (Mar July) 2004-2010 K. S. Hedge Balram Jhakar Rabi Roy Shivraj Patil P. A. Sangma G. M. C. Balayogi Monohar Joshi Mrs. Mira Kumar 1977-79 1980-89 1989-91 1991-96 1996-98 1998-2002 2002-2004 2010-till date

Chief Election Commissioners of India

Sukumar Sen K.V. K. Sundaram S. P. Sen Verma Dr. Nagendra Singh T. Swaminathan S. L. Shakdhar R. K. Trivedi R.V. S. Peri Sastri V. S. Ramadevi T. N. Seshan M. S. Gill J. M. Lyngdoh T. S. Krishnamurty B. B. Tandon N. Gopalswami Navin Chawla Shahabuddin Yaqoob Quraishi Mar 21, 1950 Dec. 19, 1958 Dec. 20, 1958 Sept. 3, 1967 Oct 1, 1967 Sept. 30, 1972 Oct. 1, 1972 Feb. 6, 1973 Feb. 7, 1973 Jun. 17, 1977 Jun. 18, 1977 Jun. 17, 1982 Jun. 18, 1982 Dec. 31, 1985 Jan. 1, 1986 Nov. 25, 1990 Nov. 26, 1990 Dec. 11, 1990 Dec. 12, 1990 Dec. 11, 1996 Dec. 12, 1996 June 13, 2001 June 14, 2001 Feb. 7, 2004 Feb. 8, 2004 May 15, 2005 May 16, 2005 June 29, 2006 June 30, 2006 April 20, 2009 April 21, 2009 July 29, 2010 July 30, 2010 - till date

Updated

Chief Justices of India

Hiralal J. Kania Jan 26, 1950 Nov. 6, 1951

ABOUT INDIA

23

M. Patanjali Sastri Mehar Chand Mahajan B. K. Mukherjee S. R. Das B. P. Sinha P. B. Gajendragadkar A. K. Sarkar K. Subba Rao K. N. Wanchoo M. Hidayatullah J. C. Shah S. M. Sikri A. N. Ray M. H. Beg Y. V. Chandrachud P. N. Bhagwati R. S. Pathak E. S. Venkataramia S. Mukherjee Ranganath Mishra K. N. Singh M. H. Kania L. M. Sharma M.N. Venkatachaliah A. M. Ahmadi J. S. Verma Madan Mohan Punchi Adrash Sein Anand V. N. Khare S. Rajendrababu Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Y. K. Sabharwal K. G. Balakrishnan S. H. Kapadia

Nov. 7, 1951 Jan. 3, 1954 Jan. 4, 1954 Dec. 22, 1954 Dec. 23, 1954 Jan. 31, 1956 Feb. 1, 1956 Sep 30 1959 Oct. 1, 1959 Jan 31, 1964 Feb. 1, 1964 Mar. 15, 1966 Mar. 16, 1966 Jun. 29, 1966 Jun. 30, 1966 April 11, 1967 Apr. 12, 1967 Feb. 24, 1968 Feb. 25, 1968 Dec. 16, 1970 Dec. 17, 1970 Jan 21, 1971 Jan 22, 1971 Apr. 25, 1973 Apr. 26, 1973 Jan 27, 1977 Jan. 28, 1977 Feb. 21, 1978 Feb. 22, 1978 Jan. 11, 1985 July 12, 1985 Dec. 20, 1986 Dec. 21, 1986 Jan. 18, 1989 Jun 19, 1989 Dec. 18, 1989 Dec. 19, 1989 Sep. 25, 1990 Sep. 26, 1990 Nov. 24, 1991 Nov. 25, 1991 Dec. 12, 1991 Dec. 13, 1991 Nov. 17, 1992 Nov. 18, 1992 Feb. 11, 1993 Feb. 12, 1993 Oct. 24, 1994 Oct. 25, 1994 Mar. 24, 1997 Mar. 25, 1997 Jan. 17, 1998 Jan. 18, 1998 Oct. 9, 1998 Oct. 10, 1998 2002 2002 April 30, 2004 May 2, 2004 June 1, 2004 June 2, 2004 Oct 31. 2005 Nov. 1, 2005 Jan. 14, 2007 Jan. 14, 2007 May 11, 2010 May 12, 2010 Till Date

Updated

Chief of Army Staff

Gen. Maharaj Rajendra Singhi Gen. S. M. Srinagesh Gen. K. S. Thimayya Gen. S. N. Thapar Gen. J. N. Choudhuri Gen. P. P. Kumaramaglam Gen. SHFJ Manekshaw Field Marshal SHFJ Manekshaw Gen. G. G. Bewarr Gen. T. N. Raina Gen. O. P. Malhotra Gen. K. V. Krishna Rao Gen. A. S. Vaidya Apr. 1, 1955 May 14, 1955 May 15, 1956 May 7, 1957 May 8, 1957 May 7, 1961 May 8, 1961 Nov. 19, 1962 Nov. 20, 1962 Jan. 7, 1966 Jun. 8, 1966 Jan. 7, 1969 Jun. 8, 1969 Dec. 7, 1972 Jan. 1, 1973 Jan 14, 1973 Jan. 15, 1973 May 31, 1975 Jun. 1, 1975 May 31, 1978 Jun. 1, 1978 May 31, 1981 Jun. 1, 1981- Jul 31, 1983 Aug. 1, 1983 Jan 31, 1986

Chapter 1

24

Updated

Gen. K. Sunderji Gen. V. N. Sharma Gen. S. F. Rodrighes Gen. B. C. Joshi Gen. S. Roy Chowdhury Gen. V. P. Malik Gen. N. C. Vij Gen. J. J. Singh Gen. Deepak Kapoor Gen. Vijay Kumar Singh

Feb. 1, 1986 Apr. 30, 1988 May 1, 1988 Jun. 30, 1990 July 1, 1990 Jun 30, 1993 July 1, 1993 Nov. 18, 1994 Nov. 22, 1994 Sept. 30, 1997 Oct. 1, 1997 2002 2002 January 31, 2005 January 31, 2005 September 30, 2007 September 30, 2007 March 31, 2010 March 31, 2010 till date

Chief of the Air Staff

Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst Air Marshal Sir Ronald Lvelaw Chapman Air Marshal Sir Gerald Gibbs Air Marshal S. Mukherjee Air Marshal A. M. Engineer Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh Air Chief Marshal P. C. Lal Air Chief Marshal O. P. Mehra Air Chief Marshal H. Moolgavkar Air Chief Marshal I. H. Latif Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Sing Air Chief Marshal L. M. Kalre Air Chief Marshal D. A. La Fontains Air Chief Marshal S. K. Mehra Air Chief Marshal N. C. Suri Air Chief Marshal S. K. Kaul Air Chief Marshal S. K. Sareen Air Chief Marshal Anil Y. Tipnis Air Chief Marshal S. Krishna Swamy Air Chief Marshal S. P. Tyagi Air Chief Marshal Fali Homi Major 15, Aug. 1947 Feb. 21, 1950 Feb. 22, 1950 Dec. 9, 1951 Dec. 10, 1951 Mar. 31, 1954 Apr. 1, 1954 Nov. 8 1960 Dec. 1, 1960 Jul 31, 1964 Aug. 1, 1964 Jul. 15, 1969 Jul. 16, 1970 Jul. 15, 1973 Jan 16, 1973 Jan. 31, 1976 Feb. 1, 1976 Aug. 31, 1978 Sep. 1, 1978 Aug. 31, 1981 Sep. 1, 1981 Sep. 3, 1984 Sep. 4, 1984 July 1, 1985 July, 2, 1985 July 31, 1988 Aug. 1, 1988 July 31, 1991 Aug. 1, 1991 July 31, 1993 Aug. 1, 1993 Dec. 31, 1995 Jan. 1, 1995 Dec. 30, 1998 Dec. 31, 1999 2001 2001 2005 2005 2007 2007 till date

Chief of the Naval Staff

Vice-Admiral R. D. Katari Vice-Admiral B. S. Soman Admiral A. K. Chatterjee Admiral S. M. Nanda Admiral S. N. Kohli Admiral J. L. Cursetji Admiral R. L. Pereira Admiral O. S. Dawson Admiral R. H. Tahiliari Admiral J. G. Nadkarni Admiral L. Ramdas Admiral V. S. Shekhawat Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat Admiral Sushi Kumar Apr. 22, 1958 Jun 4, 1962 Jun. 5, 1962 Mar. 3, 1966 Mar. 4, 1966 Feb. 27, 1970 Mar. 1, 1970 Feb. 28, 1973 Mar. 1, 1973 Feb. 28, 1976 Mar. 1, 1976 Feb. 28, 1979 Mar. 1, 1980 Feb. 28, 1982 Mar. 1, 1982 Nov. 30, 1984 Dec. 1, 1984 Nov. 30, 1987 Dec. 1, 1987 Nov. 30, 1990 Dec. 1, 1990 Sep. 30, 1992 Oct. 1, 1992 Sept. 30 1996 Oct. 1, 1996 Dec. 30 1999 Dec. 31, 1999 2001

ABOUT INDIA

25

Admiral Madhuvendra Singh Admiral Arun Prakash Admiral Saresh Mehata

2001 2004 2004 2006 2006 till date

Indian Languages at a Glance

Language Assamese Hindi Family/Group Indo-Aryan Indo-Aryan Official Language of Assam Government of India and the six northern states i.e. HP, UP, MP, Bihar, Haryana, Rajasthan. Kerala Jammu & Kashmir Punjab Tamil Nadu Goa West Bengal Karnataka Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh Gujarat Orissa

Malayalam Urdu Punjabi Tamil Konkani Bengali Kannada Marathi Manipuri Sanskrit Telegu Nepali Gujarati Kashmiri Oriya Sindhi

Dravidian Indo-Aryan Dravidian Indo-Aryan Dravidian Indo-Aryan Indo-Aryan Dravidian Indo-Aryan Indi-Aryan Indo-Aryan Indo-Aryan

Famous Quotations
- Truth and non-violence are my God - Untouchability is a crime against God and mankind. - Do or Die Mahatma Gandhi - I am restless, I thirst for the distant, the far away. Rabindranath Tagore - Freedom is in peril. Defend it with all your might. - Aram Haram Hai - Play the game in the sprit of the game Jawaharlal Nehru - Knowledge is Power. Hobbes - Direct Action Mohd. Ali Jinnah - Blood and iron Bismarck - Whom the gods love die young Lord Byron - Give me blood, I will give you freedom. - Dilli Chalo. - Jai Hind Subhas Chandra Bose - Jai Jawan Jai Kishan Lal Bahadur Shastri - A thing of beauty is a joy for ever. - Beauty is truth, truth beauty. - I would sooner fail than not be among the greatest. John Keats - The more things a man is ashamed of, the more respectable he is. Barnard Shaw - Swaraj is my birthright and I will have it. Tilak

Chapter 1

26

- The living need charity more than the dead. George Arnold - Our Sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought. Shelly - Know them thyself, presume not God to scan. Pope

ABOUT INDIA

27

Types of Forests I. Moist Tropical Forests Tropical Wet Evergreen Western Ghats (Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra) Tropical Semi Evergreen Lower hills of Western Ghats (Karnataka, Kerala) Tropical Moist Deciduous Dehradun, Mahabaleswar (Maharashtra) and Eastern Ghats (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu). Littoral and Swamp Forests Sundarban, Andamans, Bengal Delta. II. Dry Tropical Forests Tropical Dry Deciduous MP, UP. Tropical Thorn Forest Delhi, Punjab, Gujarat Tropical Dry Evergreen Eastern Ghats (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu) III. Montane Sub-Tropical Forests Sub-Tropical broad Shilong, Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu) Sub-Tropical Pine Forests Khasia (Arunachal Pradesh) Kashmir, Punjab (Western Himalayas) Sub-Tropical Dry Evergreen - Jammu, foothill of Himalayas IV. Montane Temperature Forests Montane Wet Temperature Nilgiris, Palni Hills (Tamil Nadu) Himalayan Wet Temperate Assam, Himachal Pradesh Himalayan Dry Temperate NW Kashmir. V Sub-Alpine Forests Sub-Alpine Forest Laddakh, Sikkim

VI Alpine Scrubs Moist Alpine Scrub High Himalayan Dry Alpine Scrub Sikkim

Total Forest Cover

States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Sq. km. 47,112 68,621 24,061 26,561 1,250 12,320 603 12,501 20,433 32,382 10,336 135,164 43,843 17,558 15,714 States Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Andaman & Nicobar Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Delhi Total Sq. Km. 18,576 14,291 47,107 1,342 13,280 3,127 17,766 5,538 33,986 8,276 7,615 7 204 3 26 6,40,107

Chapter 1

28

Important River Projects

Name of the Project Tawa Project Banasagar Project Upper Krishna Project Kothagudam Project Mahi Project Jayakwadi Project Nagpur Power Station Kundah Project Malaprabha Project Chambal Project Bhakra-Nangal Multipurpose Project Tungabhadra Multipurpose Project Location River Tawa (Narmada) River Son River Krishna Singareni coalfields River Mahi River Godavari Koradi, near Nagpur River Kundah River Malaprabha River Chambal River Sutlej in Punjab River Tungabhadra State Purpose MP Irrigation MP, UP and Irrigation Bihar Karnataka Irrigation AP Thermal Power Gujarat Irrigation Maharashtra Irrigation Maharashtra Thermal Power Tamil Nadu Hydroelectricity Karnataka Irrigation Rajasthan, MP Irrigation Hydroelectricity Rajasthan Irrigation Headworks Punjab Karnataka, AP Irrigation Hydroelectricity UP, MP Irrigation Maharashtra J&K MP Bihar Irrigation Hydroelectricity Thermal Power Flood Control, Irrigations, Hydroelectricity Irrigation Hydroelectricity & Irrigation Thermal Power Hydroelectricity Irrigation Hydroelectricity Irrigation

Motatilla Multipurpose River Betwa Project Bhima Project River Bhima Dul Hasti Project River Chenab Sat Pura Power Station Kosi Project Patharkada Coalfields River Kosi

Ramganga Multipurpose Chuisor Steam Projects Kalagarh Ghataprabha Project Neyveli Power Station Koyana Project Gandak Project Rajasthan Canal Project River Ghataprabha Neyveli River Koyna River Gandak

near UP AP Karnataka Tamil Nadu Maharashtra UP, Bihar Rajasthan

River Sutlej in Punjab

ABOUT INDIA

29 Headworks Punjab J&K Orissa Kerala AP

Salal Projects Hirakund Project

River Chenab

Multipurpose River Mahanadi Rivers Periyar Cherutheni, Idukki River Krishna River Narmada River Mayurakshi River Godavari River Tapi River Ghaghra River Sharavati River Pamba-Kakki River Tapi Near Talcher River Ravi River Mahanadi Near Korba Coalfields River Sileru (Godavari) River Beas River Damodar

Idukki Project Nagarjuna Sagar Sardar Sarovar Project Mayurakshi Project Pochampad Project Kakarpara Project Sharda Shayak Sharavati Project Sabarigiri Project (Pamba Kakki) Ukai Project Talcher Power Station Thein Dam Project Mahanadi Delta Project Korba Project Lower Sileru Project Beas Project Damodar Valley Project

Gujarat MP West Bengal

Hydroelectricity Irrigation Hydroelectricity Hydroelectricity Irrigation Hydroelectricity and Irrigation

Dhuvaran Power Station Rihand Scheme

Kheda district River Rihand

Hydroelectricity AP Irrigation Gujarat Irrigation UP Irrigation Karnataka Hydroelectricity Kerala Hydroelectricity Gujarat Irrigation Orissa Thermal Power Punjab Irrigation Hydroelectricity Orissa Irrigation MP Thermal Power AP Hydroelectricity Punjab & HydroHaryana electricity Bihar, shared Flood with WB control, Irrigation, Hydroelectricity Gujarat Thermal Power UP Hydroelectricity.

Chapter 1

30

Important Sanctuaries and Parks

Name and Location Kaziranga National Park, Jorhat (Assam) Similipal Sanctuary, Mayurbhang (Orissa) Dampa Sanctuary, Aizawl (Mizoram) Rohla National Park, Kulu (Himachal Pradesh) Ghana Bird Sanctuary Bharatpur (Rajasthan) Tadoba National Park Chandrapur (Maharashtra) Gir National Park Junagarh (Gujarat) Corbett National Park Garhwal (Uttar Pradesh) Palamau Sanctuary Daltonganj (Bihar) Kanha National Park Mandla and Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh) Bandipur National Park Mysore (Karnataka) Manas Sanctuary Barpet (Assam) Periyar Sanctuary Idukki (Kerala) Bhimbandh Sanctuary Monghyr (Bihar) Namdapha Sanctuary Tirap (Arunachal Pradesh) Wild Ass Sanctuary Little Runn of Kutch (Gujarat) Chandraprabha Sanctuary Varansai (Uttar Pradesh) Important Species Elephant, one-horned rhinoceros, buffalo, wild bear. leopard, wild

Tiger, elephant, gaur, chital, mouse-deer flying squirrel, mugger barking dear, himalayan bear, tiger, elephant, sambar, gaur. Barking bear, Himalayan Bear, tiger, elephant, sambar, gaur, king cobra, python. Brown bear, musk dear, snow leopard, snow pigeon, snow cock. Black-buck, sambar, wild bear, chital, coot, quails, teal herson, spoon bill. Chital, chinkara, panther, tiger, sloth bear, gaur, nilgai, sambar. Asiatic Lion, panther, chital, nilgai, four-horned antelope, wild boar, sambar, chinkara. Four horned antelope, elephant, tiger, panther, sambar, chital, sloth bear, nilgai. Barking deer, gaur, chital, elephant, panther, leopard, sambar, wild bear Chital, gaur, tiger, panther, bear-king deer, mousedeer, nilgai, sambar, barasingha, chows singha.

Chital, elephant, panther, barking deer, four-horned antelope, tiger, sambar. One-hourned rhinoceros, gaur, elephant, tiger, wild buffalo, sambar, wild bear. Elephant, chital, nilgai, sambar, tiger, panther, gaur, sloth bear, wild bear, barking deer. Leopard, tiger, wild bear, wolf, chital, water birds. Elephant, tiger, panther, gaur, snow leopard, clouded leopard, wild buffalo, hog beer, king python. Wild ass, wolf, nilgai, chinkara, sambar, panther, tiger. Nilgai, tiger, panther, sambar, sloth bear, peafowl.

ABOUT INDIA

31

Hazaribagh Sanctuary Hazaribagh (Bihar) Pachmarhi Sanctuary hoshangabad (Madhya Pradesh) Kinnersani Sanctuary Khammam (Andhra Pradesh) Dudwa National Park Lachimpur Kheri (Uttar Pradesh)

Chital, nilgai, sambar, tiger, leopard, wild bear, wild cat. Barking deer, bison, bear, tiger, panther, spotted deer.

Chital, tiger, gaur, wolf, nilgai, sambar.

Barking deer, chital, sloth bear, tiger, panther, nilgai, sambar.

Indian Towns Associated with Industries

Town Agra Ahmedabad Ambernath Bareilly Bhilai Bangalore Moradabad Kolkata Mysore Bokaro Pimpri Mumbai Titagarh Delhi Durgapur Firozabad Gwalior Jaipur Dhariwal Katni Ludhiana Trombey Visakhapattanam Industry Shoe and Leather goods Cotton Textiles Machine Tools Prototype Factory Steel Plant Steel Plant Cotton Textiles, Aircraft, Motors. Utensils, Calico Factory Jute, Electric Bulbs and Lamps Silk Steel Plant Penicillin Factory Cotton Textiles, Film Paper Textile, DDT Steel Plant Glass and Bangles Pottery and Textiles Embroidery, Brassware Wollen goods Cement Hosiery, Sewing machines Uranium, Thorium factory Ship Building

Tribal Groups in India Tribal Groups Found in Abhars North-East AO Nagaland Baiga MP Bhotias UP (Garhwal and Kumaon Region) Murias MP (Bastar Dist.)

Tribal Groups Mundas Nagas Pho Mompa Murias

Found in Bihar Nagaland North-East North-East MP (Bastar District)

Chapter 1

32 Bihar and Orissa Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri Hills) North-East North-East Andaman and Nicobar Islands North-East Manipur Tamil Nadu MP and Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh West Bengal Orissa, Jharkhand and Bihar Assam and Meghalaya Andaman & Nicobar Islands Kerala Tamil Nadu MP (Bastar Dist.) Arunachal Pradesh J&K MP Andhra Pradesh and Orissa Little Andamans North-East J & K and HP MP Maharashtra

Change Gaddis Gonds Jaintias Katkari Khas Kol Kuri Lushai Mikris Birnors Chutia Garos Inula Karikar Khond Khords Kotas Lahaulas Lepchas Minas Moplahs Nishi Onges Sabra Sema

North-East Himachal Pradesh MP and Bihar Meghalaya MP

Oarons Todas Rengms Sangtam Shompers

UP (Jaunsar Bhabar Wancho Region) MP Angami Manipur Badagas Tripura Bhils Assam Kolam MP and Bihar Santhals Assam Assam and Meghalaya Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu MP Orissa Tamil Nadu (Nilgiris Hills) Himachal Pradesh Sikkim Rajasthan Kerala (Muslims of Malabar Dist.) North-East Andaman and Nicobar Islands MP Nagaland Khasis Sentinelese Uralis Yurva Adivasis Apatamis Bakkarwals Bhula Chencuus Jarawas Gallong Gujjars Kharia Warlis

Famous Sites (in India)

Site Ajanta Akbars tomb Amarnath Cave Amber Palace Anand Bhawan Bhakra Dam Bibi ka Maqbara Birla Planetarium Location Aurangabad Sikandra, Agra Kashmir Jaipur Allahabad Punjab Aurangabad Kolkata Site Black Pagoda Bodhistava Brihadeeswara Temple Brindaban Gardens Bulandarwaja Char Minar Cheena Keswva Temple Chilka Lake Location Konarak Ajanta Caves Tanjore Mysore Farthepur Sikri Hyderabad Bellur, East coast of India Bhubaneswar

ABOUT INDIA

33

Major Crops
Barley - U.P., Rajasthan, Bihar Punjab and Haryana. Cardamom - Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu Cashew nut Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Goa and Orissa. Coffee - Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Cotton - Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Punjab, U.P., Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh. Gram and Pulses - U.P. Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Maharashtra, Karnataka. Ground Nut - Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Jute Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Maize - U.P. , Bihar, Punjab and Rajasthan. Rice - West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, U.P. and Orissa. Rubber - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman & Nicobar. Saffron - Jammu & Kashmir. Sugarcane - U.P. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat. Tobacco - Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, U.P., West Bengal, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka. Wheat U.P., Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra. Major Minerals Where found in India Aluminium - Kerala, U.P., M.P. Antimony - Punjab and Karnataka. Asbestos - Bihar, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. Bantonite - Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir. Bauxite - Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra and M.P. Beryllium - Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Kashmir and Bihar. Carborundum - Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kashmir. Cement - Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Jharkhand. China clay - Kerala, Rajasthan Hills, Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. Chromite - Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Bhagalpur (Bihar), Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Salem (Tamil Nadu), Shimoga and Chitradurg (Karnataka), Keonjhar (Orissa), Laddakh (Kashmir). Coal - Raniganj (West Bengal), Jharia, Bokaro, Karanpura (Jharkhand), Punch Valley and Chanda (Madhya Pradesh), Singareni (Andhra Pradesh) and Mukum (Assam). Cobalt - Rajasthan and Kerala. Copper - Singhbhum and Hazaribagh (Jharkhand), Khethri (Rajasthan) and Balaghat (Madhya Pradesh). Diamond - Panna, Chhatarpur and Satna district of Madhya Pradesh and Kernool of Andhra Pradesh. Felsper - Rewa (Madhya Pradesh), Burdwan (West Bengal), Alwar and Ajmer (Rajasthan), Tiruchirapally (Tamil Nadu). Fullers Earth - Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. Gold - Kolar and Hatti gold-fields (Karnataka) and Andhra Pradesh. Graphite - Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Orissa and Kerala. Gypsum Bikaner and Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Tiruchirapally (Tamil Nadu), Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Heavy Water - Talcher (Orissa), Kota (Rajasthan), Baroda (Gujarat), Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu) Illemenite - Bihar, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu Iron-Ore - Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj (Orissa), Durg, Belladila (Chhattisgarh) and Karnataka.

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34

Limestone - Bihar, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Lead - Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. Manganese - Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Goa and Karnataka. Mica - Kodarma in Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand, Nellore (A.P.), Bhilwara (Rajasthan), Tirunal Valley (Tamil Nadu) Monazite Sands - Travancore coast (Kerala) Petroleum - Digboi, Badarpur, Musimpur and Patharia fields of Assam, Jawalamukhi (Himachal Pradesh), Cambay, Ankleshwar (Gujarat), Mumbai High. Salt - Sambhar Lake (Rajasthan), Rann of Kutch (Gujarat). Salt Petre - Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar. Silmanite - Assam, Madhya Pradesh. Silver - Chitradurg, Balari (Karnataka), Singhbhum, Santhal Parganas (Jharkhand), Zawar (Rajasthan) and Cudappah (A.P.). Tin - Hazaribagh (Jharkhand). Thorium - Travancore (Kerala). Tungsten - Rajasthan, West Bengal, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Turmeric Kerala, Andhra Pradesh. Uranium - Bihar and Rajasthan. Zinc Zawar and Angucha mines in Udaipur and Bhilwara district of Rajasthan. Zircon - Occurs in the beach sands of Kerala and Cape Comorin (Tamil Nadu).

Indian Railways
Introduction The first railway on Indian sub-continent ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane. The idea of a railway lo connect Bombay with Thane, Kalyan and with the Thal and Bhore Ghats inclines first occurred to Mr. George Clark, the Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government, during a visit to Bhandup in 1843. The formal inauguration ceremony was performed on 16th April 1853, when 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 guests left Bori Bunder at 3.30 pm "amidst the loud applause of a vast multitude and to the salute of 21 guns." The first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a distance of 24 miles, on 15th August, 1854. Thus the first section of the East Indian Railway was opened to public traffic, inaugurating the beginning of railway transport on the Eastern side of the sub-continent. In south the first line was opened on 1st July, 1856 by the Madras Railway Company. It ran between Veyasarpandy and Walajah Road (Arcot), a distance of 63 miles. In the North a length of 119 miles of line was laid from Allahabad to Kanpur on 3rd March 1859. The first section from Hathras Road to Mathura Cantonment was opened to traffic on 19th October. 1875. These were the small beginnings which is due course developed into a network of railway lines all over the country. By 1880 the Indian Railway system had a route mileage of about 9000 miles. INDIAN RAILWAYS, the premier transport organization of the country is the largest rail network in Asia and the world's second largest under one management. 2. Railway Gauges Indian Railways is a multi-gauge, multi-traction system covering the following: Track Kilometers Route Kilometers Broad Gauge Meter Gauge Narrow Gauge Total (1676 mm) (1000 mm) (762/610 mm) 86,526 Electrified 16,001 18,529 Total 63,028 3,651 108,706

ABOUT INDIA

35

Other Interesting facts of Indian Railways Indian Railways runs around 11,000 trains everyday, of which 7,000 are passenger trains 7566 - 37,840 Coaching 222,147-Freight 6853-Stations Locomotives vehicles wagons 1.54 million300-Yards 2300-Good shed 700-Repair shops Work force A schematic map of the Indian Railways network, showing the various zones. 3. Head Quarter The headquarters of the Indian Railways in New Delhi 4. Railway Zones Indian Railways is divided into zones, which are further sub-divided into divisions. The number of zones in Indian Railways increased from six to eight in 1951, nine in 1952, and finally 16 in 2003. Each zonal railway is made up of a certain number of divisions, each having a divisional headquarters. There are a total of sixty-seven divisions. The Kolkata Metro is owned and operated by Indian Railways, and is recently functioning an independent zone. Each of the sixteen zones, as well as the Kolkata Metro, is headed by a General Manager (GM) who reports directly to the Railway Board. The zones are further divided into divisions under the control of Divisional Railway Managers (DRM). The divisional officers of engineering, mechanical, electrical, signal and telecommunication, accounts, personnel, operating, commercial and safety branches report to the respective Divisional Manager and are in charge of operation and maintenance of assets. Further down the hierarchy tree are the Station Masters who control individual stations and the train movement through the track territory under their stations. Sl. No 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Name Central East Central East Coast Eastern North Central North Eastern North Western Northeast Frontier Northern South Central Abbr. CR ECR ECoR ER NCR NER NWR NFR NR SCR Date Established 1951, November 5 2002, October 1 2003, April 1 1952, April 2003, April 1 1952 2002, October 1 1958 1952, April 14 1966, October 2 Headquarters Divisions Mumbai Hajipur Bhubaneswar Kolkata Allahabad Gorakhpur Jaipur Guwahati Delhi Secunderabad Mumbai, Bhusawal, Pune, Solapur, Nagpur Danapur, Dhanbad, Mughalsarai, Samastipur, Sonpur Khurda Road, Sambalpur, Visakhapatnam Howrah, Sealdah, Asansol, Malda Allahabad, Agra, Jhansi Izzatnagar, Lucknow, Varanasi Jaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur Alipurduar, Katihar, Lumding, Rangia, Tinsukia Delhi, Ambala, Firozpur, Lucknow, Moradabad Secunderabad,

Chapter 1

36

Sl. No

Name

Abbr.

Date Established

Headquarters Divisions Hyderabad, Guntakal, Guntur, Nanded, Vijayawada Bilaspur, Rajpur, Nagpur Adra, Chakradharpur, Kharagpur, Ranchi Hubli, Bangalore, Mysore Chennai, Madurai, Palakkad, Salem, Tiruchchirapalli, Thiruvanathapuram Jabalpur, Bhopal, Kota Mumbai Central, Ratlam, Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Vadodara

11. 12. 13. 14.

South East SECR Central South Eastern SER South Western Southern SWR SR

2003, April 1 1955 2003, April 1 1951, April 14

Bilaspur Kolkata Hubli Chennai

15. 16.

West Central Western

WCR WR

2003, April 1 1951, November 5

Jabalpur Mumbai

5. New Steps towards Safely and Security: Safety of 13 million passengers that Indian Railways serve every day is of paramount importance to the system. Over the years, apart from the regular safety norms followed, the network has taken a number of steps through innovative use of technology and stepped up raining to its manpower to enhance safety standards. Constitution of Rs. 17,000 crore non-lapsable Special Railway Safety Fund (SRSF) to replace the arrears to aging assets of Railways over the next six years has been a historical move in this direction. A number of distressed bridges, old tracks, signalling system and other safety enhancement devices will be replaced during this period. As far as budget allocation for safety is concerned, Rs. 1,400 crore was allocated in the revised estimate for the year 2001-02 and Rs.2,210 crore for the year 2002-2003. Extensive field trials of the Anti-Collision Device (ACD), indigenously developed by Konkan Railway, is going on and once deployed across the Zonal Railways, this innovative technology will help railways reduce accidents due to collision between trains. Security of railway passengers is at present a shared responsibility of the Railway Protection Force (RPF) and the Government Reserve Police (GRP). Efforts are on to amend the Railway Act to give more powers to the RPF in ensuring security of passengers on trains, and within Railway premises. Deployment of women police Force has been made for security and assistance of women passengers. 6. Major Production Units 1. Chittaranjan Locomotive works, Chittaranjan. 2. Integral Coach Factory, Perambur (Madras) 3. Diesel Locomotive Works, Varanasi 4. Wheels and Axles Plant, Bangalore 5. Research Designs and Standard Organizations (RDSO), Lucknow.

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Indian Airport
1. Existing Position 1. There are 449 airports/airstrips in the country. Among these, the AAI owns and manages 5 international airports, 87 domestic airports and 28 civil enclaves at Defence airfields and provides air traffic services over the entire Indian airspace and adjoining oceanic areas. 2. In 1998-99, these 120 airports/civil enclaves handled 4.20 lakh aircraft movements involving 24.17 million domestic and 12.83 million international passengers and 221 thousand metric tones of domestic cargo and 468 thousand metric tones of international cargo. 51 percent of traffic was handled at the international airports at Mumbai and Delhi. Presently various airlines are operating only through 61 airports. The remaining are lying unutilised at best handling occasional aircraft operations. 3. The turnover of the Authority was Rs. 1591.27 crores for the year ended March, 1999 and under audit figure of the Post Tax Profits for the year ended is Rs.208.41 crores as against Rs. 196.14 crores for the year ended March, 1998. 2. Classification Airports are presently classified in the following manner: 1. International Airports: - These are declared as international airports and are available for scheduled international operations by Indian and foreign carriers. Presently, Mumbai, Delhi. Chennai, Calcutta and Thiruvananthapuram are in this category. 2. Domestic Airports: a. Customs Airports with, limited international operations: - These have customs and immigration facilities for limited international operations by national carriers and for foreign tourist and cargo charter flights. These include Bangalore (CE), Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Calicut, Goa (CE), Varanasi, Patna, Agra (CE), Jaipur, Amritsar, Tiruchirapally, Coimbatore, Lucknow. (CE - Civil Enclave) b. Model Airports: - These domestic airports have minimum runway length of 7500 feet and adequate terminal capacity (400 passengers or more) to handle Airbus 320 type of aircraft. These can cater to limited international traffic also, if required. These include Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Nagpur, Vadodara, Imphal and Indore. Rest 6 Nos. of airports, developed under Model Airports concept have graduated to the classification of Customs Airports, given above. c. Other Domestic Airports: - All other 71 domestic airports are covered in this category. d. Civil Enclaves in Defence Airport: - There are 28 civil enclaves in Defence airfields. Twenty civil enclaves are in operation. 3. Operational airlines List of airlines today in the market AIRLINE ICAO IAT A Jet Airways Jet Lite Kingfisher Airlines JAI RSH KFR 9W S2 IT

CALLSIGN JET AIRWAYS LITEJET KINGFISHER

COMMENCED OPERATION May 1993 April 2007 May 2005

Headquarters Mumbai International Airport Mumbai International Airport Bangalore International Airport

Chapter 1

38 COMMENCED OPERATION August 2003 October 1932 April 2005 April 2005 June 2004 May 1953 May 2005 November 1991 August 2006 March 2007 October 2005 Headquarters Bangalore International Airport Indira Gandhi International Airport Mumbai International Airport Mumbai International Airport Indira Gandhi International Airport Chennai International Airport Chennai International Airport Indira Gandhi International Airport Indira Gandhi International Airport Indira Gandhi International Airport Chennai International Airport

AIRLINE Kingfisher Red Air India Air-India Express

ICAO DKN AIC AXB

IAT A IT AI IX IX G8 IC SG JA 6E 9H 17

CALLSIGN DECCAN AIR INDIA EXPRESS INDIA EXPRESS INDIA GOAIR INDIANAIR SPICEJET JAGSON IFLY MDLR PARAWAY

Air India AXB Regional GoAir Indian Airlines SpiceJet Jagson Airlines IndiGo Airlines MDLR Airlines Paramount Airways GOW IAC SEJ JGN IGO PMW

ABOUT INDIA

39

National Highways National Highways are the main long distance Roadway in India. It builds a good transport network among the important cities of our Country. They play a significant role in Indian economy. Indian Road Network Length in km Express Ways 200 National Highways 66,754 State Highways 1,31,899 Major District Roads 4,67,763 Rural and Other Roads 26,50,000 Total: 33.10 Lakh kms. (Approx). Status of National Highways Development Project (NHDP) as on July 31, 2010 GQ NS & EW Total Total Length (km) Completed Total Till Date (km) Under Implementation - Length (km) - Contracts (NOS) Letter of Award Issued/Agreement signed & work to be started. Length (km) Contracts (NOS) Total Length (km) Contracts (NOS) Length to be awarded Length (km) 5,846 5,796 50 13 50 13 7,300 5,205 1,207 106 236 6 1,443 112 494 13,146 11,001 1,257 119 236 6 1493 125 494

Details of some important National Highways are tabulized below NH No. 5. Route Junction with NH 6 near Baharagora-CuttakBhubaneswar-VisakhapatnamVijayawada-Guntur-OngoleNellore-GummidipoondiChennai Hazira-Surat-Dhule-AkolaAmaravati-Nagpur-RaipurSambalpur-BaharagoraKolkata. Balasore-Kharagpur-RaniganjSiuri-Maregram (Junction at NH 34) Junction with NH3 near thanePune-Belgaum-HubliLength in state (km) Total Length Orissa(488), Andhra 1533km (953mi) Pradesh(1000), Tamil Nadu (60)

Tabulized or tabulated ???

6.

60. 4.

Maharabhtra(813), 1,949km (1,211mi) Chattisgarh(314), Orissa(462), Jharkhand(22), West Bengal(161), Gujrat(177) Orissa(57), West 446 km (277 mi) Bengal(389) Maharashtra(371), 1,235 km (767 mi) Karnataka(658), Andhra

Chapter 1

40

7.

46. 8.

Davangere-Bangalore-KolarChittor-Ranipet-Chennai. Varanasi-Mangawan-RewaJabalpur-Lakhnadom-NagpurHyderabad-KurnoolBangalore-Hosur-KrishnagiriDharmapuri-Salem-NamakkalKarur-Dindigul-MaduraiVirudunagar-TiruneveliKanyakumari Krishnagiri-Ranipet Delhi-Jaipur-Ajmer-UdaipurAhmedabad-Vadadara-SuratMumbai Pindwara-UdaipurMangalwar-Kota-ShivpuriJhansi-Banda-Allahabad Ajmer-Nasirabad-NeemuchMandsaur-Indore Delhi-Mathura-Agra-KanpurAllahabad-Varanasi-MonaniaBarni-Palasit-Dankoni.

Pradesh(83), Tamil Nadu(123) Uttar Pradesh(128), 2,369(km) Madhya Pradesh(504), mi) Maharashtra(232), Andhra Pradesh(753), Karnataka(125), Tamil Nadu(627) Tamil Nadu(132) Delhi(13), Haryana(101), Rajasthan(688), Gujrat(498), Maharashtra(128) Madhya Pradesh(600), Uttar Pradesh(467), Rajasthan(480) Madhya Pradesh(280), Rajasthan(220) Delhi(12), Haryana(74), Uttar Pradesh(752), Bihar(202), Jharkhand(190), West Bengal(235)

(1,472

132 km (82 mi) 1,428 km (887 mi)

76. 79. 2.

1,007 km (626 mi) 500 (km) (310 mi) 1465 km (910 mi)

ABOUT INDIA

41