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Basic Overview Applications and Selections of Packers Setting Criteria and procedures
What is a Packer?
A packer is a tool used to form an annular seal between two concentric strings of pipe or between the pipe and the wall of the open hole. A packer is usually set just above the producing zone to isolate the producing interval from the casing annulus or from producing zones elsewhere in the wellbore. Separates fluid types (or ownership), protects against pressures and corrosion.
Seal
Inner Mandrel
Ability to effectively set a packer depends on having a clean, non corroded set point and reaching the set point without fouling the slips or failing other components.
Two examples:
1. An external casing packer (ECP) set to seal the annulus between the surface or protection string and the inner, production string
2. A conventional packer set near the end of the tubing, that isolates the inner annulus from the tubing.
Packer Considerations
Force on an area
Area up =
tube x-section +
casing ID - tube OD
Hydraulic Set
Hydrostatic Set
Hydraulic Differential Set Mechanical Single Grip Double Grip Multiport RMC ESP
Schlumberger
Mech. Slips
Hyd. Slips
Retrievable Packers
Expected to be retrieved More prone to leaks Need an equalizing port Release mechanism must be possible with well design
Retrievable Packers
Tension Set - Economical packer used in production, injection, zone isolation applications
Compact Simple J slot control for set and release Shear ring secondary release Right-hand safety joint emergency release Rocker type slips Can be set shallow
Weatherford
Rotation set and release Can be set with tension or compression Tubing can be landed in tension, compression or neutral Models rated up to 10,000 psi Pressure equalization needed prior to upper slip release Secondary shear release required
Weatherford
Compression set RH rotation required to set, (LH option usually available) Available with or without Hydraulic hold down buttons for differential pressure from below By-pass needed for equalization of pressure, and for running and retrieval without surging/swabbing the well.
Weatherford
Retrievable Packers
Wireline set - Used in production, injection, fracturing, zone isolation and remedial applications where wireline setting is preferred Can act as a bridge plug prior to production Connect to tubing via On/Off Tool with blanking plug Tubing can be landed in tension, compression or neutral Slips above and below the elements Triple element pack off system Pressures to 10,000 psi Fluid bypass needed for pressure equalization Retrieved on tubing Secondary shear release needed
Weatherford
Unprotected seals below the packer may allow seal swelling by gas and fluids, causing seals to roll off if the stinger is pulled out.
Deep Completions
Most typical is permanent packer with a PBR (arrangement depends on personal preferences, individual well configurations and intended operations). Seal assembly length dependent not only on normal operations, but also fracturing, kill and expected workovers.
Weatherford
Hydraulic set version retrievable seal bore packer available for one-trip installations
Seal assembly is run in place for one trip installation Available with large upper seal bore to maximize ID
Rotationally locked components
Weatherford
Seals run in place for one trip setting A metal back-up system can be specified to casing ID to prevent element extrusion Elastomer and materials available for hostile environments
Weatherford
Packer Considerations
Select seals for full range of expected temperatures, pressures, and fluids.
A back-up system is need around the main seal to prevent seal extrusion at high temps and pressure. Examine slip design to help avoid premature setting during movement through viscous fluids, doglegs and rough treatment
Molded Seals: Recommended in medium pressure applications where seal movement out of the seal bore is anticipated.
Chevron Seals:
End spacer Seal spacer Middle spacer Nitrile Seal or Viton Seal
Weatherford
Holding ability of the inflatable is always suspect since it does not have conventional slips.
When deflating an inflatable packer, allow time (1 hr?) for relaxation of the elements. The elements never shrink back to initial diameter allow about 30% increase in diameter for retrieval.
Inflatables rely on expansion of an inner rubber bag that pushes steel cables or slats against the wall of the pipe or the open hole. The only gripping ability is generated by the friction of the steel against the pipe or open hole. This is critically dependent on the inflation pressure and the exterior slat or cable design. For a permanent seal, place several bailers of cement on top of the inflatable.
Baker
Heavy Duty reinforced casing cups Spacing between cups adjustable from 12 to any length by addition of standard tubing pup joints Large internal bypass
Cup wear from casing burrs can be significant and may reduce seal, especially in long zones.
The number of successful resets depends on casing conditions, pressures, slide length (running), temperature and deviation. Successful resets run from about 5 to over 20.
Weatherford
Packer Seals
Packer Slips
A hydraulic set packer. Note the lower slips set by movement of the mandrel and upper slips set by piston action.
PR-3 QDG, QDH, Arrowset I-X (&10K), UltraLok, Double Grip HRP, Hydrow-I, PFH
Hydrow IIA
Arrowdrill B
Wireline Set Permanent Double Bore Hydraulic Set Permanent Hydraulic Set Permanent Double Bore Retrievable Seal Bore
Hydraulic Set Retrievable Seal Bore HPHT Hydraulic Set Retrievable Compression Set Service Packer Compression Set Storm Packer Tension Set Service Packer Tubing Set Retrievable Bridge Plug Wireline Set Retrievable Bridge Plugs Permanent Bridge Plugs/Cement Retainer
Hydrow-Pak Hydrow-Pak CST, C5, H/D, MSG CSTH, DLT 32A, Fullbore Tension QDH w/ EQV, TSU WRP, CE, CE2 PCR, Plugwell, PBP
VHR (Versa-Trieve) HPHT (Versa-Trieve Retrievable) RTTS Champ III, IV BV Tension Packer 3L
RSB
HDCH-V
Omegamatic
C Fullbore G Lock-Set
Mercury N, K-1
Type A
Quik-Drill
Casing Design Options think about running and setting packers. Mixed weights, same grade
Small diameters at the top of the well may prevent entry by some packers.
Production Packers
Purposes
Casing protection from fluids or pressures Separation of zones Subsurface pressure and fluid control Artificial lift support equipment
Packer Considerations
Seal stability
pressure, temperature, fluid reaction
Locator
Anchor Latch
Snap Latch
A stinger or seal assembly that is run on the end of tubing and stings into the polished bore receptacle (PBR) of the packer.
(1)
PEEK(2), (4)
Ryton(2), (4)
Fluorel(3) Filled
350 (177)
Aflas(3) Unfilled
350 (177)
Chemraz(3) Unfilled
450 (232)
Nitrile(3) Filled
275 (135)
Kalrez(3) Filled
450 (232)
Service F (C)
(2), (4)
300 (149)
Pressure
psi (MPa)
15,000 (103) A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A B A A A C A
10,000 (68.9) A B A A C B A
15,000 (103) A A A A A A A
5000 (34.4) NR C B B NR B NR C
3000 (20.7) NR A B A NR A NR
15,000 (103) A A A A A A A
15,000 (103) A A A A A A A
5000 (34.4) A A A A A A A
Xylene Alcohols
Zinc Bromide Inhibitors Salt Water Steam Diesel
A
A A A
A
A A A
NR
A NR
A
A A NR
A
A A A
NR
A NR A
NR
A NR A
NR
C NR B
B
A NR B
A
B NR A
A
A B A
A
A B A
A-Satisfactory
B - Little or no effect
C - Swells
D - Attacks
NR - Not recommended
NT - Not tested
This information provides general guidelines for the selection of seal materials and is provided for informational purposes only. Seal Specialists with Halliburton Energy Services should be consulted for the actual selection of seals for use in specific applications. Halliburton Energy Services will not be liable for any damage resulting from the use of this information without consultation with Halliburton Seal Specialists. Contact Technical Services at Halliburton Energy Services - Dallas for service temperature and pressure. Back-Up Rings must be used. There could be a slight variation in both temperature and pressure rating depending on specific equipment and seal designs.
(1)
(1)
(1)
START
Y
TEMP 40F TO 400F NITRILE ELEMENTS W/TEFLON AND METAL BACKUPS
N Y
TEMP 100F TO 400F AFLAS ELEMENTS W/STANDARD METAL BACKUPS
N Y
TEMP 100F TO 450F AFLAS ELEMENTS W/TEFLON AND GRAFOIL WIREMESH AND METAL BACKUPS
N
TEMP GREATER THAN 450F CHECK WITH YOUR HALLIBURTON REPRESENTIVE FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
N
RETRIEVABLE PACKER DESIGN PACKER EXPOSED TO BROMIDES?
Y
TEMP 40F TO 275F NITRILE ELEMENTS W/BONDED GARTER SPRINGS
Y
PACKER ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO AMINE CORROSION INHIBITORS?
N N
TEMP 40F TO 400F
Y
FLUOREL ELEMENTS W/BONDED GARTER SPRINGS
N Y N
TEMP 100F TO 400F AFLAS ELEMENTS W/BONDED GARTER SPRINGS
Y
TEMP LESS THAN 550F EPDM ELEMENTS WITH BACKUPS
NOTE: (1)
This information provides general guidelines for the selection of seal materials and is provided for informational purposes only. Seal Specialists with Halliburton Energy Services should be consulted for the actual selection of seals for use in specific applications. Halliburton Energy Services will not be liable for any damage resulting from the use of this information without consultation with Halliburton Seal Specialists.
N
TEMP GREATER THAN 550F CHECK WITH YOUR HALLIBURTON REPRESENTIVE FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
Ballooning Buckling:
A tubing movement calculator is the best method, but the difficulty is in knowing accurate temperature changes and pressure changes.
Where:
F = temperature induced force DTa = change in average temp of tubing, oF
40
50
60
70
80
90
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
6000
6000
8000
8000
10000
10000
12000
BHST= 122*F
12000
BHST= 125*F
14000
14000
BHCT= 98*F
16000
BHTT= 86*F
16000
Problem
Temperature Effect Only
Is a 6 ft seal assembly (effective seal length) enough to keep the tubing from unseating when the average temperature falls from 210oF to 100oF during a Frac job? L = 8000 ft. Assume locator is shouldered but no downward force is applied.
Problem
Temperature Effect Only
DL = 6.9 x 10-6 x 8000 x 110 DL = 6.1 ft unseats!
What if 15,000 lb downward force were applied to the tubing before the temperature change?
Temperature Extremes
The extremes of temperature change (higher than normal) are usually seen in operations involving cyclic thermal processes. Lower than normal temperatures may be seen in permafrost, sea floor penetrating and CO2 operations.
Copy of reference logs Where have other packers been set (avoid that joint) Set point requirements How can it be equalized if it has to be pulled?
Job Checks
Measurements from CCL to a packer reference point. Run in hole at about 100 fpm, slowing at ID restrictions. Using CCL/GR, log up and correlate depths Set packer look for line weight reduction Disconnect and log up a few collars (may be slightly off depth after disconnecting).
Job Checks
Drop back and gently tag packer with setting tool to confirm depth. Log back up a few collars.
Casing Scraper Designed to knock off perforation burrs, lips in tubing pins, cement and mud sheaths, scale, etc. It cleans the pipe before setting a packer or plug. The debris it turns loose from the pipe may damage the formation unless the pay is protected by a LCM or plug.
One very detrimental action was running a scraper prior to packer setting. The scraping and surging drives debris into unprotected perfs.
Effect of Scraping or Milling Adjacent to Open Perforations
20 10
Perfs not protected by LCM prior to scraping
% Change in PI
Typical Completions
Single and Dual Zone Completion Types
Retrievable Packer
Tension Set Compression set Wireline Set Large Variety of accessories available
Weatherford
Allows one-trip installation Flow Coupling With sliding sleeve, allows packer fluid changeHydrostatic Retrievable Packer out after wellhead is flanged (sliding sleeve not recommended in every case). Flow Coupling Seating Nipple Requires tubing plugging device to set packer Spacer Tube
Sliding Sleeve Ball Activated Pressure Sub Perforated Spacer Tube No-Go Seating Nipple
Weatherford
Sliding Sleeve Seal Bore Packer Mill-Out Extension Crossover Sub Flow Coupling Seating Nipple Spacer Tube Flow Coupling No-Go Seating Nipple Perforated Spacer Tube Crossover Sub Seating Nipple Wireline Re-Entry Guide
Dependable Low failure frequency Generally permit larger flow IDs Available as Permanent or Retrievable Production string may be anchored or floating, depending on tubing movement requirements (anchored or shouldered is highly recommended) Packer may be plugged, can be used as temporary or permanent bridge plug Permanent packers removed by milling operations Retrievable Seal Bore Packers are removed in separate trip with retrieval tool provided seals will release.
Weatherford
Locator unit atop Seal Bore Extension allows tubing movement from press and temp changes: Frac or Acid Stimulation Production extremes and shut-in
Weatherford
Anchor Tubing Seal Nipple Hydraulic Set Seal Bore Packer Mill-Out Extension Crossover Sub Shear-Out Ball Seat Sub
Weatherford
Blast Joint Polished Nipple Flow Coupling Sliding Sleeve Seal Bore Packer Seal Bore Extension Seal Spacer Tube Tubing Seal Nipples Spacer Tube
Weatherford
This type of completion design often has severe problems with leaking sleeves and corroded/eroded tubing in the straddled zone.
Weatherford