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INFORMATION IN THE TABLE BELOW AND IN THE TABLES ON PAGES 3-5 MAY BE USEFUL IN ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION OF THE EXAMINATION.
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E (V)
2F
2+
F2 ( g ) + 2 e
3+
-
2.87 1.82 1.50 1.36 1.23 1.07 0.92 0.85 0.80 0.79 0.77 0.53 0.52 0.34 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.00 0.13 0.14 0.25 0.28 0.40 0.41 0.44 0.74 0.76 0.83 1.18 1.66 1.70 2.37 2.71 2.87 2.89 2.90 2.92 2.92 2.92 3.05
Co + e Au3+ + 3 e Cl2 (g ) + 2 e O2 (g ) + 4 H + 4 e
+
Br2 (l ) + 2 e 2 Hg
2+ 2+
+ 2e
-
Cu(s) Cu(s) Cu+ Sn 2+ H 2 S(g ) H2 ( g) Pb(s) Sn(s) Ni(s) Co(s) Cd(s) Cr 2+ Fe(s) Cr(s) Zn(s) H 2 ( g) + 2 OH Mn(s) Al(s) Be(s) Mg(s) Na(s) Ca(s) Sr(s) Ba( s) Rb(s) K(s) Cs(s) Li(s)
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2H + 2e
+ 2+
E v l p
= = = =
Speed of light, c = 3.0 108 m s -1 Plancks constant, h = 6.63 10 -34 J s Boltzmanns constant, k = 1.38 10 -23 J K -1 Avogadros number = 6.022 1023 mol -1
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EQUILIBRIUM [H + ] [A - ] Ka = [HA]
Kb = [OH - ][HB+ ] [B]
+
@ 25D C
Electron charge, e = -1.602 10 -19 coulomb 1 electron volt per atom = 96.5 kJ mol -1
Equilibrium Constants K a (weak acid) K b (weak base) K w (water) K p (gas pressure) K c (molar concentrations) S D = standard entropy H D = standard enthalpy G D = standard free energy ED T n m q c Cp
THERMOCHEMISTRY/KINETICS
DS D = DH D DG D
DG D = DH D - T D S D
= = = = = = =
standard reduction potential temperature moles mass heat specific heat capacity molar heat capacity at constant pressure
Ea = activation energy k = rate constant A = frequency factor Faraday's constant, = 96,500 coulombs per mole of electrons Gas constant, R = 8.31 J mol -1 K -1
DG = DG D + RT ln Q = DG D + 2.303 RT log Q q = mc DT DH Cp = DT ln [ A ] t - ln [ A ]0 = - kt 1 1 = kt [A ]t [A ]0
ln k =
- Ea 1 + ln A R T
()
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PV = nRT
P V T n D m u
= = = = = = =
K = D C + 273 PV PV 1 1 = 2 2 T1 T2 m D = V 3kT 3 RT = urms = M m 1 KE per molecule = mu 2 2 3 KE per mole = RT 2 M2 r1 = M1 r2 molarity, M = moles solute per liter solution molality = moles solute per kilogram solvent DT f = iK f molality DTb = iK b molality p = iMRT A = abc
urms = root-mean-square speed KE r M p i Kf A a b c Q I q t = = = = = = = = = = = = = = kinetic energy rate of effusion molar mass osmotic pressure van't Hoff factor molal freezing-point depression constant absorbance molar absorptivity path length concentration reaction quotient current (amperes) charge (coulombs) time (seconds)
OXIDATION-REDUCTION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Gas constant, R = 8.31 J mol -1 K -1 = 0.0821 L atm mol -1 K -1 = 8.31 volt coulomb mol -1 K -1 Boltzmann's constant, k = 1.38 10 -23 J K -1 K f for H 2 O = 1.86 K kg mol -1 K b for H 2 O = 0.512 K kg mol -1
Q = I =
, where a A + b B c C + d D b
D Ecell = Ecell
log K =
nE D 0.0592
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isobutane(g) n-butane(g)
Kc = 2.5 at 25C
Suppose that a 0.010 mol sample of pure n-butane is placed in an evacuated 1.0 L rigid container at 25C. (c) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc , for the reaction. (d) Calculate the initial pressure in the container when the n-butane is first introduced (before the reaction starts). (e) The n-butane reacts until equilibrium has been established at 25C. (i) Calculate the total pressure in the container at equilibrium. Justify your answer. (ii) Calculate the molar concentration of each species at equilibrium. (iii) If the volume of the system is reduced to half of its original volume, what will be the new concentration of n-butane after equilibrium has been reestablished at 25C ? Justify your answer. Suppose that in another experiment a 0.010 mol sample of pure isobutane is placed in an evacuated 1.0 L rigid container and allowed to come to equilibrium at 25C. (f) Calculate the molar concentration of each species after equilibrium has been established.
2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.
5 Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) 5 Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l) 2. A galvanic cell and the balanced equation for the spontaneous cell reaction are shown above. The two reduction half-reactions for the overall reaction that occurs in the cell are shown in the table below. Half-Reaction Fe3+(aq) + e- Fe2+(aq) MnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e- Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l) E (V) at 298 K + 0.77 +1.49
(a) On the diagram, clearly label the cathode. (b) Calculate the value of the standard potential, E, for the spontaneous cell reaction. (c) How many moles of electrons are transferred when 1.0 mol of MnO4-(aq) is consumed in the overall cell reaction? (d) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, Keq , for the cell reaction at 25C. Explain what the magnitude of Keq tells you about the extent of the reaction. Three solutions, one containing Fe2+(aq), one containing MnO4-(aq), and one containing H+(aq), are mixed in a beaker and allowed to react. The initial concentrations of the species in the mixture are 0.60 M Fe2+(aq) , 0.10 M MnO4-(aq) , and 1.0 M H+(aq) . (e) When the reaction mixture has come to equilibrium, which species has the higher concentration, Mn2+(aq) or MnO4-(aq)? Explain. (f) When the reaction mixture has come to equilibrium, what are the molar concentrations of Fe2+(aq) and Fe3+(aq)?
2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.
STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this part only. Do not turn to the other part of the test until you are told to do so.
2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.
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(a) Solid copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate is gently heated. (i) Balanced equation:
(ii) How many grams of water are present in 1.00 mol of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________
2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.
(ii) Which of the reactants acts as a Lewis acid? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ (c) Methylamine (CH3NH2 ) is added to a solution of hydrochloric acid. (i) Balanced equation:
(ii) Methylamine dissolves in water to form a solution. Indicate whether this solution is acidic, basic, or neutral. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________
2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.
5. A solution of 0.100 M HCl and a solution of 0.100 M NaOH are prepared. A 40.0 mL sample of one of the solutions is added to a beaker and then titrated with the other solution. A pH electrode is used to obtain the data that are plotted in the titration curve shown above. (a) Identify the solution that was initially added to the beaker. Explain your reasoning. (b) On the titration curve above, circle the point that corresponds to the equivalence point. (c) At the equivalence point, how many moles of titrant have been added? (d) The same titration is to be performed again, this time using an indicator. Use the information in the table below to select the best indicator for the titration. Explain your choice. Indicator Methyl violet Methyl red Alizarin yellow pH Range of Color Change 0 1.6 46 10 12
(e) What is the difference between the equivalence point of a titration and the end point of a titration? (f) On the grid provided on the next page, sketch the titration curve that would result if the solutions in the beaker and buret were reversed (i.e., if 40.0 mL of the solution used in the buret in the previous titration were titrated with the solution that was in the beaker).
2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.
2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.
Experiment 1 2 3
Initial Rate of Formation of HCl (mol L1 s1) 1.82 1012 3.64 1012 1.82 1012
(a) Determine the order of the reaction with respect to H2 and justify your answer. (b) Determine the order of the reaction with respect to Cl 2 and justify your answer. (c) Write the overall rate law for the reaction. (d) Write the units of the rate constant. (e) Predict the initial rate of the reaction if the initial concentration of H2 is 0.00300 mol L1 and the initial concentration of Cl2 is 0.000500 mol L1.
The gas-phase decomposition of nitrous oxide has the following two-step mechanism. Step 1: N2O N2 + O
Step 2: O + N2O N2 + O2 (f) Write the balanced equation for the overall reaction. (g) Is the oxygen atom, O, a catalyst for the reaction or is it an intermediate? Explain. (h) Identify the slower step in the mechanism if the rate law for the reaction was determined to be rate = k [N2O]. Justify your answer.
2010 The College Board. Visit the College Board on the Web: www.collegeboard.com.
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