The substation

Source: Lakervi & H Holmes

Olof Samuelsson

Outline

The substation Substation equipment Overhead lines

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

From generator to customer

Generation | Transmission | Distribution | Consumption

Source: vattenfall.se

stra mottagningsstationen, Lund At the city limit

Substation 3

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation functions
Voltage transformation (reduction) Power transformer Connection point for local networks Switchyard for network configuration Bus bars, bars circuit breakers, breakers disconnectors Monitoring point for control center Potential and current transformers Fuses and other protection

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

Substation equipment symbols

ENGLISH Busbar Generator Two-wdg Two wdg transformer Line Circuit breaker Disconnector Surge arrester Current transformer Potential transformer SVENSKA Samlingsskena g Transformator Ledning Effektbrytare Frnskiljare Ventilavledare Strmtransformator Spnningstransformator
Substation 5

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Layout

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

Circuit breaker
S d USA Sweden Open Closed

Interrupts large current Several kA Short-circuit current Hidden contacts Control Protection systems Manual remote Design challenge Speed and current
Substation 7

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

e:ABB Source

Disconnector / Isolator
Interrupts small current Load current Visible interruption Manual control or motorized Design challenge: Weather
Sweden USA Open Closed

Open p

Closed

Source: Nicklasson Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Substation 8

Disconnecting circuit breaker

Combines breaker and disconnector More reliable and compact

Lindome 400 kV station

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Substation 9

Current transformer
Reduces current Typically 1000/2 A Current monitored Control center Protection equipment P, Q transducers

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

B Source:ABB

Substation

10

Voltage/potential transformer

Reduces voltage Typically x kV/110 V Voltage monitored Control center Protection equipment P, Q transducers Al C voltage lt di id Also divider
Substation 11

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Sou urce:ABB

Surge / lightning arrester

O Overvoltage lt trap t Alternative to air gap Nonlinear resistance Short-circuits high voltages o tages to ground g ou d

Source: ABB Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Substation 12

GIS - Gas Isolated Switchgear

SF6 Air

Source: Lakervi

SF6 gas g Isolates much better than air - reduces size Greenhouse gas
Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation Substation 13

Transmission towers

400 kV

750 kV

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

14

Source: Nicklasson

Insulator disks

Voltage level
Source:Glover & Sarma

Flashover distance Air humidity y

Number of disks

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

15

Effects of short-circuit current

Vibration due to magnetic forces Parallel conductors are attracted (F=Bil) Arc Compare with welding g from current and arc Heating Fire and explosion See http://205.243.100.155/frames/longarc.htm

Lund University / LTH / MIE / Industrial Electrical Engineering and Automation

Substation

16