Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 64, 219238, 2006

ANALYSIS OF LINEAR TAPERED WAVEGUIDE BY

TWO APPROACHES
S. Dwari, A. Chakraborty, and S. Sanyal
Department of Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur-721302, India
AbstractThis paper presents the analysis of linear tapered
waveguide. Voltage-standing-wave-ratio (VSWR) is obtained from
transmission matrix of the taper waveguide. Taper section is divided
into number of section having uniform length. Transmission matrix of
taper waveguide is found by multiplication of transmission matrix of
each section. Transmission matrix of each section is obtained as the
product of three matrices. One is of the initial length of transmission
line, second one is due to discontinuity and third one is of the nal
length of transmission line. Transmission matrix of discontinuity
is obtained by two methods. One is by equivalent circuit of step
discontinuity and another is by moment method. The results are seen
to be in good agreement with [1, 2] and [3].
1. INTRODUCTION
In a tapered section the dimension of waveguide varies smoothly and
for this reason there are possibilities of providing a transition from
one impedance level to another. Ref. [4] and then [5] analyzed taper
line by dividing it into a number of sections of equal length into the
direction of propagation. Ref. [1] found the transmission matrix of each
section as the product of ve matrices and multiplied the matrices of
all sections.
This paper proposed that the transmission matrix of each section
is obtained as the product of three matrices. They are contributed
by initial length of transmission line, discontinuity and the nal
length of transmission line. Transmission matrix of discontinuity is
obtained by two procedures. They are by equivalent circuit of step
discontinuity and by moment method. The nal transmission matrix
of tapered waveguide is obtained by multiplication of matrices of all
220 Dwari, Chakraborty, and Sanyal
sections. Voltage-standing-wave-ratio (VSWR) is obtained from nal
transmission matrix.
2. TRANSMISSION MATRIX OF TAPER SECTION
The linear tapered waveguide is shown in Figure 1 and it can be
considered as if it is formed with huge number of step discontinuities.
Let the number of sections be N and the length of taper be L.
Let 2a
0
, 2b
0
are initial broad and narrow dimensions respectively and
2a
1
, 2b
1
are respective nal broad and narrow dimensions.
Figure 1. (a) Tapered waveguide of length L connecting uniform
waveguides of dimensions 2a
0
, 2b
0
and 2a
1
, 2b
1
. (b) Taper waveguide
of Figure 1(a) divided into sections. (c) Expanded view of nth section.
The nth section is blown up and shown in Figure 1(c). Each
section consists of an initial length of waveguide, a step discontinuity
and a nal length of waveguide. Each of the constituents can be
expressed by a transmission matrix of order 2.
For nth section initial and nal broad dimensions are
2a
0n
= 2a
0
+
2(a
1
a
0
)
N
(n 1) (1)
2a
1n
= 2a
0
+
2(a
1
a
0
)
N
n (2)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 64, 2006 221
Narrow wall dimensions are
2b
0n
= 2b
0
+
2(b
1
b
0
)
N
(n 1) (3)
2b
1n
= 2b
0
+
2(b
1
b
0
)
N
n (4)
The matrix of each section is the product of three matrices. Let
matrix [T
1
] is for initial length, [T
3
] is of nal length and [T
2
] is for
discontinuity. So transmission matrix of each section is given by
[T] = [T
1
][T
2
][T
3
] (5)
The transmission matrices of all the sections are multiplied to obtain
the nal transmission matrix of the taper.
Suppose d =
L
N
is the length of each section, k
0n
is the propagation
constant of initial length and k
1n
is the propagation constant of nal
length of nth section. Then [T
1
] can be written as
[T
1
] =
_
e
jk
0n
d
2
0
0 e
jk
0n
d
2
_
(6)
[T
3
] can be written as
[T
3
] =
_
e
jk
1n
d
2
0
0 e
jk
1n
d
2
_
(7)
Let
1n
be the reection co-ecient in the forward direction at
discontinuity of nth section and
2n
be the reection co-ecient in
the backward direction at discontinuity of the nth section. Then [T
2
]
can be written as
[T
2
] =
1
1 +
1n
_
1
2n

1n
1 +
1n
+
2n
_
(8)
To obtain [T
2
], reection co-ecients should be determined. Reection
coecient can be determined by two ways. One is using equivalent
circuit representing step discontinuities shown in Figure 2 as described
in [6]. Second is by using method of moment.
3. DETERMINATION OF CIRCUIT PARAMETERS OF
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR STEP DISCONTINUITIES
Discontinuity of each section of linear taper waveguide is step
discontinuity. This step discontinuity can be represented by equivalent
222 Dwari, Chakraborty, and Sanyal
Figure 2. Equivalent circuit of discontinuity.
Figure 3. Cross section of waveguide junction for step discontinuity
at narrow dimension.
circuit as shown in Figure 2. Following [6] the circuit parameters of the
equivalent circuit can be obtained. From circuit parameters reection
coecients can be calculated. Evaluation of circuit parameters of
equivalent circuit for step discontinuities (1) in narrow dimension only
and (2) in both narrow & broad dimension are as follows:
3.1. Evaluation of Circuit Parameters of Equivalent Circuit
for Step Discontinuities in Narrow Dimension
Consider the waveguide junction as shown in Figure 3. Let junction is
at z = 0. Waveguide of dimension 2a 2b extends up to z = and
waveguide of dimension 2a 2(b + W) extends upto z = + . The
dimensions are such that only dominant mode can propagate in each
section. Let there be an incident wave from z direction.
In the region z < 0 transverse elds are
E

t
=
_
e
jz
+ e
jz
_
V
0
1 +
e
0
+

i
V
i
e

i
z
e
i
H

t
= Y

0
_
e
jz
e
jz
_
V
0
1 +
h
0

i
Y
i
V
i
e

i
z
h
i
(9)
where e
i
, h
i
are the mode vectors,
i
are the cuto mode-attenuation
constants, Y
i
are the characteristics admittances, and is the reection
coecient for the dominant mode. The subscript 0 signies the
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 64, 2006 223
dominant mode. It is assumed that at z = matched load is there. So
in the region z > 0
E
+
t
=

V
0
e
j

z
e
0
+

V
i
e

i
z
e
i
H
+
t
= Y
+
0

V
0
e
j

h
0
+

Y
i

V
i
e

i
z

h
i
(10)
where the carets are used to dierentiate the above parameters from
there z < 0 counterparts. At junction region
_
z=0
_
E
+
H
+
ds =
_
z=0
_
E

ds (11)
So
Y
+
0

V
2
0
+

Y
i

V
2
i
=
1
1 +
Y

0
V
2
0

i
Y
i
V
2
i
(12)
Relative admittance observed from z < 0 is
1
1 +
=
Y
Y

0
=
G
Y

0
+j
B
Y

0
(13)
Y
0
is real and Y
i
are imaginary. For real V
i
and

V
i
jB
Y

0
=

i
Y
i
V
2
i
+

Y
i

V
2
i
Y

0
V
2
0
(14)
G
Y

0
=
Y
+
0

V
2
0
Y

0
V
2
0
(15)
For equivalent circuit of Figure 2, with matched condition at z =, it
is evident that
G
Y

0
= n
2
Y
+
0
Y

0
(16)
From Eq. (15) and Eq. (16)
n
2
=

V
2
0
V
2
0
(17)
For the junction shown in Figure 3, the dominant mode vectors [6] are
e
0
= u
y
_
1
2ab
sin

2a
(x +a) (18)

e
0
= u
y

1
2a(b +W)
sin

2a
(x +a) (19)
224 Dwari, Chakraborty, and Sanyal
Assumed tangential electric eld in the aperture

E
a
t
= u
y
sin

2a
(x +a) (20)
Therefore following [6]:
V
0
=
a
_
x=a
b
_
y=b
1

2ab
sin
2
(x +a)
2a
dxdy =

2ab (21)

V
0
=
a
_
x=a
b
_
y=b
1
_
2a(b +W)
sin
2
(x +a)
2a
dxdy =

2a
b +W
b (22)
Therefore

V
0
V
0
=

b
b +W
(23)
n
2
=
b
b +W
(24)
This is the transformation ratio of the transformer of equivalent circuit.
Now the rst summation in the numerator of Equation (14) is zero and
second summation is related to aperture susceptance B
a
by

Y
i

V
2
i
= j|V |
2
B
a
= j4b
2
B
a
(25)
Now
V
0
=
a
_
x=a
b
_
y=b
sin
(x +a)
2a
1

2ab
sin
(x +a)
2a
dxdy =

2ab (26)
So
B =
2B
a
b
a
(27)
3.1.1. Determination of Aperture Susceptance B
a
Let E
x
= 0 and E
y
= f(x, y) be known over the cross section at z = 0.
For TE to x mode at z > 0 scalar potential function is:
=

m=1

n=0
A
mn
sin
m
2a
(x +a) cos
n
2(b +W)
(y +b +W)e
mnz
(28)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 64, 2006 225
where A
mn
are mode amplitudes and
mn
are the mode propagation
constants. In particular E
y
at z = 0 is given by
E
y
|
z=0
=

m=1

n=0

mn
A
mn
sin
m
2a
(x+a) cos
n
2(b +W)
(y+b+W) (29)
This is the form of double Fourier series: a sine series in x and a cosine
series in y. It is thus evident that
mn
A
mn
are fourier coecients of
E
y
, or

mn
A
mn
= E
mn
=

n
2a(b +W)
a
_
a
(b+W)
_
(b+W)
E
y
|
z=0
sin
m
2a
(x +a)
cos
n
2(b +W)
(y +b +W)dxdy (30)
where
n
= 1 for n = 0 and
n
= 2 for n > 0 (Numanns number). The
A
mn
and hence the eld are now evaluated. The z directed complex
power at z = 0 is
P =
_
z=0
_
_

E

H

_
u
z
ds
=
a
_
a
(b+W)
_
(b+W)
[E
y
H

x
]
z=0
dxdy
=
a
_
a
(b+W)
_
(b+W)
_

m,n
E
mn
sin
m(x +a)
2a
cos
n(y +b +W)
2(b +W)
_
_

p,q
k
2

_
p
2a
_
2
j

pq
E

pq
sin
p(x +a)
2a
cos
q(y +b +W)
2(b +W)
_

_
dxdy
(31)
This reduces to
P =

m=1

n=0
(Y
0
)

mn
|E
mn
|
2
2a(b +W)

mn
(32)
226 Dwari, Chakraborty, and Sanyal
Assume
E
y
|
z=0
=
_
_
_
sin
(x +a)
2a
b < y < b
0 |y| > b
(33)
Only non zero amplitudes are:
E
10
=
10
A
10
=
b
b +W
(34)
E
1n
=
1n
A
1n
=
2
n
_
sin
n
b +W
_
b +
W
2
_
sin
_
nW
2(b +W)
__
(35)
Therefore
P =
2ab
2
b +W
_

_
(Y
0
)

10
+ 8

n=1
(Y
0
)

1n
_
_
_
_
sin
_
nb
b +W
_
cos
_
n
2
_
nb
b +W
_
_
_
_
2
_

_
(36)
Now
(Y
0
)
10
=
k
2

_

2a
_
2

1
_
f
c
f
_
2

(37)
(Y
0
)
1n
=
k
2

_

2a
_
2
j
=
j4(b +W)(Y
0
)
10

_
n
2

_
4(b +W)

g
_
2
(38)
Therefore
P

|V |
2
= (Y
0
)
10
_

_
a
2(b +W)
+j
16a

n=1
sin
2
_
nb
2(b +W)
_
cos
2
_
n
2
_
_
nb
b +W
_
2

_
n
2

_
4(b +W)

g
_
2
_

_
(39)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 64, 2006 227
Figure 4. Cross section of waveguide junction for step discontinuity
at both broad and narrow dimension.
where V = 2b. The imaginary part of this is the aperture susceptance
B
a
.
B
a
=
16a

g
Z
0

n=1
sin
2
_
nb
2(b +W)
_
cos
2
_
n
2
_
_
nb
b +W
_
2

_
n
2

_
4(b +W)

g
_
2
(40)
3.2. Evaluation of Circuit Parameters of Equivalent Circuit
for Step Discontinuities at Both Broad and Narrow
Dimension
Consider the waveguide junction as shown in Figure 4. Let junction is
at z = 0. Waveguide of dimension 2a 2b extends upto z = and
waveguide of dimension 2(a +W
1
) 2(b +W) extends upto z = + .
The dimensions are such that only dominant mode can propagate
in each section. Let there be an incident wave from z direction.
Following similar procedure as described earlier it can be shown:
n
2
=
16(a +W
1
)
3
ab

2
(b +W)W
2
1
(2a +W
1
)
2
cos
2
a
2(a +W
1
)
(41)
B =
2B
a
b
a
(42)
B
a
=

m=1

n=0
4a
2

2
_
k
2

_
m
2(a +W
1
)
_
2
_
(b +W)
n
2

6
b
2
(a +W
1
)
_

_
1
1
_
ma
a+W
1
_
2
_

_
2
228 Dwari, Chakraborty, and Sanyal
Figure 5. Cross section of waveguide junction for step discontinuity
at narrow dimension.
sin
2
_
m
2
_
cos
2
_
n
2
_
cos
2
_
ma
2(a +W
1
)
_
sin
2
_
nb
2(b +W)
_

_
m
2(a +W
1
)
_
2
+
_
n
2(b +W)
_
2
1
(43)
4. REFLECTION COEFFICIENT FOR STEP
DISCONTINUITIES BY METHOD OF MOMENT
Method of moment can be used for the analysis of waveguide
discontinuities. Evaluation of reection coecient using moment
method for step discontinuities (1) in narrow dimension only and (2)
in both narrow & broad dimension are as follows:
4.1. Reection Coecient for Step Discontinuities in
Narrow Dimension by Method of Moment
Consider the waveguide junction as shown in Figure 5. Let junction
is at z = 0. Waveguide of dimension 2a 2b
1
extends up to z =
and waveguide of dimension 2a 2b
2
extends upto z = + . It is
assumed that b
2
> b
1
. The dimensions are such that only dominant
mode can propagate in each section. Let there be an incident wave
from z direction. In the present analysis, the following assumptions
are made:
the x component of the electric eld at the plane of the aperture
is ignored;
only the x component of the magnetic eld at the aperture plane
is considered;
the excitation in the feed waveguide is TE
10
dominant wave
with the incident electric eld y-directed and uniform in the
same direction, the assumption of uniform y-directed electric
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 64, 2006 229
eld having no component in the x-direction follows as a natural
consequence;
the electric eld E
y
in the aperture is assumed to vary only in the
x-direction and is constant in the y-direction.
At the region of window the tangential component of the magnetic
eld on both sides should be identical. In this analysis two sources
producing these elds the source in the waveguide exciting the
TE
10
mode and the magnetic current source at the discontinuity are
considered. Using the principle of superposition, the x components of
the magnetic eld at the plane of discontinuity are derived.
When aperture is shortened (no magnetic current source) the x
component of magnetic elds are denoted by H
I/1
x
and H
II/1
x
on guides
with narrow dimensions 2b
1
& 2b
2
respectively.
When the generator is shortened the x component of magnetic
elds are denoted by H
I/2
x
and H
II/2
x
on guides with narrow dimensions
2b
1
& 2b
2
respectively.
At the plane of discontinuity using principle of superposition it is
possible to write
H
I/1
x
+H
I/2
x
= H
II/1
x
+H
II/2
x
(44)
Electric eld at plane of discontinuity is considered as

E
dis
= u
y
M

p=1
E

p
e

p
, p = 1, 2, . . . . . . , M. (45)
Where basis function e

p
, (p = 1, 2, . . . . . . , M) are dened by
e

p
=
_
_
_
sin
p(x +a)
2a
,
a < x < a
b
1
< y < b
1
0, otherwise
(46)
As in [6] internally scattered electric eld is given by

E
scat
=

m

n
V
e
mn
e
e
mn
+V
m
mn
e
m
mn
(47)
Magnetic elds are related to the electric elds as follows:
H
e
x
= Y
e
mn1
E
e
y
H
m
x
= Y
m
mn1
E
m
y
_
for wave propagating in z direction. (48)
H
e
x
= Y
e
mn2
E
e
y
H
m
x
= Y
m
mn2
E
m
y
_
for wave propagating in +z direction. (49)
230 Dwari, Chakraborty, and Sanyal
Where Y
e
mn1
& Y
m
mn1
are the characteristic admittances of TE
mn
&
TM
mn
modes for the waveguide of z direction Y
e
mn2
& Y
m
mn2
are the
characteristic admittances of TE
mn
& TM
mn
modes for the waveguide
of +z direction.
For waveguide of z direction modal vectors are given by
e
e
mn
=
1

ab
1

n
(mb
1
)
2
+ (na)
2
_
u
x
_
n
2b
1
_
cos
_
m
2a
(x +a)
_
sin
_
n
2b
1
(y +b
1
)
_
u
y
_
m
2a
_
sin
_
m
2a
(x +a)
_
cos
_
n
2b
1
(y +b
1
)
__
(50)
e
m
mn
=
2

ab
1
(mb
1
)
2
+ (na)
2
_
u
x
_
m
2a
_
cos
_
m
2a
(x +a)
_
sin
_
n
2b
1
(y +b
1
)
_
+ u
y
_
n
2b
1
_
sin
_
m
2a
(x +a)
_
cos
_
n
2b
1
(y +b
1
)
__
(51)
Similarly for waveguide of +z direction modal vectors are given by
e
e
mn
=
1

ab
2

n
(mb
2
)
2
+ (na)
2
_
u
x
_
n
2b
2
_
cos
_
m
2a
(x +a)
_
sin
_
n
2b
2
(y +b
2
)
_
u
y
_
m
2a
_
sin
_
m
2a
(x +a)
_
cos
_
n
2b
2
(y +b
2
)
__
(52)
e
m
mn
=
2

ab
2
(mb
2
)
2
+ (na)
2
_
u
x
_
m
2a
_
cos
_
m
2a
(x +a)
_
sin
_
n
2b
2
(y +b
2
)
_
+ u
y
_
n
2b
2
_
sin
_
m
2a
(x +a)
_
cos
_
n
2b
2
(y +b
2
)
__
(53)
where
m
,
n
are the Neumanns number satisfying

i
=
_
1 for i = 0
2 otherwise
(54)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 64, 2006 231
Following [6] modal voltages of waveguide of z direction are given by
V
e
mn
=
_
aperture
_

E
dis
e
e
mn
ds
=
mb
1
sin(n)
n

ab
1

n
(mb
1
)
2
+(na)
2
M

p=1
E

p
_
sin(p+m)
(p+m)

sin(pm)
(pm)
_
(55)
V
m
mn
=
_
aperture
_

E
dis
e
m
mn
ds
=
2a sin(n)

ab
1
(mb
1
)
2
+(na)
2
M

p=1
E

p
_
sin(p+m)
(p+m)

sin(pm)
(pm)
_
(56)
Similarly modal voltages of waveguide of +z direction are given by
V
e
mn
=
mb
2
n

ab
2

n
(mb
2
)
2
+ (na)
2
M

p=1
E

p
_
sin(p +m)
(p +m)

sin(p m)
(p m)
_

_
sin
n(b
2
+b
1
)
2b
2
sin
n(b
2
b
1
)
2b
2
_
(57)
V
m
mn
=
2a

ab
2
(mb
2
)
2
+ (na)
2
M

p=1
E

p
_
sin(p +m)
(p +m)

sin(p m)
(p m)
_

_
sin
n(b
2
+b
1
)
2b
2
sin
n(b
2
b
1
)
2b
2
_
(58)
Now
H
I/1
x
= 2H
inc
x
= 2Y
0
cos
x
2a
(59)
Where H
inc
x
is the x component of magnetic eld due to incident TE
10
mode and Y
0
is the characteristic admittance of the line due to TE
10
mode.
Now
H
II/1
x
= 0 (60)
H
I/2
x
=

n
M

p=1
E

p
[sinc(p +m)sinc(pm)]
_
ab
1
(mb
1
)
2
+(na)
2
_
(sinc(n))
_
m
2
b
1

n
Y
e
mn1
2a
+
2n
2
a
b
1
Y
m
mn1
_
232 Dwari, Chakraborty, and Sanyal
sin
_
m
2a
(x +a)
_
cos
_
n
2b
1
(y +b
1
)
_
(61)
H
II/2
x
=

m

n
M

p=1
E

p
[sinc(p+m)sinc(pm)]
_
ab
2
(mb
2
)
2
+(na)
2
_

_
1
n
_
_
m
2
b
2

n
Y
e
mn2
2a
+
2n
2
a
b
2
Y
m
mn2
_

_
sin
n(b
2
+b
1
)
2b
2
sin
n(b
2
b
1
)
2b
2
_
sin
_
m
2a
(x +a)
_
cos
_
n
2b
2
(y +b
2
)
_
(62)
Therefore continuity equation will be
H
I/1
x
+H
I/2
x
= H
II/2
x
(63)
The weighting function W
q
is selected to be the same form as the basis
function.
W
q
=
_
_
_
sin
q(x +a)
2a
,
a < x < a
b
1
< y < b
1
0, otherwise
(64)
where q = 1, 2, . . . . . . , M.
Inner multiplication is dened as
< H, W
q
>=
_
Aperture at discontinuity
_
H W
q
dxdy (65)
So _
H
I/1
x
, W
q
_
+
_
H
I/2
x
, W
q
_
=
_
H
II/2
x
, W
q
_
(66)
or
L
1
+L
2
= L
3
(67)
Therefore
L
1
=
4Y
0
ab
1

_
1
q + 1
cos

2
(2q + 1) +
1
q 1
cos

2
(2q 1)
_
(68)
L
2
= 2
M

p=1
E

p
_

n
_
m
2
b
1

n
Y
e
mn1
2a
+
2n
2
aY
m
mn1
b
1
_

_
a
2
b
2
1
(mb
1
)
2
+(na)
2
_
(sin(n))
2
[sinc(p +m)sinc(p m)]
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 64, 2006 233
[sinc(q +m) sinc(q m)]] (69)
L
3
= 2
M

p=1
E

p
_

n
_
m
2
b
2

n
Y
m
mn2
2a
+
2n
2
aY
m
mn2
b
2
_

_
a
2
b
2
2
(mb
2
)
2
+ (na)
2
_
_
1
n
_
2
_
sin
n(b
2
+b
1
)
2b
2
sin
n(b
2
b
1
)
2b
2
_
2
[sinc(p+m)sinc(pm)] [sinc(q+m)sinc(qm)]
_
(70)
To solve the unknown coecients E

p
(p = 1, 2, . . . . . . , M), Equation
(67) can be written in the matrix form for all p and q as below:
[A
1
] + [A
2
]
_
E

p
_
= [A
3
]
_
E

p
_
(71)
or,
_
E

p
_
= {[A
3
] [A
2
]}
1
[A
1
] (72)
E
i
= Incident electric eld = cos
x
2a
(73)
E
R
= Reected electric eld
= cos
x
2a

M

p=1
E

p
[sinc(p + 1) sinc(p 1)] sin
(x+a)
2a
(74)
Reection coecient is given by

1
= 1
M

p=1
E

p
[sinc(p + 1) sinc(p 1)] (75)
Similarly if there be an incident wave from +z direction then
E
i
= Incident electric eld = cos
x
2a
(76)
E
R
= Reected electric eld
= cos
x
2a

b
1
b
2
M

p=1
E

p
[sinc(p+1) sinc(p1)] sin
(x+a)
2a
(77)
234 Dwari, Chakraborty, and Sanyal
Figure 6. Cross section of waveguide junction for step discontinuity
at both broad and narrow dimension.
Reection coecient is given by

2
= 1
b
1
b
2
M

p=1
E

p
[sinc(p + 1) sinc(p 1)] (78)
4.2. Reection Coecient for Step Discontinuities at Both
Broad and Narrow Dimension by Method of Moment
Consider the waveguide junction as shown in Figure 6. Let junction is
at z = 0. Waveguide of dimension 2a
1
2b
1
extends up to z =
and waveguide of dimension 2a
2
2b
2
extends upto z = + . It is
considered that a
1
> a
2
and b
2
> b
1
. The dimensions are such that
only dominant mode can propagate in each section. Following similar
procedure as described in previous section it can be shown:
If there be an incident wave from z direction then reection
coecient:

1
= 1
a
2
a
1
M

p=1
E

p
_
cos
(p + 1)
2
sinc
(pa
1
+a
2
)
2a
1
cos
(p 1)
2
sinc
(pa
1
a
2
)
2a
1
_
(79)
If there be an incident wave from +z direction then reection
coecient:

2
= 1
b
1
b
2
M

p=1
E

p
[sinc(p + 1) sinc(p 1)] (80)
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 64, 2006 235
Figure 7. VSWR versus number of sections for tapering in narrow
dimensions.
5. RESULTS
From nal transmission matrix of taper waveguide reection co-
ecient and the VSWR are calculated. For tapering in narrow
dimension considering 2a
0
= 5.81 cm, 2b
0
= 1.20 cm, 2a
1
= 5.81 cm,
2b
1
= 2.91 cm, f = 3.96 GHz, and L = 4 cm, VSWR is plotted
against number of sections N in Figure 7 using equivalent circuit
representation of step discontinuities. For large number of sections
VSWR is converged. In convergence region the plot of VSWR with
taper length is shown in Figure 8 along with previously published
results.
Calculating reection coecient of step discontinuities by moment
method, for tapering in narrow dimension with same dimensional
parameter as above, the plot of VSWR against length is shown
in Figure 9 along with previously published results. Similarly for
tapering in both dimension with 2a
0
= 0.90 inch, 2b
0
= 0.40 inch,
2a
1
= 0.75 inch, 2b
1
= 0.60 inch, f = 8.7 GHz and L = 2.85 inch,
VSWR is plotted against number of sections N in Figure 10 using
equivalent circuit representation of step discontinuities. In convergence
region the plot of VSWR with frequency is shown in Figure 11 along
with previously published results.
Calculating reection coecient of step discontinuities by moment
method, for double taper section with same dimensional parameter as
above, the plot of VSWR against frequency is shown in Figure 12 along
with previously published results.
236 Dwari, Chakraborty, and Sanyal
Figure 8. VSWR versus taper length of a taper at a xed
frequency of 3.96 GHz. A- Theoretical curve by Johnsons [3] method.
B- Theoretical curve by chakraborty & Sanyals [1] method. C-
Experimental points as reported by Matsumaru [2]. D- By equivalent
circuit.
Figure 9. VSWR versus taper length of a taper at a xed
frequency of 3.96 GHz. A- Theoretical curve by Johnsons [3] method.
B- Theoretical curve by chakraborty & Sanyals [1] method. C-
Experimental points as reported by Matsumaru [2]. D- By moment
circuit.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 64, 2006 237
Figure 10. VSWR versus number of sections for double taper section.
Figure 11. VSWR versus frequency for a linear double taper. A-
Theoretical curve by Johnsons [3] method. B- Theoretical curve
by chakraborty & Sanyals [1] method. C- Experimental points as
reported by Johnson [3]. D- By equivalent circuit.
Figure 12. VSWR versus frequency for a linear double taper. A-
Theoretical curve by Johnsons [3] method. B- Theoretical curve
by chakraborty & Sanyals [1] method. C- Experimental points as
reported by Johnson [3]. D- By moment circuit.
238 Dwari, Chakraborty, and Sanyal
6. CONCLUSION
The results obtained in the presented methods are to be in good
agreement with results of [1, 2] and [3]. Here it is assumed that only
TE
10
mode is propagating along the tapered line. Even if other modes
are generated they are not supported by the structure.
REFERENCES
1. Chakraborty, A. and G. S. Sanyal, Transmission matrix of a
linear double taper in rectangular waveguides, IEEE Trans.
Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-28, No. 6, 577579, Jun. 1980.
2. Matsumaru, K., Reection coecient of E-plane tapered
waveguides, IRE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-6,
143149, Apr. 1958.
3. Johnson, R. C., Design of linear double tapers in rectangular
waveguides, IRE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-7,
374378, July 1959.
4. Ghosh, R. N., Microwave Circuit Theory and Analysis, Ch. 12,
352355, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963.
5. Mallick, A. K. and G. S. Sanyal, Electromagnatic wave
propagation in a rectangular waveguide with sinusoidally varying
width, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., Vol. MTT-26, 243
249, Apr. 1978.
6. Harrington, R. F., Time Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields,
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961.