ELECTROMOTION 2009 EPE Chapter Electric Drives Joint Symposium, 1-3 July 2009, Lille, France

Analytical and Numerical Development of the Electromagnetic Interference Between a High-Voltage Power Line and a Metallic Underground Pipeline
D.D. Micu, A. Ceclan, Laura Darabant and Denisa te
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Abstract The accurate calculation of the current densities and voltages induced in layered soil by a high-voltage (HV) transmission line in normal conditions (in the same right-of-way with a metallic underground pipeline) is one of the most important step for the study of the electromagnetic interference between transmission lines and underground metallic structures. The purpose, of the present paper is to examine the influence that soil layers (with different resistivities) have on the induced current densities levels and induced voltages in a metallic pipeline due to the presence of a nearby power line. New analytical formulas for the induced currents densities in the twolayer earth case are derived. The determined formulas contain semi-infinite integral terms, which are calculated by a novel stable and efficient numerical integration scheme in order to overcome the problems arising from the oscillating form of the infinite integrals.

the induced current densities levels due to the presence of a nearby power line. New analytical formulas for the induced currents densities in the two-layer earth case are derived. The accurate calculation of the current densities induced in layered soil by a HV transmission lines in normal conditions is the first and most important step for the study of the electromagnetic interference between transmission lines and underground metallic structures (i.e. metallic gas pipeline). [6] However, there is still lack of analytic clear formulations for the case of the current densities induced in multi-layered soil. The determined formulas contain semi-infinite integral terms which are calculated by a novel stable and efficient numerical integration scheme in order to overcome the problems arising from the oscillating form of the infinite integrals. II. ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF THE INDUCED CURRENT DENSITIES IN LAYERED SOIL A. Electromagnetic model The medium is considered linear, homogenous, and isotropic and the problem is to find the analytic expression of the magnetic vector potential, induced current density and power losses in D domain. We assume that i = I 2 sin ( t ), I = I . The angular frequency is considered sufficiently low to assuming the cvasistationary magnetic regime to could neglect the displacement current. [7] Using Maxwell equations for a cquasistationary magnetic regime we obtain the linear diffusion equation: A grad divA A = 0 0 V t

I. INTRODUCTION Solving problems that involve power systems electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic interference, and grounding tend to be a complex issue, because many interrelations between them exist. Almost any attempt to simulate problems involving current circulating outside phase conductors or induced currents by inductive effects (in soil, neutral ground wires, metallic pipelines) should take into account many aspects regarding the electromagnetic interferences and electromagnetic fields. [1], [2] There are a number of compatibility problems, which must be carefully considered before a decision can be made to share new or existing rights of way. The eddy currents induced in the neighborhood of the AC systems in the soil lead to important supplementary power looses. We cant neglect the apparition of field currents in the soil (considered a dissipative medium) and in this way we must study the current diffusion in soil in cquasistationary regime. [3], [4] The soil structure is an important parameter that affects the level of this interference problems. In this paper, the influence of a soil structure composed of two layers with different resistivities, both horizontally, on the inductive part of this interference is investigated. In practice, ground is composed of several layers with different resistivities. The results of the parametric analysis performed in [5] showed that the inductive interference levels are also influenced by the soil structure. The purpose, of the present paper is to examine the level of influence that soil layers with different resistivities, have on

In the above relation we use the Lorentz etalonating condition div A = 0 V , and we obtain a Helmholtz equation:

A = 0 A t A = j 0 A . Taking into account the symmetry of the problem A = A(x, y ) k we rewrite the above relation A = j 0 A ; 1 It is denoted: = j 0 = (1 + j); = = f 0 (the inverse of the skin depth) so finally we obtain a tipical Helmholtz type equation A = 2 A .

978-1-4244-5152-4/09/$26.00 2009 IEEE

2 For D1 domain y [h1 ,0] , 1 = j 01 we obtain:

A1 (x, y ) = C11 (m ) e 0
2 m 2 + 1 y

+ C 21 (m ) e

2 2 m + 1 y cos

(mx )dm

i=i(t) D0 h O D1 D2 h1 0, 1, 0 0, 2, 0
Fig. 1. The 2D model of the studied problem

For D2 domain y (,h1 ) , 2 2 = j 0 2 we obtain:

0, 0=0, 0 x
A 2 (x, y ) = C12 (m ) e 0 m2 + 2 2 y

+ C 22 (m ) e

2 2 m +2 y cos

(mx )dm

From B xi (x, y ) =

A i (x , y ) A i (x, y ) , B yi (x , y ) = we have: x y
m 2 + i2 y

B xi (x , y ) = C1i (m )e 0

C 2i (m )e

m2 + 2 y i

m 2 + i2 cos(mx )dm

Considering D0 domain between 0 and h0 and eventually the domain above the wire but not for very high values of y, D1 domain between y=0 and y=-h1 planes and D2 domain for y (,h 1 ) , the equations are:
A = 0 2 A = 1 A 2 A = 2 A

B yi (x , y ) = C1i (m )e 0

m 2 + i2 y

+ C 2i (m )e

m2 + 2 y i m sin

(mx ) dm

2 = j 0 1 D1 1 2 2 2 0

( D (

D 0 ( 0 = 0)

) = j )
2

B. Mathematical model solver

C 22 (m ) = 0 . The components Bx0, By0 are given through wire superposition and by the semi-space current. For y [0, h ] and for x fixed, if y increase (between 0 and h) the component due to the wire increase and the other component accordingly with the semi-space decrease. Considering only the conductor without the influence of the semi space (if the semi-space doesnt exist), with the known formulas we obtain:

C. Theoretical method for constant determinations At y , the magnetic field is zero, so the constant

We applied for resolving the Helmholz equation A = 2 A the method of variable separation, and after that we could particularize solution for the three domains. So the equation
2 A 2 A + 2 = 2 A aresolved using the method of variable x 2 y separation, A = P(x ) Q(y ) , where P(x) and Q(y) are complex functions. The complex equation becomes: 2 P(x ) 2 Q (y ) + P(x ) = 2 P(x )Q(y ) 2 2 x y Taking into account that: B x = A / y is an even function in x, so P(x) must be also even. The magnetic vector B projected on Ox is the same therefore Bx is an even function so Ax is even; B y = A / x is an odd function in x, also P(x). The Q (y ) convenient solutions are:
P(x ) = a sin (mx ) + b cos(mx ); Q(y ) = c e
m2 + 2 y
2 2 m + y

my C10 (m )e m cos(mx )dm 0

0 I (h y )m e cos(mx )dm 2 0

and the constant C10(m) are: 0 I e mh 2 m At the separation surface (y = 0) the normal component of the magnetic induction is conserved By 0 (x,0) = By1 (x ,0 ) and C10 (m ) =

result: C10 (m ) + C20 (m ) = C11 (m ) + C21 (m ) . At the separation surface (y = 0) the tangential component of the magnetic field intensity is conserved: 1 1 Bx 0 (x,0) = B x1 (x,0) and result: 0 0

[C10 (m ) C20 (m )] m = [C11 (m ) C 21 (m )]

2 m 2 + 1

+ de

Taking into account that P(x) must be even results that a=0, and after some mathematical manipulations we could determine the solution for the magnetic vector potential for i domain (i=0, 1, 2):
A i (x , y ) = C1i (m )e 0 m 2 + i2 y

At the separation surface between the two layers y=-h1 the normal component of the magnetic induction is conserved B y1 (x ,h1 ) = B y 2 (x,h1 ) and result:
2 2 m2 + 1 h1 m 2 + 1 h1 m2 + 2 2 h1 + C 21 (m ) e C11 (m ) e = C12 (m ) e The constant C22(m)=0 for any value of m, and for
2 y , e , which is not possible. At the separation surface between the two layers y=-h1 the tangential component of the magnetic field intensity is 1 1 B x1 (x, h1 ) = B x 2 (x,h1 ) and we obtain: conserved 0 0

+ C 2i (m )e

2 2 m + i y cos

(mx )dm

m2 + 2 y

where i2 = j 0 i , with 0 = 0 . For D0 domain above Ox axe 0 = 0 we obtain: A 0 (x, y ) =

[C10 (m ) e

m y

+ C 20 (m ) e m y cos(mx ) dm

C11 (m )e

2 h1 m 2 + 1

C 21 (m )e

2 h1 m 2 + 1

2 2 m + 1 = C12 (m )e

m2 + 2 2 h1

m2 + 2 2

We obtain the relation between constants: 2 2 1 + C (m ) 1 1 + 1 2 C10 (m ) = C11 (m ) 1 1 + + 21 m2 m2 Solving the system of the above equations we obtain 2 m2 + 2 m 2 + 1 h1 m2 +2 2 2 h1 2 C11 (m ) e 1 = C12 (m ) e + 2 m 2 + 1 2 2 2 m + 2 m 2 + 1 h1 m2 +2 2 h1 2 C 21 (m ) e 1 = C12 (m ) e 2 m 2 + 1 Substituting the C11(m) and C21(m) in C10(m) and denoting k2 k2 (k1 k 2 )h1 = e (k 1 + k 2 ) h 1 , 1 k , =e 1 + k 1 1
k1 =
2 m 2 + 1 , k2 =

The fraction between the two induced current densities in each layer is
J 2 (x , y 2 ) J 1 (x , y1 ) e 1 2
m2 + 2 y 1 1

+e

2 2 m + 1 y 2

m2 + 2 y 2 2 2 e

k k1y1 e + e (k1 + k 2 )h1 e (k1 k 2 )h1 1+ 2 k1 1 = 2 2 e k 2 y 2

k 2 k1y1 1 k e 1

Rewriting the fraction taking into account the notations for k1 and k2 and considering y1 = h1 / 2 and y 2 = 2h1 , after some mathematical manipulations we obtain:
J1 (x, y1 ) J 2 (x, y 2 ) k 2 k1 21 k 2 k1 21 (k1 + k 2 )h1 e(k1 k 2 )h1 1 e e 1 + + k e k1 1 = 1 2 2 e 2 k 2 h1
h h

m2 + 2 2 we obtain the constants:

C10 (m ) = C 20 (m ) =

0 I e mh ; C 22 (m ) = 0 2m I e mh = 0 + m + Ie = 0 + m
mh

1 k 2 h1 k h k k h e ch 1 1 + 2 sh 1 1 2 2 k1 2

C11 (m ) = 2 C10 (m ) C 21 (m ) = 2 C10 (m ) C12 (m ) = 4 C10 (m )

The so:

expressions

for

the

constants

k1

and

k2

are

2 k 1 = m 2 + 1 = m 2 + j 0 1

and 0 1 = 4 210 5 1 ,

2 0 I e 1 1 = + m + For D0 domain the expression of magnetic vector potential is: I e mh my A 0 (x, y ) = 0 e + e my cos(mx ) dm 2m 0 For D1 and D2 domains the expressions of the magnetic vector potential are:

mh

2 2 2 2 k1 = 4 m 4 + 2 0 1 = 4 m 4 + 16 410 10 1 4 m 4 + 16 10 8 1 m

1 100 [m], 2 1000 [m] . So k1 m k 2 , k1 = m 2 (cos + j sin ), tan () = 4 2105 1 / m 2 0 , the fraction becomes:

A1 (x, y) =

0 I e mh m 0

m 2 + 2 m 2 + 2 h 1 2 1 1+

m 2 + 12 y m2 + 2 2 +e e 2 m 2 + 1 m 2 + 2 m 2 + 2 h m2 + 2 1 2 1 2 1 + e +e 2 m 2 + 1

2 m2 + 2 m 2 + 1 2 h 1 1

2 m 2 + 1

m2 + 2 2 e 2 2 m + 1 2 2 m + 2 h 1 m2 + 2 2 1 2 m 2 + 1

2 m 2 + 1 y

cos(mx)dm

m2 + 2 2 1 + 2 2 m + 1 D. Analytical expressions of the induced current densities in each layer

m 2 + 2 m 2 + 2 h 1 2 1 e

2 0 I e mh A 2 (x , y ) = m 0

m 2 + 2 y 2

+e

2 m 2 + 1 m2 +2 2 h 1

m2 + 2 2 2 m 2 + 1
mh 1 e 2

cos (mx ) dm

Taking into account the above expressions for the magnetic vector potential after the substitution of the constants and the relation between the magnetic vector potential and the induced A i (x, y ) , we obtain the current density J i (x, y ) = i t induced current densities in the two-earth layers:
J1 (x , y ) =
0 0
2 2 2 2 m + 1 y m + 1 y e j 1 0 Ie mh e + m + +

J1 (x, y1 ) 1 m h 1 e J 2 (x, y 2 ) 2

1 2

3m h 1 e 2

cos (mx )dm

We conclude, from the derived approximation between the induced current densities in the two soil layers, that if the first soil layer increases in depth, the induced current density in this layer is bigger with respect to the current density induced in the following layer. III. PROPOSED NUMERICAL INTEGRATION SCHEME A choice of numerical integration may be given by the use of a family of orthogonal polynomials. These polynomials generate a Gaussian quadratic rule, according to the following

J 2 (x , y ) =

j 2 0 Ie mh 2 e + m

m 2 + 2 y 2

cos (mx ) dm

theorem: let w (x ) 0 be a weight function on the interval [a;b] , and let {k(x)} be the family of orthogonal polynomials with respect to this weight function and this interval. [8] The quadratic rule is defined by:
G n (x ) = w i ( n ) f x i ( n )
i =1 n

metallic pipeline due to the coexistence with a high voltage power grid, above the ground. The explicit integral is presented bellow: [9] dx x + x 2 + m2 We consider the evaluation of this integral at the surface level of the earth y=0 and the m coefficient depends on the value of the working frequency of the power grid, as this relation shows:
0

( )

I = e y

x 2 + m 2 x h

cos(u x )

For xi(n) the roots of n and wi(n) given by relation above: b n x x k (n ) dx w i(n ) = w (x ) k =1, k i x ( n ) x ( n ) a i k Then Gn(p) is exact for all polynomials p P2n 1 , and there exists [a ; b] such that

m= The involved function is:

j 2 f 4 10 7 50 cos(u , x )

w (x ) f (x )dx G n (f ) =
a

1 (x )dx f (2n ) ( n ) (2 n )! a
n

For all f C 2n ([a; b]) , where

k =1

x + x 2 + m2 It remains only to apply and evaluate the quadratic rule: I(u , h ) = w1 (h ) f (x1 , u ) + w 2 (h ) f (x 2 , u ) + w 3 (h ) f (x 3 , u ) + + w 41 (h ) f (x 4 , u ) For an imposed test parameter u=1,2,3, in the conditions presented up to here, regarding the weight integrals and the parameter h, a matrix of results it is achieved:
TABLE IIII NUMERICAL VALUES OF THE SEMI INFINITE INTEGRAL TEST CASE

f (x, u ) =

n (x ) = x x k (n )

We applied this theorem to construct a Gaussian quadratic rule for semi-infinite integrals of the form: I(f ) = e x f (x )dx
0

For our case, the weight function is the reduced decaying exponential w (x ) = e x , so the orthogonal polynomial family that we need to use is the Laguerre family. We choose the solutions of the fourth-order Laguerre polynomial: 1 L 4 (x ) = x 4 16 x 3 + 72 x 2 96 x + 24 24 So the Gauss points are presented in Table I.

0.868-1.681j 0.647-1.411j 0.584-1.01j

0.646-1.231j 0.531-1.036j 0.039-0.736j

0.049-0.946j 0.042-0.797j 0.029-0.565j 10-5

TABLE I NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF LAGUERRE FOURTH-ORDER POLYNOMIAL

x1 0.32254769

x2 1.74576094

x3 4.53662056

x4 9.39507082

Then, the weights are correspondingly evaluated, by the particular form of relation above: 4 x x k (4 ) w1(4 ) (h ) = e x h (4 ) x k (4 ) k =1, k i x i 0 The parameter h provides an extension in the numerical evaluation of the semi-infinite integral. These weight integrals are computed using some kind of numerical integration routine, such as the trapezoid of Simpson rule. Their values, according to the imposed parameter are exposed in Table II.

It is worthwhile to notice that the results are complex values, and their physical significance relates to mutual impedance, with the real part the resistance and the imaginary part the reactance. Another possibility of solving this improper integral may be given by the use of Monte Carlo simulations. For a random variable x having probability density function g(x), where this function has the primitive equal to 1 on the interval (0; ) , we have the identity:
e x f (x ) x dx = g(x ) e f (x )dx 0 0

Hence, to compute the semi infinite integral, we have to generate N independent random variables distributed according to a probability density function g(x). The sample mean below gives an estimate for the integral: e x f (x ) = 1 N e x i f (x i ) N i =1 g(x i )

TABLE II NUMERICAL VALUES OF THE WEIGHT INTEGRALS

It is evaluated the induced voltages in a pipeline, which runs in the same right-of-way with a 110 kV electric power line (Fig. 2). The input data of this problem are: power line and On these conditions, we may apply the explained pipeline geometrical configurations; conductor and pipeline solving procedure to the case of a semi infinite integral physical characteristics (including insulating and coating involving the evaluation of a pipeline to ground impedance [5], characteristics); environmental parameters (air characteristics, and indirectly the induced potential or current density on the soil structure and characteristics); power system terminal (or

h [m] w1 w2 w3 w4

1 0.693 0.357 0.039 0.0005

2 0.441 0.056 0.0024 -0.00019

2 0.339 -0.011 0.0055 -0.00047

IV. NUMERICAL METHODS APPLIED FOR INDUCED VOLTAGE EVALUATION

Fig. 2. The right-of-way electric power line-traction line-gas pipeline

boundary) parameters (power source voltages, equivalent source impedances) [9]. We take into account also the layered soil, with the formulas developed in the first part of the paper. The results demonstrates that is possible to obtain a precise evaluation of the solicitations if is known the resistance and the adduction current in the pipeline. After the determination in each point the potentials due to the right and left side of the line is applied the superposition method. It was measured the voltages between the pipe and soil, respectively the UAC induced along the medium pressure steel gas pipeline with 300mm diameter and 10 mm width, isolated with polyethylene in 2 layers (total 2mm) according with the EN 7335/3, posed in different type of soil and isolated by different organic layers. The pipeline length is 3450 m and has the same right-of-way (2000 m) with an electric power line 110 kV. The measured results are presented in the Table. IV:
TABLE IV PARAMETER VALUES IN THE MEASURE POINTS

Fig. 3. Induced voltages in the gas pipeline using special interpolation functions

Measured parameters 1 Soil resistivity 15 [m] UCA [Vef.] 3,054 E [VCu/CuSO4] - 0,345

Points of measures 2 3 4 18 16 14

5 17

0,689 2,124 2,855 0,174 - 0,389 - 0,360 - 0,324 - 0,384

The calculus and the program made in MathCAD with the predefined functions, help us to determine more precisely the values of the induced voltages on the entire influence zone. The values in volt of the induced voltages measured on the common corridor line-pipeline at different distances in meters, are introduced in MathCAD program. The predefined functions for the spline and linear interpolation and the interpolation algorithm are used for the induced voltage calculus in different points on the pipeline based on the measured data (Fig. 3). Is observed that the interpolation spline function with linear end conditions is more precise than the linear interpolation polynom but the created algorithm gives us the correct data if the interval of the influence zone is increasing. V. CONCLUSIONS The present paper determine the level of influence that soil layers with different resistivities, have on the induced current densities levels due to the presence of a nearby power line. New analytical formulas for the induced currents densities in the two-layer earth case are derived based on some mathematical analytical developments. The determined formulas contain semi-infinite integral terms, which are

calculated by a novel stable and efficient numerical integration scheme in order to overcome the problems arising from the oscillate form of the infinite integrals A choice of numerical integration may be given by the use of a family of orthogonal polynomials which generates a Gaussian quadratic rule. For our case we choose the weight function the reduced decaying exponential, so the orthogonal polynomial family that we need to use is the fourth-order Laguerre polynomial family. The weight integrals are computed using some kind of numerical integration routine, such as the trapezoid of Simpson rule. For an imposed test parameter, regarding the weight integrals and the parameter h, a matrix of results it is achieved. We proposed also another possibility of solving this improper integral by the use of Monte Carlo simulations. In the last part of the paper, the evaluation of the induced voltage in pipeline based on the subdivision of the zone of influence in a relatively great number of sections is presented. We take into account also the layered soil with the formulas developed in the first part of the paper. It is observed that the interpolation spline function with linear end conditions is more precise than the linear interpolation polynom but the algorithm developed in MathCad gives us the correct data if the interval of the influence zone is increasing. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are grateful to the Romanian Minister of Scientific Research and Technology for the financial support in the frame of PNII ID_1024/2007 and PC-CABDIAG 22122/2008 Research Programs. REFERENCES
[1] F. Dawalibi, Analysis of electrical interference from power lines to gas pipelines-PartI-Computation method, PWRD-4, No3, pp. 18401848, July 1989. [2] F. Latarullo, Electromagnetic Compatibility in Power Systems. AC Interference between HV lines and metallic pipelines, Mc Graw, 2002. [3] Dan D. Micu, E. Simion, D. Micu, A. Ceclan, Numerical Methods for Induced Voltage Evaluation in Electromagnetic Interference Problems, 9th International Conference, Electric Power Quality and Utilisation, Barcelona, 9-11 October 2007, IEEExplore, Compendex 10.1109/EPQU.2007.4424091, 2007. [4] ***, Guide Concerning Influence of High Voltage AC Power Systems on Metallic Pipelines, CIGRE Working Group 36.02, Canada, 1995.

[5] G.K.Papagiannis, D.A. Tsiamitros, D.P.Labridis, P.S. Dokopoulos, Direct numerical evaluation of earth return path impedances of underground cables, IEE Proc. Generation Transmission Distribution, vol. 152, No.3, pp. 321-327, 2005. [6] Dan D. Micu, E. Simion, D. Micu, A. Ceclan, L. Cret, Numerical algorithm for the accurate evaluation of the induced voltages in a pipeline, 6th International Conference on Computational Electromagnetics, Aachen, Germany, pp. 230-232, April 4-6, 2006. [7] Dan D. Micu, L. Man, D. Stet, A. Ceclan, Electromagnetic interferences between ac systems and metallic structures International

Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, ISEF2007, 13-15 September, Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 402-404, 2007. [8] J. Epperson, An introduction to numerical methods and analysis, John Wiley INC., New York, 2002. [9] Dan D. Micu, A. Ceclan, I. Lingvay, E. Simion, Numerical interpolation methods applied in electromagnetic interference problems, ICREPQ08, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, Santander, Spain, 12-14 March 2008, CD- Paper 283, 2008.