Jaunsari: A Sociolinguistic Survey

Matthews John













SIL International
2008

SIL Electronic Survey Report 2008-013, June 2008
Copyright 2008 Matthews John and SIL International. All rights reserved


2
Contents
Abstract
Preface
Maps
1 Introduction
1.1 Geography
1.2 History
1.3 People
1.4 Languages
1.5 Previous research
1.6 Purpose and goals
2 Dialect Areas
2.1 Lexical similarity
2.1.1 Procedures
2.1.2 Site selection
2.1.3 Results and analysis
2.2 Dialect intelligibility
2.2.1 Procedures
2.2.2 Site selection
2.2.3 Results and analysis
2.3 Dialect perceptions
3 Language Vitality
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Procedures
3.3 Language use, attitudes, and vitality (LUAV) results
3.3.1 Language use
3.3.2 Language attitudes
3.3.3 Language vitality
3.3.4 Observations and researchers comments
4 Bilingualism
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tested levels of bilingualism in Hindi
4.2.1 Sentence Repetition Test (SRT) procedures
4.2.2 Variables and sampling for SRT
4.2.3 Results and analysis
4.3 Self-reported Hindi bilingualism
5 Summary of Findings
5.1 Dialect areas
5.2 Language vitality
5.3 Bilingualism
6 Recommendations
6.1 Language and literature development
6.2 Literacy programmes


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Appendix A - 1
International Phonetic Alphabet
Consonants
Consonant Diacritics
Vowels
Appendix A - 2
Wordlists Lexical Similarity Counting Procedures
Appendix B
Home Town Test & Recorded Text Test
Recorded Text Testing Procedures, Scores and Responses
Subject Background Information, RTT Scoring Chart Key and Post-HTT/RTT
Questions
RTT scoring chart key:
Home Town Testing in Korwa
Subject Biodata
Home Town Test Scores
Post Home Town Test Responses
Recorded Text Testing in Maindrath
Subject Biodata
Recorded Text Test Scores
Post Recorded Text Test Responses
Appendix C
Questionnaires
Sociolinguistic Questionnaire (SLQ)
Jaunsari Questionnaire
Chapnu
Khanaad
Subject Biodata
Korwa
Subject Biodata
Maindrath (Bawar)
Subject Biodata
Questionnaire responses in Maindrath
Questionnaire responses in Maindrath (Cont..)
Questionnaire responses in Maindrath (Cont..)
Appendix D
Sentence Repetition Testing
Hindi SRT Scoring Sheet
General comments:
Specific comments:
References



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Abstract
A survey of the Jaunsari language community was undertaken to investigate the need for
mother-tongue language development and literacy programmes. The goals of the survey
were as follows:
1. Appraise the extent of dialect variation within the Jaunsari speech community,
and to determine the similarity to Sirmauri and Garhwali. Intelligibility
measurements would also be made if necessary.
2. Assess the vitality of the Jaunsari language including language use in domains of
daily life, attitudes and bilingual proficiency in Hindi.
3. Identify the geographical areas inhabited by the Jaunsari people.
Preface
India is often known as a linguistic giant in terms of the number of languages and the
number of people speaking each language. Language plays a vital role in effective
communication. Identifying various language varieties and determining their classification
is a mammoth task. The survey team hopes that the survey and this report will ultimately
benefit the cause of Jaunsaris.
This language survey among the Jaunsari people of Uttaranchal was started in
February 2004, and the fieldwork was finished in March 2004. There are many people who
facilitated the completion of this project with their sacrificial help. Even though it is
difficult to name them all, it is appropriate to name a few and their contributions. A special
thank you goes to Mr. Ruben Furtado, Director of the Society for Motivational Training
and Action (SMTA), for his hospitality and for allowing the researchers to stay at the
premises of Samta Niketan. Mr. Sultan Singh of SMTA and his family were kind to us with
their hospitality. Mr. Belam Das of SMTA helped the surveyors in moving from one village
to another and gave timely encouragement. The effort of SMTA in uplifting the Jaunsari
community is commendable and worthy of all encouragement. Without the help of Mr.
Loren Maggard, the writing of this report would not have been a success. Most of all,
special thanks go to the Jaunsari people who shared about their society and language,
answered questions patiently, participated in intelligibility testing, and provided all the
materials to enhance the work. Otherwise, this research would not have met its goals.
Heartfelt thanks and best wishes to all the Jaunsari people.
A dream that started taking shape during the survey is for the Jaunsari people to be
using materials developed in their mother tongue. It is believed this will lead to overall
development and ultimately to the peoples making great strides toward a bright future.
This survey project is only an attempt to gain some insights into the prospects in
sociological and linguistic areas. The conclusions in this report are derived from prior
library study and field research and observations. Even so, this report should prove to be
helpful to those who plan to work among the Jaunsaris. This study may have many
shortcomings; all suggestions and corrections in this regard are welcome. It is an honour to
be part of this survey, and it is our heartfelt desire that this study will benefit the Jaunsari
community.



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1 Introduction
1.1 Geography
The mountainous Jaunsar-Bawar region of Dehradun district in Uttaranchal state is
the abode of the Jaunsari people (see map 1). They are particularly concentrated
throughout Chakrata tahsil
1
with smaller numbers in surrounding tahsils (see map 2).
Their villages are generally located near rivers or springs. There are a number of
towering peaks in the region with an elevation of more than 1,500 meters. Kharamba is
the highest peak standing at 3,084 meters. The boundary of Jaunsar-Bawar region is
generally determined by the river Yamuna on the east and by the river Tons in the west.
There are few roads and few buses or other motor vehicles in this mountainous area.
Horse and mule trains are the usual form of transport, carrying everything from human
passengers to sacks of potatoes and tins of ghee, which the Jaunsaris produce in fairly
large quantities. It can be said of the area that it is devoid of artificiality, and one can
move in perfect calm and in a pollution-free atmosphere.
1.2 History
The Jaunsari community traces its origin to the Pandavas of Mahabharat fame. The
five Pandava brothers had one wife. Traditionally, the Jaunsari have followed the custom
of brothers sharing wives. The Jaunsaris have practised polyandry, where one woman
will have more than one husband. Some anthropologists assert that the Jaunsaris are the
last surviving pure descendants of the Aryans. Polyandry and polygamy are not the only
facets of the colourful lifestyle of the Jaunsaristheir dances, ways of worship, and
marriage costumes all add meaning to their way of living.
2

1.3 People
According to the 1991 Census of India, the population of Jaunsari people is 96,995.
Among the Jaunsari people, there are various castes, such as the Brahmin, Rajput, and
Khass, who enjoy a high social status. The indigenous Kolta caste occupies the lowest
position in the local socio-religious hierarchy. The Koltas are the main service caste, and
Khasa Brahmins and Rajputs are the main cultivators. The Jaunsari live in extended
families in villages that consist of loosely grouped homes surrounded by farmlands. In
1967 the Government of India recognised the Jaunsari as a Scheduled Tribe.
The main occupation of the Jaunsari is agriculture, which they supplement by raising
buffaloes, cows, goats, and sheep. Their principal crops are potatoes and rice, and a
variety of other vegetables are also grown. Fertiliser is used, as well as a system of plot
rotation in which the ground is allowed to lie fallow. Wet rice cultivation is done during
the monsoon season. Dry rice, maize, millet, and wheat are raised on the drier land. The
villagers live on a simple diet of milk, lentils, a few vegetables, some fruit, and
occasionally meat.

1
A tahsil is a subdivision of a district.
2
www.Indiaprofile.com/lifestyle/jaunsar,bawar/htm


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The Jaunsaris make their houses out of wood, bricks, and stones, with slate, wood,
and thatch roofing. Doors, windows, and doorframes are often ornately carved and
painted. The houses are rectangular in shape and many have two stories, with the people
living on the upper floor and the animals roaming freely on the ground floor. Their farms
are located somewhat away from the villages.
The object of the Jaunsaris worship is the goddess Mahasu, as well as the Pandavas
and their mother Kunti. Their pilgrimage centre is a place called Lakhamandal. Following
the Hindu calendar, on the fourteenth of the first month of the new year, each family
slaughters a goat and sprinkles its blood on the doorposts. They believe that if they do
this evil spirits will not trouble them.
Unlike in most other parts of India, the birth of a baby girl is greeted with joy in
Jaunsar. When she has grown up and is deemed fit by the village elders to marry
usually at fifteen or sixteenthere will be no burdensome dowry that has to be given to
the bridegroom or his family. Instead, it is the boys family which will pay an agreed,
furiously negotiated bride price to the girls family before the wedding ceremony takes
place. The bride is carried to her new village on the shoulders of the bridegroom or one of
his relatives.
3

In olden days most transactions in Jaunsar villages were conducted through barter
the tailor, for instance, was paid two baskets of rice and a small basket of apples (in
season) for stitching the long, flowing, knee-length shirt and tight pyjamas that most
Jaunsaris wear. Jaunsari society is said to be free of violent incidents like murder and
thievery (Chakraborty 1994).
1.4 Languages
The linguistic affiliation of Jaunsari is classified as Indo-European, Indo-Iranian,
Indo-Aryan, Northern zone, Western Pahari (Grimes 2000:442). Grierson, in his studies,
also classified Jaunsari as a separate language in the western Pahari branch. Jaunsari is
bordered by Garhwali, Sirmauri, and Jaunpuri (Grimes 2000:442). Hindi is spoken
mainly in the district headquarters and other towns. The literacy rate for the Dehradun
district (which contains the state capital) according to the 2001 census is 79 percent, but
the literacy rate for Chakrata tahsil is only 26 percent (according to the 1991 census; the
2001 census figures for Chakrata were not available). Literacy is defined by the
government as having finished the fifth standard.
1.5 Previous research
A sociolinguistic survey similar in scope to this project was carried out in the
neighbouring Garhwali language in 2000. The Garhwali researchers also collected a few
Jaunsari wordlists in their survey, so data from that research was utilised in this survey.
Several other books that describe the Jaunsari people to some extent are as follows:
1. An Analysis of the Determinants Influencing Child Mortality in a Typical Tribal
Setting: A Case Study of Jaunsari Tribe of the Central Himalayas, by Indian Journal of
Economics (July 1995)

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www.Indiaprofile.com/lifestyle/jaunsar,bawar/htm


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2. An Explorative Study of Selected Socio-Economic and Demographic Indicators in
Tribal Society: A Case Study of Jaunsari Tribe, by Eastern Anthropologists (October
1993)
3. Family Structure and Child Survival among Tribals: A Study of Jaunsari Tribe of
U.P. Hills, by Social Changes (JuneSeptember 1993)
4. A Linguistic Study of Jaunsari, by U.S. Satish (1990)
5. Jaunsari Dictionary and Texts, by U.S. Satish.
4

1.6 Purpose and goals
The purpose of the sociolinguistic research of Jaunsari was to investigate the need
for mother-tongue language development and literacy programmes. The goals of the
survey were as follows:
Goal 1: Appraise the extent of dialect variation among Jaunsari, Sirmauri, and Garhwali
Research actions:
Determine the lexical similarity among Jaunsari varieties and among Jaunsari,
Sirmauri, and Garhwali (including the Jaunpuri variety)
If necessary, determine the intelligibility among Jaunsari varieties and among
Jaunsari, Sirmauri, and Garhwali
Tools: Wordlists and Recorded Text Testing
Goal 2: Assess the vitality of the Jaunsari language
Research actions:
Assess the language use patterns of Jaunsari in important domains of daily life
Assess attitudes of Jaunsari people towards their own variety and other varieties
Evaluate the extent of Jaunsari speakers bilingual proficiency in Hindi
Tools: Questionnaires, interviews, observation, and Hindi Sentence Repetition Test
(SRT)
Goal 3: Clearly identify the geographical areas inhabited by the Jaunsari people
Tools: Informal interviews and publications
2 Dialect Areas
2.1 Lexical similarity
One method developed for measuring the relationship among speech varieties is
comparing the phonetic similarity of their vocabularies. This is referred to as lexical
similarity. Lexical similarity research, based on comparing wordlists, can be useful in
making decisions about language development and was the main tool used to distinguish

4
Since the book was not available to the researchers the year is not given


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the relationship of Jaunsari to related languages or varieties. Informal interviews with
different people also contributed to making conclusions about Jaunsari dialects.
2.1.1 Procedures
A 210-item wordlist
5
was used in this survey. It consisted of items of basic
vocabulary which have been standardised and contextualised for use in sociolinguistic
surveys of this type in India. The wordlists were elicited in Hindi and were transcribed
using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
Each wordlist item was compared with the corresponding item on every other
wordlist to determine whether they were phonetically similar. Those words that were
judged similar were grouped together. Once the entire wordlist was evaluated, the total
number of word pair similarities was tallied. This was divided by the total number of
items compared and then multiplied by 100, giving what is called the lexical similarity
percentage.
6

This process of evaluation was carried out according to standards set forth in Blair
(1990) and facilitated through the use of a computer program called WordSurv (Wimbish
1989). This program is designed to quickly perform the counting of word pair similarities
and to calculate the lexical similarity percentage between each pair of wordlist sites. The
wordlist counting procedures used in determining lexical similarity can be seen in
Appendix A-2.
2.1.2 Site selection
A total of twelve wordlists were compared in this lexical similarity study. Six were
collected in this surveythree from the area where pure Jaunsari is reported to be
spoken, two from the northern side of the Jaunsar-Bawar region (known as Bawar), and
one from a place on the Jaunsari-Garhwal border where the variety was claimed to be the
mixture of Jaunsari and Garhwali (refer to map 3).
7
Four wordlists came from a previous
survey among Garhwali varieties (Waugh 2000), which is the language spoken to the
east. One wordlist was taken from a sociolinguistic survey in Sirmauri, spoken in
Himachal Pradesh to the west (Brightbill 2004). Finally, a standard wordlist in Hindi, the
official language of Uttaranchal, was added to the lexical similarity comparison. The
lexical similarity percentages for the twelve wordlists are shown in figure 2.1. Although
some wordlists were taken from previous surveys, the analysis of all wordlists was done
by the researchers of this project.

5
The total number of vocabulary items compared is sometimes less than 210 for some wordlists, usually
because a certain item is not familiar to the informants, the proper word cannot be obtained, or a
particular item is deemed inappropriate to elicit at a certain site.
6
For example, if, between two wordlists, a total of 207 items were compared, and 151 of these word pairs
were deemed phonetically similar, then the lexical similarity percentage would be 151 divided by 207 and
multiplied by 100. In this example, the lexical similarity percentage would be 73 percent.
7
The wordlists sites from other surveys are not included on the maps because those came from outside of
the Jaunsari area.


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2.1.3 Results and analysis
Jaunsari-Korwa
88 Jaunsari-Khanaad
88 84 Jaunsari-Chapnu
80 78 77 Jaunsari Bawari-Bhandroli
77 73 70 77 Jaunsari Bawari-Maindrath
75 77 71 70 70 Jaunsari-Garhwali mix-Lakhamandal
75 77 76 67 66 74 Jaunsari-Chakrata (previous survey)
65 62 62 53 57 62 56 Hindi
63 57 62 61 67 59 60 57 Bangani (previous survey)
63 62 60 53 54 61 58 70 56 Jaunpuri (previous survey)
58 57 56 49 53 60 54 65 56 74 Nagpuriya (previous survey)
61 61 64 60 62 58 59 58 59 55 51 Sirmauri (previous survey)
Figure 2.1. Lexical similarity percentage matrix.
The lexical similarity percentages among the Jaunsari wordlists collected on this
survey range from 7088 percent. The lexical similarity percentages of the three
wordlists (Korwa, Khanaad, and Chapnu) from the pure Jaunsari area may be
considered as one cluster, with their lexical similarity ranging between 84 percent and 88
percent.
Some of the Jaunsari people say that Bawar is a separate region, and most people say
that when one goes towards the Tiuni or Bawar side, the language gets corrupted.
According to the people, this variety is called Jaunsari-Bawari and is considered a dialect
of Jaunsari. The wordlists from this area, Bhandroli and Maindrath, show a lexical
similarity of 77 percent with each other and may be considered as another cluster. The
lexical similarity of this cluster with the previous cluster ranges from 70 percent to 80
percent.
The Bhandroli people claim that they are speaking Jaunsari and that their speech has
also been influenced by Bawari words and their way of speaking. They explained the
irony of being in neither the pure Jaunsari area nor the pure Bawar area. Maindrath, on
the other hand, lies in the proper Bawar region. The lexical similarity of the Maindrath
wordlist with the Jaunsari varieties is 7077 percent, lower than the Bhandroli
percentages with Jaunsari. Intelligibility testing shows that the people from Maindrath
can understand Jaunsari from Korwa well enough, which will be described in section 2.2.
The lexical similarity percentages of the Lakhamandal variety with all other Jaunsari
varieties are 7077 percent. Lakhamandal village is located in the Jaunsari-Garhwal
border area, so this variety is mixed with Garhwali.
The Jaunsari Chakrata wordlist from the Garhwali survey has a lexical similarity
percentage of 6677 percent with all the Jaunsari wordlists collected on this survey.


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These percentages are comparatively lower than the percentages among these Jaunsari
wordlists (7088 percent). A possible reason for these lower percentages is that the
wordlist subjects had lived in Chakrata and had moved outside the area (to Barkot,
Uttarkashi district, Uttaranchal) two years previously.
The Jaunsari varieties are comparatively less similar to Hindi, with lexical similarity
percentages of 5365 percent. The Bangani, Jaunpuri, and Nagpuriya wordlists collected
on the Garhwali survey and the Sirmauri wordlist collected on the Sirmauri survey show
4967 percent lexical similarity with all Jaunsari varieties. With Hindi, these languages
have a similarity range of 5770 percent.
2.2 Dialect intelligibility
2.2.1 Procedures
A recorded text test (RTT) is one tool to help assess the degree to which related
linguistic varieties are inherently intelligible to one another. A three to five minute
natural, personal-experience narrative is recorded on cassette from a mother tongue
speaker of the speech variety in question. It first is evaluated with a group of mother
tongue speakers from the same region by using what is called a hometown test (HTT).
Mother tongue speakers from differing speech varieties then listen to the recorded story
and are asked questions (in their mother tongue), interspersed in the story, to test their
comprehension. Subjects responses to the questions in the story are noted down and
scored. A persons score is considered a reflection of his comprehension of the text, and
the average score of all subjects at a test site is indicative of the communitys
intelligibility of the speech variety of the storys origin. The standard deviation, or
variation, of the subjects scores is also calculated, which helps in interpreting how
representative those scores are.
After answering comprehension questions about each story, the subjects are then
asked further questions, such as how much they could understand and their opinion of
how good the language was. These post-RTT responses give insight into the subjects
perceptions, which can then be compared with their performance in the test.
2.2.2 Site selection
Since there were reported differences between the speech varieties spoken in
different parts of the Jaunsar-Bawar region, and since there was insufficient clarity from
wordlists to answer our research questions,
8
intelligibility testing of pure Jaunsari was
carried out among people living in the Bawar area.
The Jaunsaris believe that their people living in Chakrata and in the region just
below Chakrata speak the purest variety of Jaunsari. A story was therefore collected from
a village, Korwa, which is eleven kilometres down from Chakrata town and is situated
along the Chakrata-Vikasnagar main road. Korwa has the highest lexical similarity with
other Jaunsari varieties.

8
According to Blair (1990), any speech varieties having above 60 percent lexical similarity indicate the
possibility of adequate comprehension, but intelligibility testing is necessary to confirm this.


15
Maindrath village lies five kilometres away from Tiuni, the main town in the Bawar
region. The Fear Story collected in Korwa was tested among people living in
Maindrath.
2.2.3 Results and analysis
The results of testing the Korwa Fear Story in Maindrath are shown in figure 2.2.
Korwa (HTT) Maindrath (RTT)
Average
100 97
Standardization
0 4.8
No. of subjects
15 15
Figure 2.2. HTT and RTT results.
The Fear Story was tested first in Korwa village as an HTT and got an average of
100 percent. This indicates that the story is representative of the speech variety in that
area and is suitable to be used for testing at other sites.
The Fear Story was tested in Maindrath among fifteen subjects and averaged 97
percent.
9
Not only did the test average indicate good understanding, but many subjects
also commented both during and after the testing that they could understand the story
well. In response to post-RTT questions, many subjects said this story is from the
Jaunsari area and it was understandable to them. The majority of the people said this
storys speech form is a little different from their own speech form, in words and the way
of speaking. The majority of the people said that the language is good and pure, and some
people said this variety was slightly mixed with Hindi. The researchers feel that, though
the Bawar variety is a little different from Jaunsari, the Bawari spoken in Maindrath
could be considered a similar variety of Jaunsari.
2.3 Dialect perceptions
Questionnaires were also used to help assess the differences in speech varieties. In
order to understand the language variety perceptions of the Jaunsari people themselves,
five questions were included in a Language Use, Attitudes, and Vitality (LUAV)
questionnaire. Out of the fifty-five Jaunsari subjects, 71 percent think their language is
very different from the neighbouring Pahari languages such as Garhwali, Sirmauri, and
Jaunpuri, as well as Hindi. Around 70 percent of the subjects said they could not
understand these languages, and only 12 percent reported they could understand any of
the languages fully. Others said they could understand a little of these languages. These
responses show the separate identity of the Jaunsari language from neighbouring
languages.
Around 80 percent of the subjects opined that pure Jaunsari language is spoken in
their own villages. The intention of asking about this was to find out the most well-
accepted speech variety in Jaunsari. When it was asked whether there are any Jaunsari

9
In this site, a separate hometown (or control) test was not developed. Since this test was similar to an
RTT, post-RTT questions were asked.


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speakers who speak differently than they, among those who answered yes, 43 percent of
them said there are little differences based on the area. Some people said speakers in the
Bawar area have some differences in their way of speaking. For the questions Is there
any difference between Jaunsari and Bawari? and How much? all people said there is
a difference between Jaunsari and Bawari varieties. Almost three-fourths of the Jaunsari
people said the two varieties have quite a bit of difference with each other. Eight of the
sixteen subjects from the Bawar area said the difference is only little. Five were of the
opinion that the two are very different.
Similar responses were found in a survey among Sirmauri speakers in the Sirmaur
district of Himachal Pradesh. Of the questionnaire subjects in the Sirmauri survey who
had met Jaunsari speakers, over 80 percent claimed to understand nothing or only a little.
Also, nearly 80 percent of subjects said that Jaunsari is very different from their own
speech.
3 Language Vitality
3.1 Introduction
An oral questionnaire was used to learn about patterns of language use, attitudes, and
resulting vitality among the Jaunsari people. A questionnaire is a series of written
questions administered verbally to a sample of the population. Since it is a series of
written questions, the same questions are used no matter how many times they are asked.
Questionnaires can help gather information about such topics as:
how people feel about their own language;
what languages they use and when and where;
if subjects feel their language will continue to be spoken in the future; and
issues about the use of written materials.
Language use is the study of what people do with the language, and how, when,
where, and why they do it. A study of language use seeks to describe the choices that
people make about what speech varieties to use in particular situations (Blair 1990).
Language attitudes are the ways in which a person or community perceives the
relevance and status of their language, often reflecting their attitudes about themselves
relative to other groups. Language attitudes play a key role in language maintenance,
shift, and death (Fasold 1984). A study of language attitudes is an attempt to find out
about the diversity and intensity of attitudes that members of a language group share
concerning their own language and other languages (Grimes 1995). Ultimately these
views, whether explicit or unexpressed, will influence the results of efforts towards
literacy and the acceptability of literature development.
Languages do not live or die at all....The fortunes of languages are bound up with
those of its users, and if languages decline or die it is simply because the circumstances
of their speakers have altered (Edwards 1985:49). Language vitality refers to the
prospects for a language to continue to be spoken and passed on to succeeding
generations. It is a reflection of the overall strength of a language, its perceived
usefulness in a wide variety of situations, and its likelihood of enduring through the


17
coming generations. This is directly influenced by language use and attitudes and is
difficult to predict.
3.2 Procedures
A total of fifty-five subjects from four different villages (shown on map 4) responded
to the LUAV questionnaire. Among these, sixteen were from the Bawar region. Three
sites from the Jaunsari area and one site from the Bawari area were selected. These sites
were selected to represent the geographic and population division of the Jaunsar region.
Since the population in the Bawari area is less compared with other Jaunsari areas, only
one site was selected.
The overall sample obtained for the LUAV questionnaire is shown in Figure 3.1,
divided according to the demographic categories of sex, age, and education. The sample
has roughly equal percentages of male and female, young and old, and educated and
uneducated.
10
It was deemed impractical to use random sampling; thus quota sampling
was chosen. At each of the four villages, the researchers attempted to administer the
questionnaire to at least one subject representing each of the eight possible demographic
categories. This was possible for every category except old, educated females. Many
times researchers were assisted by males in the villages to get the questions translated
into Jaunsari to enable the ladies in the respective villages to understand them.
Sex Age Uneducated (04) Educated (5+) Total
Male Young
(1735)
7 8 15
27%
29 Old
(35+)
8 6 14
25%
Female Young
(1735)
9 7 16
29%
26 Old
(35+)
7 3 10
18%
Total 31 (56%) 24 (44%) 55
Figure 3.1. Sample distribution of LUAV questionnaire subjects.
3.3 Language use, attitudes, and vitality (LUAV) results
3.3.1 Language use
Questions on language use were asked as part of the LUAV questionnaire. The
domains (areas) of language use reported by the Jaunsari subjects are summarised in
figure 3.2.

10
Young refers to those subjects ages 1535, while older refers to those 36 years and above.
Uneducated refers to those subjects who have had fewer than five years of formal education, while
educated refers to those who have completed fifth standard or higher.


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Qn Domains Jaunsari/Bawari
*
Hindi Both
**

1a.
In the home
55 (100%) 0 0
1b
With village friends
54 (98%) 0 1 (2%)
1c.
At the market
19 (35%) 27 (49%) 9 (16%)
1d.
With government officials
18 (33%) 34 (62%) 3 (5%)
1e.1
With outsiders, (Jaunsari)
(Visiting the village)
41 (75%) 7 (13%) 7 (13%)
1e.2
With outsiders, (Non-
Jaunsari) (Visiting the
village)
41 (75%) 4 (7%) 10 (18%)
1f
In private prayer
53 (96%) 2 (4%) 0
1g
At festival time
54 (98%) 1 (2%) 0
1h
During work time
53 (96%) 0 2 (4%)
*Most of the Bawari people responded with the name Bawari for questions in the LUAV questionnaire.
**Jaunsari/Bawari and Hindi
Figure 3.2. Domains of language use.
Almost all of the subjects said that they use the Jaunsari/Bawari language in the
home, with friends in their village, in private prayer, at festival times, and with workers.
It is interesting to note that with outsiders who visit their villages, whether Jaunsari or
non-Jaunsari, 75 percent of the respondents chose to speak in their mother tongue with
these people. The choice is in favour of Hindi in the domains where Jaunsaris need to go
out of their villages and communicate with other people. Forty-nine percent said they
speak Hindi at the market, and 62 percent said they speak Hindi with government
officials. Even in these two domains, about one-third of the subjects said they speak
Jaunsari, with a small percentage of people saying they use both Jaunsari and Hindi. The
usage of the mother tongue is visible in most of the domains questioned, which indicates
that use of the Jaunsari language is high.
Two additional questions were asked on the topic of language use. In response to
What language do your children use when talking to their friends? most of the people
(80 percent) stated that their children are using Jaunsari.
For the question, What language do you use when you speak with a Sirmauri/Pahari
person? almost a quarter of the subjects said they use Jaunsari, and half of the people
said they speak in Hindi. The subjects commented that since they and other Pahari people
cannot understand each others language, Hindi (or for some, a mixture of Hindi and
Jaunsari) is the last resort for communication with one another.
3.3.2 Language attitudes
Questions were included on the LUAV questionnaire to help in the assessment of
language attitudes among Jaunsari speakers. The results in this section are summarised
for the fifty-five subjects who belong to the Jaunsari-Bawari group.
Every questionnaire subject believed that young people speak Jaunsari/Bawari as
well as old people do. They further added there is little possibility of their own youths


19
speaking something else than their own mother tongue; even the young people who
responded to the questionnaire confirmed it. The objective of this question was to find
out peoples perception of speech change between the younger and older generations.
In order to assess the attitude of old people towards the use of Hindi among their
youths it was asked whether old people would be happy if their children spoke only
Hindi.
11
Half of the respondents said old people would be sad and the other half said old
people would be happy if only Hindi was spoken by the younger generation.
Since Hindi is prestigious and the medium of education in Uttaranchal, it was asked
which language subjects like best for speaking, education, and social development. For
speaking 87 percent answered they like their mother tongue best, and the other 13 percent
said they like Hindi. For education 72 percent of the people chose Hindi. For social
development, people from Bawar and Jaunsar had somewhat different views; while 84
percent of the Jaunsari people supported their mother tongue, only 56 percent of the
Bawari people chose their mother tongue. For the others, the choice was Hindi.
3.3.3 Language vitality
To help in assessing language vitality, a few more questions were included in the
LUAV questionnaire. Responses to these questions give some insights.
The response to the question, When the children of your community grow up and
have their own children, do you think those children will speak your Jaunsari/Bawari?,
was a big yes from almost all subjects. For them that question does not usually arise
since Jaunsari is their identity. Only three people thought that Jaunsari would not
continue to be spoken. When it was further asked, Suppose those children do not speak
Jaunsari/Bawari, is it good? 65 percent said it would not be good.
12

Marriage patterns and attitudes may affect language maintenance, so two questions
were asked on this topic. The first was whether subjects would allow their son or
daughter to marry someone who does not speak Jaunsari. (If the person was single, it was
asked, Will you marry someone who does not speak Jaunsari?) Three-fourths of the
subjects did not have any problem in giving their children to someone who does not
speak Jaunsari. For the second question, Would you allow your son or daughter to marry
someone outside of the Jaunsari tribe? only half of the people said they would allow it;
the other half had disagreement with that option. Though at least half of the subjects said
they would allow their children to marry non-Jaunsari people, when researchers went to
different villages, they noticed that those who had married outside the tribe were few.

11
For unmarried people, it was generally asked, Would your parents be happy if you spoke only Hindi?
12
For some subjects who did not understand the question, it was asked in the clarification whether it was
good that Hindi might replace Jaunsari and that only Hindi would be spoken. It could be that hearing the
term Hindi caused some subjects to think of the possibility of both Hindi and Jaunsari being used in the
future. This would explain the contrast in pro-Hindi responses between the two questions (5 percent
versus 35 percent).


20
3.3.4 Observations and researchers comments
Apart from the questionnaire, interviews and observations also helped give
understanding about the usage of Jaunsari in daily life. In each Jaunsari village visited,
the researchers talked informally with the villagers, asking their perspective and views of
their language and attempting to determine whether their responses were consistent with
responses to the questionnaire.
Since the Jaunsari area is restricted, and outsiders cannot buy land in the Jaunsar
region, there is relatively little ethnic mix in the villages. This enables the Jaunsari people
to continue their traditions and customs with minimal outside influence of other systems.
Even though people have a positive attitude towards Hindi, the researchers observed that
the maintenance of the local language is comparatively strong. For instance, bus
conductors speak in Jaunsari with others. In addition, in almost all of the village schools,
most of the students use Jaunsari when they talk with each other.
4 Bilingualism
4.1 Introduction
Bilingualism refers to the knowledge and skills acquired by individuals which
enable them to use a language other than their mother tongue (Blair 1990:52). A second
language may be acquired either formally (as in a school setting) or informally through
other types of contact with speakers of the second language.
Blair (1990:51) further points out,
The goal of a study of community bilingualism is to find out how bilingual the population of a
community is. Bilingualism is not a characteristic that is uniformly distributed. In any
community, different individuals or sections of the community are bilingual to different degrees.
It is important to avoid characterizing an entire community as though such ability were
uniformly distributed. It is more accurate to describe how bilingualism is distributed throughout
the community. (1990:51)
Motivation and opportunity are two of the most important factors that produce
bilingualism (Blair 1990). Different individuals and sections of a community are
proficient to varying degrees, depending on their motivation and on the nature and extent
of their contact with the second language. Insights into a communitys motivation to learn
a second language can often be gained by identifying the domains in which the second
language is used and the underlying attitudes promoting people to do so. Language use
and attitude studies can reveal such insights. The motivation may be economic, religious,
altruistic, or for self-preservation. The community will become as bilingual as it deems
necessary in order to satisfy its self-interest. However, people cannot become bilingual
unless they have contact with the second language in some context. This contact is
related to certain demographic factors such as education, age, and sex. In reality, these
are not totally independent variables but are often interrelated.
Hindi is one of the official languages of India and a lingua franca throughout North
India. Hindi is the official state language and medium for instruction in schools in
Uttaranchal. Hindi can be heard almost around the clock through radio broadcasting and
television channels. Hindi has a great influence in India except in some of the southern-


21
most parts and portions of the northeast. Since Hindi has a great influence in this area, it
was important to assess the bilingual proficiency of the Jaunsari-speaking people in Hindi
before considering a language development programme in Jaunsari. The main tool used
to gauge bilingualism in Hindi in this study was the Hindi Sentence Repetition Test
(SRT) (Varenkamp 1991). A few questions regarding peoples self-reported abilities in
Hindi were also included as part of post-SRT questionnaires (shown in appendix C).
4.2 Tested levels of bilingualism in Hindi
4.2.1 Sentence Repetition Test (SRT) procedures
One of the methods for testing bilingual proficiency is the use of an SRT. The SRT is
a screening tool for a community-wide bilingual profile, not a diagnostic tool to assess an
individuals strengths and weaknesses in a second language.
The SRT was developed based on the theory that a person can repeat only what his
control of the syntax, morphology, and vocabulary of a language enables him to
understand. The maximum number of units (be it numbers or words) an adult can
remember is seven, plus or minus two. When this concept is applied to a sentence, the
number of words can be far more than seven because of the phenomenon of chunking, the
non-conscious loading of meaning. Thus a unit could be a phrase consisting of several
words. A sentence as long as five times seven words can be remembered and repeated
because of this phenomenon of chunking meaning along syntactic lines (Radloff 1991).
An SRT consists of a set of fifteen carefully selected, recorded sentences. Each
sentence is played once for each subject, and the subject is asked to repeat the sentence
exactly the same way. Each sentence is scored according to a four-point scale (03) for a
maximum of 45 points for fifteen sentences. Each subject is evaluated on his ability to
mimic or repeat each sentence accurately. Any deviation from the recorded sentences is
counted as an error. A subjects ability to accurately repeat the sentences of increasing
difficulty is directly correlated with the ability to speak and understand the language: the
higher the score, the higher the bilingual proficiency.
The SRT results are expressed as a point total out of the maximum 45 points. They
are also expressed as an equivalent bilingual proficiency level called Reported
Proficiency Evaluation (RPE) level. The RPE levels range from 0+ (very minimal
proficiency) to 4+ (approaching the proficiency level of a native speaker). The Hindi SRT
was not constructed in this survey but was already developed by Varenkamp. Figure 4.1
shows the Hindi SRT score ranges with corresponding RPE levels (Varenkamp 1991:9;
Radloff 1991:152).



22

Hindi SRT score
(Out of 45)
RPE level Proficiency description
4445 4+ Near native speaker
3843 4 Excellent proficiency
3237 3+ Very good, general proficiency
2631 3 Good, general proficiency
2025 2+ Good, basic proficiency
1419 2 Adequate, basic proficiency
0813 1+ Limited, basic proficiency
0407 1 Minimal, limited proficiency
0003 0+ Very minimal proficiency
Figure 4.1. Hindi SRT score ranges with corresponding RPE levels.
Initial construction of an SRT is time-consuming, but once it was developed, it was
relatively quick and easy to administer once test administrators were trained. It was
possible to test a large sample in a relatively short time. Since it is important to have
exact and consistent scoring of the SRT, we recorded the responses of the subject and
checked the scoring again after completion of the field-testing.
4.2.2 Variables and sampling for SRT
Since bilingual proficiency frequently correlates with independent variables such as
education, age, sex, and degree of travel, it is important to test subjects who fit these
characteristics.
13
These demographic categories were divided as follows:
1) Education: Uneducated (0 up to 4th standard) and Educated (5th standard and
above)
2) Age: Younger (age 1735) and Older (age 36 and above)
3) Gender: Male and Female
Descriptions of the SRT sites
The Hindi SRT was administered in two Jaunsari villages, Korwa and Khanaad
(shown on map 4). Short descriptions of these villages are given below.
As mentioned in section 2.2.2, Korwa is eleven kilometres down from Chakrata town
on the Chakrata-Vikasnagar main road. Since Korwa is located along the main road, this
village has fairly good transportation facilities compared with most of the other villages
of the region. Korwa has a school, a Red Cross clinic, a small telecom office, and a bank.

13
Travel patterns of subjects was a variable taken into account only during the analysis of the SRT results.
It was not a factor in choosing the sample.


23
Demographic information for this village and for Khanaad was gathered from the 1991
Census of India data and is in figures 4.2 and 4.3.

Total
population
Below 6
years old
Above 6
years old
Number
of literates
% of
literates
Male 233 35 198 111 56%
Female 242 56 186 53 28%
Total 475 91 384 164 43%
Figure 4.2. Demographic information for Korwa based on 1991 census.
Khanaad is situated around 20 km from Chakrata and 2 km away from the Chakrata-
Lakhamandal road. This village is one of the Brahmin villages, among Jaunsari people.
Anybody who needs to go to this village has to climb the hills to reach it.

Total
population
Below 6
years old
Above 6
years old
Number
of literates
% of the
literates
Male 141 36 105 48 46%
Female 120 17 103 15 15%
Total 261 53 208 63 30%
In census data the name Khanaad was not found. A similar name Kandar was in the same Panchayat (similar to county)
where Khanaad belongs. Since data for Kandar was similar to what researchers observed in the Khanaad village, we are
making the assumption that Khanaad is spelled as Kandar in census data.
Figure 4.3. Demographic information for Khanaad based on 1991 census.
As with the questionnaire, it was deemed impractical to use random sampling for
selecting SRT subjects, and quota sampling was utilised. A total of eighty-seven subjects
were tested for the bilingualism study using the SRT. In some cases, there were almost no
older educated females in the village. Also, some of the women and some of the older
and uneducated people were afraid of taking the test. The sample of subjects according to
demographic categories of age, gender, and education are summarised in figure 4.4.
Male (52)
60%
Female (35)
40%

Younger Older Younger Older
Total
Uneducated 14 8 14 11
47
(54%)
Educated 18 12 8 2
40
(46%)
Total
32
(37%)
20
(23%)
22
(25%)
13
(15%)
87
Figure 4.4. Total sample of SRT subjects.


24
4.2.3 Results and analysis
In this section the analysis of each village is given separately, and then an overall
analysis of SRT results in both villages is given. In the tables Avg is the average of the
individual SRT scores for the relevant demographic category, RPE is the RPE level that
is equivalent to the SRT average, Sd is standard deviation, and N is the number of
subjects tested.
Korwa
In this site the SRT was administrated to a total of forty-six subjects. It is generally
believed that a minimum RPE level of 3+ (very good, general proficiency) or above is
necessary for people to effectively understand deeper concepts as well as to utilise
complex materials in a language other than their mother tongue (Radloff 1991). The SRT
results in Korwa are summarised in figure 4.5.

Uneducated Educated Total
Younger Older Younger Older

Male
Avg
RPE
Sd
N
28
3
9
5
26
3
4
5
40
4
3
7
38
4
6
8
34
3+
8
25

Female
Avg
RPE
Sd
N
25
2+
5
8
16
2
10
8
34
3+
8
4
36
3+
0
1
24
2+
10
21

Total
Avg
RPE
Sd
N
23
2+
9
26
38
4
6
20
29
3
10.5
46
Figure 4.5. SRT results in Korwa.
The overall SRT average for Korwa subjects was twenty-nine, which is equal to an
RPE level of 3, a good, general proficiency. Just over half of the subjects (57 percent)
tested at RPE level 3 or below, which means these people would have difficulties
understanding deeper concepts in Hindi and using complex written materials in the
language. The rest of the subjects would likely not have difficulty.
Of the three variables considered (age, sex, and education), there were some notable
differences in the education and sex categories. Males had an average SRT score of 34
and females averaged 24. A greater number of males than females travel outside the
home and village and thus have opportunity to speak Hindi more often and more
extensively, leading to higher averages on the Hindi SRT. In addition, the sample of
subjects in Korwa includes a greater percentage of males who are educated than of


25
females who are educated, which is reflective of the 1991 demographic information for
Korwa. Educated subjects, whether male or female, averaged substantially higher than
uneducated subjects. The five educated ladies in Korwa who took the SRT averaged
almost as high as the educated males and higher than the uneducated males.
Khanaad
In Khanaad a total of forty-one people were tested with the Hindi SRT. It was
comparatively difficult to get old people to take the SRT; only eleven were tested. Figure
4.6 summarises the SRT results in Khanaad.

Uneducated Educated Total
Younger Older Younger Older

Male
Avg
RPE
Sd
N
27
3
9
9
20
2+
12
3
34
3+
8
11
32
3+
5
4
30
3
9
27

Female
Avg
RPE
Sd
N
18
2
7
6
24
2+
8.5
3
27
3
14
4
38
4
0
1
23
2+
10
14

Total
Avg
RPE
Sd
N
23
2+
9
21
32
3+
9
20
28
3
10
41
Figure 4.6. SRT results in Khanaad.
The average for Khanaad subjects was 28, which correlates with an RPE level 3, a
good, general proficiency. When comparted with Korwa, Khanaad has the same kind of
trends of the SRT results varying according to demographic categories. Educated
subjects averaged higher than the uneducated, and males averaged higher than females.
Among the subjects tested in Khanaad, about half tested at RPE level 3 or below.
These Khanaad subjects probably would have difficulty in understanding and utilising
certain kinds of materials in Hindi, whereas the other half of the subjects would likely not
have difficulty.
Overall analysis
From Korwa and Khanaad a total of eighty-seven subjects were tested: forty-six
subjects from Korwa and forty-one subjects from Khanaad. The SRT analyses of the two
sites are given above separately. The average for all the subjects was 28.5, which is
equivalent to RPE level 3 (good, general proficiency), with a standard deviation of 10.
Figure 4.7 shows the percentage of subjects who scored in different broad groupings of
RPE levels.


26

RPE 3 and below RPE 3+ RPE 4 and 4+
54% (47) 26% (23) 20% (17)
Figure 4.7. Percentage of scores in broad groupings of RPE levels.
Figure 4.8 shows the distribution of RPE levels for uneducated and educated Jaunsari
SRT subjects.
N Sd RPE 3 and
below
RPE 3+ RPE 4 and 4+
Uneducated
Avg 23, RPE 2+
47 9 37 (79%) 9 (19%) 1 (2%)
Educated
Avg 35, RPE 3+
40

8

8 (20%)

16 (40%) 16 (40%)
Figure 4.8. SRT results according to education.
Among the uneducated subjects, around 80 percent are at RPE level of 3 or below.
Among educated subjects (those who completed 5th standard and above), only 20 percent
are at RPE level 3 or below. All subjects who completed 10th standard or above
consistently scored at an RPE level of 3+ or above. It can be clearly seen that education
has a considerable influence on subjects SRT performance and bilingual proficiency.


N Sd RPE 3 and below RPE 3+ RPE 4 and 4+
Younger
Avg 29, RPE 3
54 9 27 (50%)) 16 (30%) 11 (20%)
Older
Avg 27, RPE 3
33 11 19 (58%) 8 (24%) 6 (18%)
Figure 4.9. SRT results according to age.
It is clear from Figure 4.9 that there is minimal difference in the distribution of RPE
levels for the younger and older subjects. Both young and old had similar SRT averages
(29 and 27, respectively) and nearly equal percentages at different RPE levels.


27

N Sd RPE 3 and below RPE 3+ RPE 4 and 4+
Male
Avg 32, RPE 3+
52 9 20 (38%) 17 (33%) 15 (29%)
Female
Avg 23, RPE 2+
35 10 26 (74%) 7 (20%) 2 (6%)
Figure 4.10. SRT results according to sex.
Jaunsari male subjects averaged 32, and female subjects averaged 23. A higher
percentage of males (62 percent) than females (26 percent) scored at RPE levels 3+, 4, or
4+. As mentioned when describing the SRT results in Korwa, these scores reflect the fact
that a greater percentage of male SRT subjects are educated. This suggests that the level
of education is a more consistent measurable factor influencing Hindi bilingualism levels
among the Jaunsari SRT subjects.

Travelled N Sd RPE 3 and below RPE 3+ RPE 4 and 4+
Yes
Avg: 32, RPE 3+
47

9 16 (34%) 18 (38%) 13 (28%)
No
Avg: 25, RPE 2+
40

10.5 29 (73%) 7 (17%) 4 (10%)
Figure 4.11. SRT results according to travel.
Figure 4.11 reveals that the subjects who have travelled and those who have not
travelled have some differences in their scores.
14
Two-thirds of the subjects who said they
had travelled scored at an RPE level of 3+ or above, compared to one-quarter of the un-
travelled subjects. Travel patterns have, to some extent, influenced the SRT scores of the
subjects. This is reasonable since Jaunsari people need to use Hindi when they travel
outside their area. Those who have travelled more extensively have had greater
opportunity to learn Hindi better.
However, in looking at the subjects who had travelled and who scored RPE 3+ and
above, twenty-four of the thirty-one are educated, suggesting that the subjects level of
education could be a more consistent factor that influences the level of Hindi proficiency
demonstrated in the SRT.

14
There were two questions asked of subjects to determine whether they had travelled or not: (1) Had the
subject lived in any other place for studies or work? If so, for how long? (2) What are the farthest places
the subject visited? If subjects said they had travelled, but only within their local area or to places such as
Dehradun or Vikasnagar, then this response was counted as, No, have not travelled.



28

Male (52)
Avg 32, Sd 9, RPE 3+
Female (35)
Avg 23, Sd 10, RPE 2+
Age Education N Sd Avg RPE RPE Avg Sd N Education Age
Educated 18 7 36 3+ 3 30 8 8 Educated Y
Uneducated 14 9 27 3 2+ 22 14 14 Uneducated
Y
Educated 12 9 36 3+ 3+ 37 2 2 Educated O

Uneducated 8 10 24 2+





2 18 11 11 Uneducated
O
Figure 4.12. SRT results according to combined demographic categories.
Figure 4.12 shows combined SRT testing in Korwa and Khanaad. From the overall
analysis it can be seen that demographic factors such as gender and particularly education
made a difference in subjects scores in the Hindi SRT.
4.3 Self-reported Hindi bilingualism
Five questions were included on the LUAV questionnaire to get a picture of peoples
self-assessed ability in Hindi. These bilingualism questions were asked of all fifty-five
subjects who took part in the LUAV procedures.
When subjects were asked, When a person is talking with you in Hindi, how
much do you understand? all sixteen people from Bawar region said they could
understand fully. However, only 43 percent of the Jaunsari people said they would
understand fully; others said they would understand half, a little bit, or nothing. When
subjects were asked about the understanding of radio/TV programmes in Hindi, two-
thirds of all subjects reported they could understand them fully. With regard to reading
books in Hindi, 32 percent said they have difficulty in understanding, and the other 68
percent reported they could understand the Hindi in books they read.
Most of the people (87 percent) had opined that when their children start studying at
school, they face difficulty in understanding Hindi. Since they speak Jaunsari at home
and in the villages, they are having a hard time in understanding the school materials in
Hindi. Many of the schoolteachers told the researchers that even though the materials are
in Hindi, they use Jaunsari to make the children understand the lessons. They further said
only after the primary level are children able to substantially pick up Hindi.
For the question, Is there anyone in your village who speaks only Jaunsari? And if
so, who? around 80 percent of the people said there are people in their respective
villages who cannot speak or understand any language other than their mother tongue.
They further said these people are generally those who are old or uneducated or ladies.
Usually, people from these segments of society have difficulty in speaking Hindi.
5 Summary of Findings
5.1 Dialect areas
The lexical similarity study from wordlists shows that there were two main
clusters among the Jaunsari language varieties. One cluster is from what is considered to


29
be pure Jaunsari, and the other cluster is from wordlists taken from the Bawar region. The
relatively lower lexical similarity of Jaunsari with Garhwali varieties, Sirmauri, and
Hindi suggests that Jaunsari is distinct from these languages. This is also supported by
questionnaire responses, in which most subjects felt their language is very different in
words, meaning, and way of speaking from the neighbouring Pahari languages and Hindi.
The relationship between "pure" Jaunsari and the variety spoken in the Bawar region
was assessed using Recorded Text Testing (RTT). A Jaunsari story from the Chakrata
area was tested in Maindrath, located in the Bawar region. The high RTT scores with low
standard deviation shows that people from Maindrath could understand the Jaunsari story
well. In the post-RTT responses, subjects said that though some of the words are
different, the language is essentially the same way they speak. A majority of the people
said that the language in the story is good and pure, and some people said it was a little
mixed with Hindi. Almost all people responded that they could understand the Jaunsari
story to its full extent. Responses from questionnaires and informal interviews also
indicate that there is no notable difference between these two varieties and that, though
there are some differences in words and the way of speaking, there is no problem in
understanding and communicating with each other. These findings suggest that Jaunsari
people from throughout the Jaunsar-Bawar region should be able to adequately
comprehend materials based on the Chakrata variety.
5.2 Language vitality
Questionnaires, supplemented by informal interviews and observations, were the
main tool used in this survey to find out patterns of language use, attitudes, and vitality
among the Jaunsari people. Questionnaire responses on the topic of language use disclose
that Jaunsari people, to a great extent, use their mother tongue in situations such as in the
home, with friends in their village, in private prayer, at festival times, and with workers.
For in-group communication and also in most interaction with outsiders almost all prefer
their mother tongue. When Jaunsari people go out of their village and communicate with
non-Jaunsari speaking people, Hindi is used. But when outsiders, including non-
Jaunsaris, come to their villages, the majority said they prefer to speak in their own
language.
Jaunsari people have generally positive attitudes towards their language. As for
dialect perceptions, no central or prestige variety was identified. Attitudes towards Hindi
are positive. For educational purposes, many questionnaire subjects prefer Hindi. This is
not surprising since education in Uttaranchal is already in Hindi, which provides
opportunities for economic and social advancement.
The questionnaire responses from the people and observations of the researchers
indicate that the life of Jaunsari is strong. Jaunsari is spoken throughout the region, and
the Jaunsari community is relatively unchanged by outside influences. Most people said
they believe their mother tongue will continue to be spoken for many years to come.
5.3 Bilingualism
Sentence Repetition Testing in two villages in Jaunsar showed that demographic
factors such as gender and particularly education played a notable role in subjects scores
on the Hindi SRT. The variable age played a comparatively weaker role in the findings.


30
Travel patterns emerged as another factor that influenced SRT results, though education
may have been a more important factor. Observations also make it evident that education
and contacts with outsiders significantly affect the bilingual ability of the Jaunsari people.
With a notable percentage of Jaunsari people who are less educated and who have
minimal contact with Hindi speakers, there are segments of the population whose ability
in understanding Hindi and utilising materials in the language is limited.
According to the self-reported questionnaire responses, only half of the people had
some level of confidence in effectively using Hindi. Even in the educated segments of the
population, one-third of the people reported having difficulty in understanding when they
read materials in Hindi. Up to primary levels, the Jaunsari children are seemingly having
difficulty in understanding Hindi. In many cases the teachers use the Jaunsari language to
make the children understand.
6 Recommendations
6.1 Language and literature development
The results of this sociolinguistic survey suggest that a language development
programme be carried out in the Jaunsari language. Many factors have contributed to this
recommendation. From the lexical similarity study and peoples opinions it is clear that
Jaunsari is distinct from all the neighbouring languages. The vitality study shows that
Jaunsari is continuing to be used in the important domains of the home and village and
for in-group communication. Jaunsari will likely remain the mother tongue for future
generations of Jaunsari people. The attitude of the Jaunsari toward their language appears
to be quite positive among all portions of the community. Bilingualism in Hindi, while
increasing through education and more frequent contact with outsiders, does not appear
to be at a sufficiently high level among certain segments of the population for them to
understand and utilise materials in Hindi. It appears that the Jaunsari community will be
receptive towards Jaunsari language development.
The variety spoken near to and around the villages of Chakrata is probably the most
suitable for a language and literature development programme. The comprehension test
of the Chakrata variety in the Bawar area indicated an adequate understanding. There
were no negative attitudes expressed by people in the Bawar area toward the variety from
Chakrata. Furthermore, Chakrata is situated geographically in the centre of the whole
Jaunsar area. All of these factors indicate that any literary materials developed in the
Chakrata area should be adequately understood and accepted by the whole Jaunsari
population.
6.2 Literacy programmes
In order that the Jaunsari community can more easily acquire needed literacy skills,
it is recommended that programmes for teaching reading and writing be implemented in
the vernacular using the Devanagari script. Responses to questionnaires during the survey
indicate a favourable attitude toward literacy. Questionnaire responses and interviews
also reveal that most of the children struggle to understand Hindi in their primary levels
of education. The literacy rate of Chakrata tahsil is low, particularly compared with the
overall literacy in the Dehradun district. The lack of quality educational facilities, low


31
motivation, and challenges in understanding a second language might be reasons for this
low literacy rate. Though many of the educated Jaunsari people can speak Hindi, several
expressed problems in reading materials in Hindi. Overall, people with less education and
those who have travelled less (which tend to be females rather than males) would
potentially benefit from a vernacular literacy programme.
Because all education is currently in Hindi, literacy materials can be used as a
bridge from Jaunsari into Hindi and would likely be well received. Diglot materials
using Jaunsari along with Hindi may be effective in such a programme. Since Jaunsari is
not generally perceived as a language for use in the educational domain, promotion of
vernacular literacy will play an important role in the total literacy programme.


32
Appendix A - 1
International Phonetic Alphabet
Consonants
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post
alveolar
Alveopalatal Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive

b
t

d
t

d


q
c


k


q



Nasal

m



n

n

p



q

n

Fricative
]

[
I

v

s

z
j

j
x

y
_

n
h

\
h

n
Affricate
p

b
ts

dz
ls

dz
lj

d
l

dz

Lateral
I ] L
Lateral fric.


[

Flap
i
Trill
s i i
Approximant
v u : j

Consonant Diacritics
Aspirated
h
lj
h

Labialised
v
b
v

Ejective
p
Voiced
L
Velar/
Pharyngealised
I
Palatalised
j
n
j

Unreleased

Voiceless
d



33
Vowels
15

Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded Unrounded Rounded
Close
I y I u m u
Near-close
i . u
Close-mid
c o r o
Mid
o e
Open-mid
c + :
Near-open
v
Open
a u u n

Vowel Diacritics
Nasalisation c
Long : I:
Centralised o


15
Wordlists and recorded text tests were transcribed using different phonetic systems, particularly in regard
to vowels. For the purposes of the data in this report and its appendices, the symbols /v/, /:/, and /u/ are
interchangeable and no phonemic distinction is assumed.


34
Appendix A - 2
Wordlists
Lexical Similarity Counting Procedures
16

A standardised list of 210 vocabulary items was collected from speakers at key
locations for each of the language varieties studied in this survey. In standard procedure,
the 210 words are elicited from a person who has grown up in the target locality. Ideally,
the list is then collected a second time from another speaker at the same site. Any
differences in responses are examined in order to identify (1) inaccurate responses due to
misunderstanding of the elicitation cue, (2) loan words offered in response to the
language of elicitation when indigenous terms are actually still in use, and (3) terms
which are at different places along the generic-specific lexical scale. Normally, a single
term is recorded for each item of the wordlist. However, more than one term is recorded
for a single item when more than one specific term occupies the semantic area of a more
generic item on the wordlist.
The wordlists are compared to determine the extent to which the vocabulary of each
pair of speech forms is similar. No attempt is made to identify genuine cognates based on
a network of sound correspondences. Rather, two items are judged to be phonetically
similar if at least half of the segments compared are the same (category 1), and of the
remaining segments at least half are rather similar (category 2). For example, if two items
of eight segments in length are compared, these words are judged to be similar if at least
four segments are virtually the same and at least two more are rather similar. The criteria
applied are as follows:
Category 1
a. Contoid (consonant-like) segments which match exactly
b. Vocoid (vowel-like) segments which match exactly or differ by only one
articulatory feature
c. Phonetically similar segments (of the sort which frequently are found as
allophones) which are seen to correspond in at least three pairs of words
Category 2
a. All other phonetically similar non-vocalic pairs of segments which are not
supported by at least three pairs of words
b. Vowels which differ by two or more articulatory features
Category 3
a. Pairs of segments which are not phonetically similar
b. A segment which is matched by no segment in the corresponding item and
position

16
This description of lexical similarity counting procedures is partially adapted from that found in
Appendix A of OLeary (ed. 1992).


35
Blair (1990:32) writes, In contextualizing these rules to specific surveys in South
Asia, the following differences between two items are ignored: (a) interconsonantal [o],
(b) word initial, word final, or intervocalic [h, n], (c) any deletion which is shown to be
the result of a regularly occurring process in a specific environment.
The following table summarises lower threshold limits for considering words as
phonetically similar with a specified length (number of segments or phones):
Word
Length
Category
One
Category
Two
Category
Three
2 2 0 0
3 2 1 0
4 2 1 1
5 3 1 1
6 3 2 1
7 4 2 1
8 4 2 2
9 5 2 2
10 5 3 2
11 6 3 2
12 6 3 3
Some modifications to the lexical similarity grouping procedures summarised in
Blair were also applied to the wordlists compared in this study. The need for this came
about for several reasons. First, the wordlists were often not checked with a second
mother tongue speaker of each speech variety. Second, the wordlists could not always be
consistently elicited. In addition, the field workers phonetic transcription ability varied
with skill, experience and their own language background. Since the Hindi standard
wordlists are not perfect some words were selected from the dictionary also
1. Root-based groupings: Wordlists were not always consistently elicited. In some
cases, generic terms appear to have been given, while in other cases, more specific terms
have been given. Also, verb forms were not elicited consistently with regard to person or
tense. Because of these factors, it was often necessary to group words based on what
appears to be a common root morpheme, rather than based on words as a whole. This
applied to the following glosses: # 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 25, 37, 42, 43, 47,
49, 63, 65, 69, 71, 74, 79, 88, 89, 93, 99, 101, 106, 107, 115, 116, 120, 121, 129, 132,
135, 136, 138, 142, 146, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 178, 182-194, 196, 197, 205,
207-210
2. Loose consonantal groupings: The field workers eliciting the words may hear and
transcribe the sounds slightly differently, and probably with increasing ability to
distinguish similar sounds as they gain experience. Thus, some consonant
correspondences have been liberally grouped as similar. Those considered category 1
include:


36
[q, | found in glosses 19, 29, 33, 35, 63, 115, 142, 194, 196
|d

, d] found in gloss 37, 147

[p, pg] found in gloss 18, 73, 92
[p
h
, ] found in glosses 65, 66, 74
Word ending [, j| found in gloss 127
Word initial [s, , j| found in glosses 30, 92, 133, 137, 138, 164, 200
3. Other exceptional rules
a. Nasalised and un-nasalised vowels are considered as category one. (Eg: - 2, 5,
92, etc.)
b. Lengthened and non-lengthened consonants are considered as category one (Eg:-
34, 53 etc.)
After pairs of items on two wordlists had been determined to be phonetically similar
or dissimilar according to the criteria stated above, the percentage of items judged similar
was calculated. This procedure was repeated for all linguistic varieties under
consideration in the survey. The pair by pair counting procedure was greatly facilitated
by use of the Wordsurv computer program. It should noted that the wordlist data as well
as transcribed texts included in subsequent appendices are field transcriptions and have
not undergone through phonological and grammatical analysis.
Note:- Three glosses (No-11 breast, No-23 urine and No-24 feces) were disqualified and
removed from the wordlists that follow. These words were considered inappropriate in
most of the elicitation situations.


37
Wordlist Information and Informant Biodata
Jaunsari - Chakrata
Symbol in Wordsurv database: A
Date: NR
Name: NR
Sex: Female
Age: 24
Education: BA
Birthplace: Chakrata
Place brought up: Chakrata
Current residence: NR
How long: NR
Mother tongue: Jaunsari
Language now spoken in home: NR
Father's mother tongue: NR
Mother's mother tongue: NR
Spouse's mother tongue: NR
Lived or stayed in another place: Barkot
-how long: 2 Yrs
Travelled-how far: NR
Jaunsari Bawari - Bhandroli
Symbol in Wordsurv database: B
Date: 20-3-2004
Name: SN
Sex: M
Age: 21
Education: 10
Birthplace: Bhandroli
Place brought up: Bhandroli
Current residence: Bhandroli
How long: NA
Mother tongue: Jaunsari
Language now spoken in home: Jaunsari
Father's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Spouse's mother tongue: NA
Lived or stayed in another place: Vikasnagar,
-how long: 3 Yr
Travelled-how far: Delhi
Jaunsari - Chapnu
Symbol in Wordsurv database: C
Date: 10-3-2004
Name: D
Sex: M
Age: 21
Education: 9
Birthplace: Chapnu
Place brought up: Chapnu
Current residence: Chapnu
How long: NA
Mother tongue: Jaunsari
Language now spoken in home: Jaunsari
Father's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Spouse's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Lived or stayed in another place: Najibabad
-how long: 3 Yrs
Travelled-how far: Almora, Haridwar
Jaunsari - Khanaad
Symbol in Wordsurv database: D
Date: 6-3-2004
Name: KB
Sex: M
Age: 52
Education: 0
Birthplace: Khanaad
Place brought up: Khanaad
Current residence: Khanaad
How long: NA
Mother tongue: Jaunsari
Language now spoken in home: Jaunsari
Father's mother tongue: Jaunsri
Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Spouse's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Lived or stayed in another place: No
-how long: NR
Travelled-how far: Delhi


38
Sirmauri
Symbol in Wordsurv database: G
Date: NR
Name: T
Sex: Female
Age: 25
Education: NA
Birth place:Andheri
Current residence: Nahan
How long:5 years
Mother tongue: Sirmouri
Language now spoken in home:
Fathers mother tongue: Sirmouri

Jaunpuri
Symbol in Wordsurv database: J
Date: 5-2000
Name: NR
Sex: M
Age: 52
Education: 9
Birthplace: Khera Talla
Place brought up: Khera Talla
Current residence: Khera Talla
How long: NA
Mother tongue: Jaunpuri
Language now spoken in home: Jaunpuri
Father's mother tongue: Jaunpuri
Mother's mother tongue: Jaunpuri
Spouse's mother tongue: Jaunpuri
Lived or stayed in another place: NR
-how long: NR
Travelled-how far: NR
Jaunsari - Korwa
Symbol in Wordsurv database: K
Date: 9-3-2004
Name: BA
Sex: M
Age: 37
Education: 12
Birthplace: Korwa
Place brought up: Korwa
Current residence: Korwa
How long: NA
Mother tongue: Jaunsari
Language now spoken in home: Jaunsari
Father's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Spouse's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Lived or stayed in another place: Delhi
-how long: 1 Month
Travelled-how far: Agra, Ajmeer, Delhi
Jaunsari Garhwalimix - Lakhamandal
Symbol in Wordsurv database: L
Date: 4-3-2004
Name: PB
Sex: M
Age: 41
Education: 7
Birthplace: Lakhamandal Moda
Place brought up: Lakhamandal Moda
Current residence: Lakhamandal Moda
How long: NA
Mother tongue: Jaunsari
Language now spoken in home: Jaunsari
Father's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari
Spouse's mother tongue: Garhwali
Lived or stayed in another place: Vikasnagar
-how long: 7 Yrs
Travelled-how far: Delhi, Illahabad



39
Jaunsari Bawari - Maindrath
Symbol in Wordsurv database: M
Date: 21-3-2004
Name: SA
Sex: M
Age: 24
Education: MA
Birthplace: Maindrath
Place brought up: Maindrath
Current residence: Mahindrath
How long: NA
Mother tongue: Bawar-Jaunsari
Language now spoken in home: Bawar-
Jaunsari
Father's mother tongue: Jaunsari-Bawari
Mother's mother tongue: Jaunsari-Bawari
Spouse's mother tongue: Jaunsari-Bawari
Lived or stayed in another place: Bombay
-how long: 3 month
Travelled-how far: Bombay
Nagpuriya
Symbol in Wordsurv database: N
Date: 4-2000
Name: NR
Sex: F
Age: 18
Education: 12
Birthplace: Mandal
Place brought up: Mandal
Current residence: Mandal
How long: NA
Mother tongue: Garhwali
Language now spoken in home: NR
Father's mother tongue: NR
Mother's mother tongue: NR
Spouse's mother tongue: NR
Lived or stayed in another place: NR
-how long: NR
Travelled-how far: NR
Bangani
Symbol in Wordsurv database: S
Date: 2-2000
Name: NR
Sex: M
Age: 18
Education: 10
Birthplace: Sandra
Place brought up: Sandra
Current residence: Sandra
How long: NA
Mother tongue: Bangani
Language now spoken in home: NR
Father's mother tongue: NR
Mother's mother tongue: NR
Spouse's mother tongue: NR
Lived or stayed in another place: NR
-how long: NR
Travelled-how far: NR
Hindi
Symbol in Wordsurv database: h
Date:
Name:
Sex: NA
Age: NA
Education: NA
Birthplace: NA
Place brought up: NA
Current residence: NA
How long: NA
Mother tongue: NA
Language now spoken in home: NA
Father's mother tongue: NA
Mother's mother tongue: NA
Spouse's mother tongue: NA
Lived or stayed in another place: NA
-how long: NA
Travelled-how far: NA



40
Wordlist transcriptions
1. body
Jaunsari-Korwa l :iIi
Jaunsari-Khanaad l :iIi
Jaunsari-Chapnu l :iIi
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l :iIi
MixedJB-Maindrath l :iIi
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l :iIi
Jaunsari-Chakratha l jciIi
Hindi l jciIi
l j:iIi
Bangani l joiIi
Jaunpuri l soiIi
Nagpuriya l soiIi
Sirmauri l joiIi

2. head
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 munq
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 munq
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 munqI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 mu:nq
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 munq
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 munq
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 munqI
Hindi l sii
Bangani 3 muilLa
Jaunpuri 2 mupq
Nagpuriya 2 mupq
Sirmauri 2 muq

3. hair
Jaunsari-Korwa l baI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l baI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bav
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 mu:nqou
MixedJB-Maindrath l baI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l baI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 mupq
Hindi l baI
Bangani l baI
Jaunpuri l baI
Nagpuriya l baI
Sirmauri l baI

4. face
Jaunsari-Korwa l mu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 ljchoiv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l mu
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l mu
MixedJB-Maindrath l mu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 muLh
Jaunsari-Chakratha l muh
Hindi l muh
3 ljchoiv
Bangani l muh
Jaunpuri 2 muLh
Nagpuriya 2 muLhu
Sirmauri 4 joLoI

5. eye
Jaunsari-Korwa l aLh
Jaunsari-Khanaad l aLh
Jaunsari-Chapnu l aLh
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l aLh
MixedJB-Maindrath l aLhv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l aLh
Jaunsari-Chakratha l aLho
Hindi l aLh
Bangani l apLh
Jaunpuri l aLhu
Nagpuriya l aLhv
Sirmauri l aLh

6. ear
Jaunsari-Korwa l Lan
Jaunsari-Khanaad l Lan
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Lan
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l Lan
MixedJB-Maindrath l Lan
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l Lan
Jaunsari-Chakratha l Lan
Hindi l Lan


41
Bangani l Lan
Jaunpuri l Lanui
Nagpuriya l Lano
Sirmauri l Lan

7. nose
Jaunsari-Korwa l naL
Jaunsari-Khanaad l naL
Jaunsari-Chapnu l naL
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l naL
MixedJB-Maindrath l naL
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l naL
Jaunsari-Chakratha l naL
Hindi l naL
Bangani l naL
Jaunpuri l naL
Nagpuriya l naL
Sirmauri l naL

8. mouth
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 Lha
Jaunsari-Khanaad l muh
2 Lhab
Jaunsari-Chapnu l mu:
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 Lhab
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 Lhab
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 Lhab
Jaunsari-Chakratha l muh
Hindi l muh
Bangani l muh
Jaunpuri 3 gilju
Nagpuriya 3 gIljo
Sirmauri 4 dal

9. tooth
Jaunsari-Korwa l danl
Jaunsari-Khanaad l danl
Jaunsari-Chapnu l danl
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l danl
MixedJB-Maindrath l danl
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l danl
Jaunsari-Chakratha l dand
Hindi l dvl
Bangani l dal
Jaunpuri l dal
Nagpuriya l dal
Sirmauri l dand

10. tongue
Jaunsari-Korwa l dIb
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dIb
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dIbn
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dIb
MixedJB-Maindrath l dIb
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dIb
Jaunsari-Chakratha l dIbn
Hindi l dIbn
Bangani l dIbn
Jaunpuri l dIbn
Nagpuriya l dIb
l dzIbI
Sirmauri l dIbn
12. belly
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 gnci
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 gnci
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 gnci
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l pcnd
MixedJB-Maindrath l pcpq
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l pc
2 gnci
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 gci
Hindi l pc
Bangani l pc
Jaunpuri 2 gci
Nagpuriya l pc
Sirmauri l pc

13. arm
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bah
Jaunsari-Khanaad l hal
2 bah
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bav
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bah
MixedJB-Maindrath l hal
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l hal
2 bah
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 baI
Hindi l hvlh
2 bah
Bangani 2 bah


42
Jaunpuri 3 phaLu
Nagpuriya 4 boIa
Sirmauri 2 bah

14. elbow
Jaunsari-Korwa l LunI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l LhupI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l LupI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l LunI
MixedJB-Maindrath l LujpI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l LhupI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l LunI
Hindi l LohonI
Bangani l LohonI
Jaunpuri 2 LunahI
Nagpuriya l LohonI
Sirmauri l LoInI

15. palm
Jaunsari-Korwa l hvlonI
2 hvlonI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l hvlonI
2 hvlonI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 hal
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l l cII
MixedJB-Maindrath l hvlcII
2 hvlcII
2 hvlanvII
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l hvlcII
2 hvlcII
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 hal
Hindi l h:lhcII
2 h:lhcII
Bangani 2 halh
Jaunpuri 2 halhLoI
Nagpuriya 2 halh
Sirmauri 2 halhoII

16. finger
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 guhI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 guhI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 guhI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 guhI
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 guhI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 guhI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 guIja
Hindi l vpgoII
Bangani 2 aguhI
3 aguhI
Jaunpuri l aguII
3 aguII
Nagpuriya 2 aguhI
3 aguhI
Sirmauri 2 guhI

17. fingernail
Jaunsari-Korwa l nvLh
2 nvLh
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ng
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ng
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ng
MixedJB-Maindrath l nvg
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l nvLh
2 nvLh
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ng
Hindi 2 nvLhun
2 n:Lhun
Bangani l ng
Jaunpuri l nog
Nagpuriya l nop
Sirmauri 3 no:j

18. leg
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 ap
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ap
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ap
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ap
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bvpgopo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ap
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ap
Hindi l pi
2 apg
Bangani 3 bangcpa
Jaunpuri 4 Lhuu
Nagpuriya 2 ap
Sirmauri 3 bagopI



43
19. skin
Jaunsari-Korwa l ghaI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ghaI
2 ljvmoqv
3 ljvmoqv
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ljvmoqv
3 ljvmoqv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 ljhoqI
MixedJB-Maindrath l ghaI
2 ljvmaqI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ghaI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ghaI
Hindi l LhaI
2 ljomoqa
3 ljomoqa
Bangani l ghaI
Jaunpuri 2 ljoma
3 ljoma
Nagpuriya 2 ljomI
3 ljomI
Sirmauri 2 ljomI
3 ljomI

20. bone
Jaunsari-Korwa l hvqI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l hvqqI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l hvqovv
2 hvqovv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l haqoLc
3 haqoLc
MixedJB-Maindrath l haqoLc
3 haqoLc
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l hvqqI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 aqvc
Hindi l hoqqI
Bangani 3 haoL
Jaunpuri l hoqqI
Nagpuriya l hoqqI
Sirmauri 3 haoLI

21. heart
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 dIv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dII
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dIv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dIu
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dIv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 dIv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 dILuI
Hindi l diI
Bangani 4 ljhallI
Jaunpuri 3 duLou
Nagpuriya l dII
Sirmauri l diI

22. blood
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 Ij
4 Ij
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 Ij
4 Ij
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 Ij
4 Ij
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 Ij
4 Ij
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 Io
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 IjI
3 IjI
4 IjI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 IuI
4 IuI
Hindi l Lhun
2 I:hu
Bangani l Lhun
Jaunpuri l Lhun
Nagpuriya l Lhun
Sirmauri l Lun

25. village
Jaunsari-Korwa l gav
Jaunsari-Khanaad l gav
Jaunsari-Chapnu l gav
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l gav
MixedJB-Maindrath l gav
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l gav
Jaunsari-Chakratha l gau
Hindi l gau
Bangani l gau
Jaunpuri l g
Nagpuriya l gau
Sirmauri l gau



44
26. house
Jaunsari-Korwa l gnvi
Jaunsari-Khanaad l gnvi
Jaunsari-Chapnu l gnvi
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l gi
MixedJB-Maindrath l gnvi
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l gnvi
Jaunsari-Chakratha l gnoio
Hindi l gnoi
Bangani l gnoi
Jaunpuri 2 qcia
Nagpuriya l gnoi
Sirmauri l gnoi

27. roof
Jaunsari-Korwa l lshvppvi
Jaunsari-Khanaad l lshvppvi
Jaunsari-Chapnu l lshvppvi
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ljhapoi
MixedJB-Maindrath l lshvppvi
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l lshvppvi
3 ljhcpa
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ljhopoi
Hindi 2 ljhol
Bangani 2 ljhol
Jaunpuri 2 ljhol
Nagpuriya 2 ljhol
Sirmauri l ljhop:oi

28. door
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 dai
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 dai
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dai
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dai
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dai
2 duai
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 dai
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dai
Hindi l doiuvzv
2 duai
Bangani l doiuaza
Jaunpuri 2 duai
Nagpuriya 2 duai
Sirmauri 2 duai

29. firewood
Jaunsari-Korwa l IvLodv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l IvLoqI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l IvLoqI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l IvLoqc
MixedJB-Maindrath l IvLodv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l IvLoqI
l IvLvqo
Jaunsari-Chakratha l IoLc
Hindi l IoLoqI
Bangani l IoLoI
Jaunpuri l IaLhoc
Nagpuriya l IaLha
Sirmauri l IcLc

30. broom
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 ujopo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 sujop
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 ujopo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 ujopo
MixedJB-Maindrath 5 sujv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 sujIp
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 suIp
Hindi l dnvqu
Bangani l dnvqu
3 juIp
Jaunpuri 4 buanu
Nagpuriya 4 buapqu
Sirmauri 3 juIna

31. mortar
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 gulu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 gulu
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 gulu
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 5 uLhjad
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 oLhvIu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 gulu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 gullu
Hindi l LhoioI
Bangani 3 uLhoII
Jaunpuri 4 uILhjaiu
Nagpuriya 3 uoLhoIu
Sirmauri 5 uLhcI


45
32. pestle
Jaunsari-Korwa l mus
Jaunsari-Khanaad l musvi
Jaunsari-Chapnu l mus
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l mus
MixedJB-Maindrath l mus
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l muvp
Jaunsari-Chakratha l mus
Hindi l musoI
Bangani l musoI
Jaunpuri 2 gondaIu
Nagpuriya 2 gonjau
Sirmauri l musoI

33. hammer
Jaunsari-Korwa l hvlqv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l hvlqvII
Jaunsari-Chapnu l hvlqI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l hvlqv
MixedJB-Maindrath l hvlqI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l hvlqu
Jaunsari-Chakratha l holha
Hindi l holhoqI
Bangani l halhoI
Jaunpuri l holhou
Nagpuriya l holhou
Sirmauri l holhoI

34. knife
Jaunsari-Korwa l ljvLu
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ljaLu
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ljhuiI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ljhuiv
MixedJB-Maindrath l ljhvLLu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ljhvLLu
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ljaLu
Hindi l ljaLu
Bangani 3 ocnlI
Jaunpuri l ljoLLu
Nagpuriya l ljoLLu
Sirmauri l ljvLu


35. axe
Jaunsari-Korwa l LuiaqI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l LuiaqI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l LuIaqI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l Luiaq
MixedJB-Maindrath l LuiaqI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l LuiaqI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l LuaII
Hindi l LuIhaqI
Bangani l LuialI
Jaunpuri l LuIau
Nagpuriya l LuIoI
Sirmauri l LuIhaqI

36. rope
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 pogj
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 pagvj
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 pagj
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 pagj
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 pvgcjI
3 Io]I
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 pvgojI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 paguuI
Hindi l iossi
Bangani 3 IoIolI
Jaunpuri 4 duu
Nagpuriya 5 siiau
Sirmauri 2 pogc

37. thread
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 dnogv
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 dnogv
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dnogv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dagv
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dnogo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 dnagvIu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dnaga
Hindi 2 dnaga
Bangani 2 dnaga
Jaunpuri 2 dnagu
Nagpuriya 2 dnagu
Sirmauri 2 dnaga


46
38. needle
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 svpo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 spu
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 scupo
4 scupo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 spo
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 scujpo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 Iupo
Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 sIjapo
Hindi l suI
Bangani 2 sun
Jaunpuri 2 jup
Nagpuriya 4 sjupu
Sirmauri 5 sI
39. cloth
Jaunsari-Korwa l Lvpoqv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l Lvpoqv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Lvpoqv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l Lvpoqv
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 IapoLo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l Lvpoqv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 Lanlo
Hindi l Lopoqa
Bangani 4 duILc
Jaunpuri l Lopa
Nagpuriya l Lopoqa
Sirmauri 5 LuIjo

40. ring
Jaunsari-Korwa 4 lshap
Jaunsari-Khanaad 4 lshap
Jaunsari-Chapnu 4 lshap
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 LapgopI
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 LapgopI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l opguhI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 lshap
Hindi l opguhI
Bangani 2 LapnI
Jaunpuri 3 mudoI:
Nagpuriya l aguhI
Sirmauri 4 lshap


41. sun
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 du:s
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 dus
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 du:s
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dus
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 du:s
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 gnam
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 duj
Hindi l suiod
Bangani 2 du:s
Jaunpuri l suiod
Nagpuriya l suiIa
Sirmauri l suiod

42. moon
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 dnup
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 dnup
3 ILian
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 ILoiapI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dnup
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dnup
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ljand
2 dnun
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dun
Hindi l ljvnd
2 dunh:Ijj:
Bangani 2 dun
Jaunpuri 2 dun
Nagpuriya 2 dun
Sirmauri l ljad

43. sky
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 gcp
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 gcp
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 gjpo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 gjop
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 gjpo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 gcp
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 goIp
Hindi l vLvj
3 asman
Bangani l aLaj
Jaunpuri 2 gcp
Nagpuriya 3 asman
Sirmauri 2 gocn


47
44. star
Jaunsari-Korwa l laiv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l laiv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l laiv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l laiv
MixedJB-Maindrath l laic
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l laiv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l laia
Hindi l laia
Bangani l laic
Jaunpuri l laia
Nagpuriya 2 gcpo
Sirmauri l laia

45. rain
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 papI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 papI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 4 sando
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 papI
MixedJB-Maindrath l bviIj
3 papI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 papI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 papI
Hindi l bviIj
Bangani 5 dno
Jaunpuri 2 boiLha
Nagpuriya 2 boiLha
Sirmauri 3 papI

46. water
Jaunsari-Korwa l papI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l papI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l papI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l papI
MixedJB-Maindrath l papI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l pvnI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l papI
Hindi l pvnI
Bangani l papI
Jaunpuri l papI
Nagpuriya l papI
Sirmauri l papI
47. river
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 gaq
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 gaq
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 gaq
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 n
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 n
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l nvdI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 ga:q
Hindi l nodI
Bangani l nI
2 nI
Jaunpuri 3 gaq
Nagpuriya 4 godoiu
Sirmauri l nodI

48. cloud
Jaunsari-Korwa l bado
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bado
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bado
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l badvI
MixedJB-Maindrath l badvI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bvdoI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l bad
Hindi l bvdoI
Bangani l badoI
Jaunpuri l bodoI
Nagpuriya l badoI
Sirmauri l badoI

49. lightning
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 ljvILapa
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ljhvILau
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ljhvILau
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ljILaj
MixedJB-Maindrath l bId
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bidoII
Jaunsari-Chakratha l bidoII
Hindi l bidoII
Bangani l bidoII
Jaunpuri l bidoII
Nagpuriya 3 ljaI
Sirmauri l bidoII



48
50. rainbow
Jaunsari-Korwa l Indivdhvpu
Jaunsari-Khanaad l Indivdhvpu
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Indiodnonuj
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dun
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 ivpgvn dhvnu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l Indiodnonuj
Jaunsari-Chakratha l Indiodnonuj
Hindi l Indiodnonuj
Bangani l Indiodnonuj
Jaunpuri l Indiodnonuj
Nagpuriya l Indiodnonuj
Sirmauri 4 puncjaic

51. wind
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 bagui
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bal
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 bagui
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 bagui
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bagui
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 bal
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ba:l
Hindi l hovv
Bangani 3 bagui
Jaunpuri l houa
2 ba:l
Nagpuriya 2 bolh
Sirmauri 3 bagui

52. stone
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 qupgui
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 qupgui
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 qupgui
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 qupgui
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 qnu]o
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 qaL
3 qupgui
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 qupgui
Hindi l pollhoi
Bangani 2 qa:L
Jaunpuri 3 dupga
Nagpuriya 3 qupgu
Sirmauri l palhoi
53. path
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 ba
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ba
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ba
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ba
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 ba
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l iasla
2 ba
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ba
Hindi l iasla
Bangani 2 ba
Jaunpuri 2 bau
Nagpuriya 2 bou
Sirmauri 2 ba

54. sand
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 iclv
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 iIL
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 iclv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 iclv
MixedJB-Maindrath l bvIu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 icl
Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 dupgui
Hindi l bvIu
2 icl
Bangani l baIu
Jaunpuri 2 icl
Nagpuriya l baIo
Sirmauri 2 icl

55. fire
Jaunsari-Korwa l ag
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ag
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ag
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ag
MixedJB-Maindrath l ag
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ag
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ag
Hindi l vg
Bangani l ag
Jaunpuri l ag
Nagpuriya l ag
Sirmauri l ag


49
56. smoke
Jaunsari-Korwa l dnuv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dnuv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dnuv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dnua
MixedJB-Maindrath l dnuv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dnuv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l dnua
Hindi l dnuv
Bangani l dnua
Jaunpuri l dnua
Nagpuriya l dnua
Sirmauri l dnua

57. ash
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 ljai
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ljai
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ljai
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 Lhc
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 ljhai
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ljaiu
4 ljaiu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 ljai
Hindi l ivLh
Bangani 2 ljhai
Jaunpuri 4 Lhaiu
Nagpuriya 2 ljaiu
4 ljaiu
Sirmauri 3 Lhc

58. mud
Jaunsari-Korwa l gljaq
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 hII
Jaunsari-Chapnu l LIljvq
3 LIljvq
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 gai
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 gai
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 hII
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 Liljoi
Hindi l LIljoq
3 LIljoq
Bangani l LIljo
3 LIljo
Jaunpuri 2 hIIu
Nagpuriya 3 Liljoi
Sirmauri 4 ga

59. dust
Jaunsari-Korwa l dnuI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 Lhc
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dnuII
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dnu]
3 dnuq
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 dnuqau
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dnuI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 Lc
Hindi l dnuI
Bangani l dnuI
Jaunpuri l dnuI
Nagpuriya l dnuIu
Sirmauri l dnuI

60. gold
Jaunsari-Korwa l sonv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l sonv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l sunu
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l suno
MixedJB-Maindrath l sunv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l sonv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l sunu
Hindi l sonv
Bangani l sona
Jaunpuri l sonu
Nagpuriya l sopu
Sirmauri l sunu

61. tree
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 bu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 bu
Jaunsari-Chapnu 4 qa
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 bu
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 bu
Hindi l pcq
Bangani l pc
Jaunpuri 2 qaI
Nagpuriya 2 qaIa
Sirmauri 5 pd:c


50
62. leaf
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 IabuI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 Iabu
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 Iabu
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 Iabu
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 Iabu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 Iabo
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 Iabu
Hindi l pollv
Bangani l pollv
Jaunpuri l pa:lh
Nagpuriya 3 polhoIo
Sirmauri 4 paljI
63. root
Jaunsari-Korwa l dvqo
Jaunsari-Khanaad l d:q
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dvqo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l doqijv
MixedJB-Maindrath l dvqo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l d:q
Jaunsari-Chakratha l do
Hindi l d:q
Bangani l do
Jaunpuri l do
Nagpuriya l dou
Sirmauri l do

64. thorn
Jaunsari-Korwa l Lanv
2 Lanv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l Lanv
2 Lanv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Lapqv
2 Lapqv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l Lanv
2 Lanv
MixedJB-Maindrath l Lapqv
2 Lapqv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 LaIv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l Lapqa
2 Lapqa
Hindi l Lvpv
2 Lvpv
Bangani l Lapqa
2 Lapqa
Jaunpuri l Lapqu
Nagpuriya l Lapqu
Sirmauri l Lapqa
2 Lapqa

65. flower
Jaunsari-Korwa l phuI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l phuI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l phuI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l oI
MixedJB-Maindrath l phuI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l phuI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l oI
Hindi l phuI
Bangani l phuI
Jaunpuri l uI
Nagpuriya l phuI
Sirmauri l phuIu

66. fruit
Jaunsari-Korwa l phaI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l phvI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l phaI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l phvI
MixedJB-Maindrath l phvI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l phvI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l oI
Hindi l phoI
Bangani l phoI
Jaunpuri l oI
Nagpuriya l phoI
Sirmauri l ph]

67. mango
Jaunsari-Korwa l am
Jaunsari-Khanaad l am
Jaunsari-Chapnu l am
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l am
MixedJB-Maindrath l am
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l am
Jaunsari-Chakratha l um
Hindi l am
Bangani l am
Jaunpuri l am


51
Nagpuriya l am
Sirmauri l am

68. banana
Jaunsari-Korwa l Lcqv
2 Lcqv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l LcIa
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Lcqv
2 Lcqv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l Lcqc
2 Lcqc
MixedJB-Maindrath l Lcqv
2 Lcqv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l LcIa
2 Lcqao
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 Lcqoo
Hindi l LcIa
Bangani l LcIa
Jaunpuri l LcIa
Nagpuriya 3 LjoIu
Sirmauri l LcIa

69. wheat
Jaunsari-Korwa l gcu
Jaunsari-Khanaad l gcu
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ghcu
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l gcu
MixedJB-Maindrath l g:u
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ghcu
Jaunsari-Chakratha l gju
Hindi l gchu
Bangani l gju
Jaunpuri l gchu
Nagpuriya l gjc
Sirmauri l gju

70. millet
Jaunsari-Korwa l d
Jaunsari-Khanaad l d
Jaunsari-Chapnu l d
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l d
MixedJB-Maindrath l d
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l d
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 Lodo
Hindi l d
Bangani 2 Luda
Jaunpuri 2 Lodu
Nagpuriya 2 Luodu
Sirmauri l d

71. rice
Jaunsari-Korwa l lj
Jaunsari-Khanaad l lj
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ljvu
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ljoui
MixedJB-Maindrath l ljouI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 saI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ljuu
Hindi l ljauoI
Bangani l ljauI
Jaunpuri l ljI
Nagpuriya l ljI
Sirmauri l ljao]

72. potato
Jaunsari-Korwa l aIu
Jaunsari-Khanaad l aIu
Jaunsari-Chapnu l aIu
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l aIu
MixedJB-Maindrath l aIu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l aIu
Jaunsari-Chakratha l aIu
Hindi l aIu
Bangani l aIu
Jaunpuri l aIu
Nagpuriya l aIu
Sirmauri l aIu

73. eggplant
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bvdag
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bvdag
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bcpgvp
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bvdag
MixedJB-Maindrath l bcpgvp
2 bvdag
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bvlac
4 bvlac
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 bolos
3 bolos
Hindi l bpgon


52
Bangani 3 blasu
4 blasu
Jaunpuri 3 bolasa
4 bolasa
Nagpuriya l bcpon
Sirmauri 4 bulIja

74. groundnut
Jaunsari-Korwa l mugphvII
Jaunsari-Khanaad l mugphvII
2 IqophqI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l mugphvII
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l mumphvII
MixedJB-Maindrath l mumphvII
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l mugphvII
Jaunsari-Chakratha l mupoI
Hindi l mupphoII
Bangani l muoII
Jaunpuri l mupphoII
Nagpuriya l mupphoII
Sirmauri l mumphvII

75. chili
Jaunsari-Korwa l mviljj
Jaunsari-Khanaad l mvilj
Jaunsari-Chapnu l mviljj
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l moilj
MixedJB-Maindrath l mviljv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l mviljv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l moilja
Hindi l miilj
Bangani l miljo
Jaunpuri l mailj
Nagpuriya l mailj
Sirmauri 2 pIp]I

76. turmeric
Jaunsari-Korwa l hvIdI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bcai
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bcai
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bcjvai
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bv]Id
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 bcsai
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 bcjai
Hindi l h:IdI
Bangani l hoIdI
Jaunpuri l hoIdI
Nagpuriya l hoIdu
Sirmauri 4 hoIId

77. garlic
Jaunsari-Korwa l IvIp
Jaunsari-Khanaad l IvIp
Jaunsari-Chapnu l IvsIp
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l Ivsvp
MixedJB-Maindrath l Ivsvp
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l Ivup
Jaunsari-Chakratha l IojIp
Hindi l Iohsun
Bangani l Iosup
Jaunpuri l Iasun
Nagpuriya l Iosop
Sirmauri 2 gohIja

78. onion
Jaunsari-Korwa l pjad
Jaunsari-Khanaad l pIad
Jaunsari-Chapnu l pIad
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l pjad
MixedJB-Maindrath l pjad
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l pjad
Jaunsari-Chakratha l pjadz
Hindi l pjad
Bangani l pjadz
Jaunpuri l pjad
Nagpuriya l pjad
Sirmauri l pIad

79. cauliflower
Jaunsari-Korwa l ehuIgobI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l gbI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ehuIgobI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ehuIgobI
MixedJB-Maindrath l ehuIgobI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ehuIgobI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l phuIgobnI
Hindi l phuIgobnI
l phuIgobnI
Bangani l phuIgobnI
Jaunpuri l uIgobnI


53
Nagpuriya l phuIgobnI
Sirmauri l phuIgobnI

80. tomato
Jaunsari-Korwa l lvmalvi
Jaunsari-Khanaad l lvmalvi
Jaunsari-Chapnu l lvmalvi
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l lcmaoi
MixedJB-Maindrath l lvmalvi
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l lvmalvi
Jaunsari-Chakratha l lcmaloi
Hindi l omvoi
Bangani l omvoi
Jaunpuri l omvoi
Nagpuriya l lcmaloi
Sirmauri l lcmaloi

81. cabbage
Jaunsari-Korwa l bvndgobI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bvndgobI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bvndgobI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l bvndgobI
MixedJB-Maindrath l bvndgobI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bvndgobI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l bondgobnI
Hindi l bondgobnI
l bondgobnI
Bangani l bondgobnI
Jaunpuri l bvndgobI
Nagpuriya l bondgobnI
Sirmauri l bondgobnI

82. oil
Jaunsari-Korwa l lcI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l lcI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l lcI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l lcI
MixedJB-Maindrath l lcI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l lcI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l lcI
Hindi l lcI
Bangani l lcI
Jaunpuri l lcI
Nagpuriya l l jI
Sirmauri l lcI
83. salt
Jaunsari-Korwa l nup
2 nup
Jaunsari-Khanaad l nupo
2 nupo
Jaunsari-Chapnu l nupo
2 nupo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l nupo
2 nupo
MixedJB-Maindrath l nup
2 nup
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l nun
Jaunsari-Chakratha l nun
Hindi 3 namaL
Bangani l nup
2 nup
Jaunpuri 2 Ip
Nagpuriya 2 Ip
Sirmauri 4 Lhaio

84. meat
Jaunsari-Korwa l moso
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ms
Jaunsari-Chapnu l moso
2 ILaiI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ILai
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 ILai
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ILai
Jaunsari-Chakratha l maso
Hindi l mvs
Bangani 2 jILai
Jaunpuri l mas
2 sILai
Nagpuriya 2 sILai
Sirmauri 3 gu]I

85. fat
Jaunsari-Korwa l ljvibI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ljvibI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ljvibI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bo
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 bo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ljvibI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ljoibI
Hindi l ljoibI


54
Bangani l ljoibI
Jaunpuri l ljoibI
Nagpuriya l ljoibI
Sirmauri l lsoibc

86. fish
Jaunsari-Korwa l maljI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l mvljhI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l maljnI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l maljh
MixedJB-Maindrath l mvljhI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l m:ljhoII
Jaunsari-Chakratha l maljha
Hindi l m:ljhoII
Bangani l moljhII
Jaunpuri l maljhv
Nagpuriya l maljhu
Sirmauri l mvljhI

87. chicken
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 LuLoqI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 LuLoqI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 LuLoqI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 LuLoqI
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 LuLoqI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 LuLoqI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 LuLhoI
Hindi l muigI
Bangani 2 LuLhoI
Jaunpuri l muigI
2 LuLoa
Nagpuriya 2 LuLoa
Sirmauri l muigI

88. egg
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 balI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 balI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 balI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 balIjv
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 pcnI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 balI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 balI
Hindi l :pqa
Bangani l opqa
Jaunpuri l apqv
Nagpuriya l opqa
Sirmauri l opqa

89. cow
Jaunsari-Korwa l ga
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ga
Jaunsari-Chapnu l gaI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l gav
MixedJB-Maindrath l gau
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l gavqu
2 gavqu
Jaunsari-Chakratha l gau
Hindi l gaj
Bangani l gaI
Jaunpuri 2 goiu
Nagpuriya 2 goiu
Sirmauri l gaj

90. buffalo
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 mcj
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bncs
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 mvj
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 mj
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 mvI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bnvs
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 moIj
Hindi l bns
Bangani 2 moIj
Jaunpuri l bnsu
Nagpuriya l bnsu
Sirmauri 2 mohIj

91. milk
Jaunsari-Korwa l dud
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dud
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dud
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dud
MixedJB-Maindrath l dud
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dudn
Jaunsari-Chakratha l dudn
Hindi l dudn
Bangani l dudh
Jaunpuri l dudh
Nagpuriya l dudh
Sirmauri l dudh


55
92. horns
Jaunsari-Korwa l sIpg
Jaunsari-Khanaad l sIp
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Ipg
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l sIpg
MixedJB-Maindrath l sIpg
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l sIpg
Jaunsari-Chakratha l jIp
Hindi l s:p
Bangani l sIp
Jaunpuri l sIp
Nagpuriya l sIp
Sirmauri l jI:g

93. tail
Jaunsari-Korwa l puljhup
Jaunsari-Khanaad l puljhup
Jaunsari-Chapnu l pu:ljh
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 gudoiI
MixedJB-Maindrath l puljh
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l puljIp
Jaunsari-Chakratha l puljhup
Hindi l puljh
Bangani 3 punduI
Jaunpuri l puljou
Nagpuriya l puljou
Sirmauri l polsh

94. goat
Jaunsari-Korwa l boLciI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l boLciI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l boLciI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l boLciI
MixedJB-Maindrath l boLciI
2 upo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l boLciI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l baLiI
Hindi l boLciI
Bangani l baLiI
Jaunpuri l boLhoio
Nagpuriya l baLhiu
Sirmauri l baLoiI

95. dog
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 LuLui
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 LuLui
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 LuLui
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 LuLui
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 LuLui
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 LuLui
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 LuLui
Hindi l Lulla
Bangani 2 LuLui
Jaunpuri l Lulla
2 LuLui
Nagpuriya 2 LuLui
Sirmauri 2 LuLui

96. snake
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 vpgoqIjal
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 vpgoqIjal
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 svpgoqIjah
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 pgo
MixedJB-Maindrath l sap
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 svivp
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 siop
Hindi l sap
Bangani l sap
Jaunpuri 5 LIu
Nagpuriya 5 LIu
Sirmauri 6 dan:o

97. monkey
Jaunsari-Korwa l bandvi
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bandvi
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bandvi
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l bandoi
MixedJB-Maindrath l bandvi
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bandvi
Jaunsari-Chakratha l bondoi
Hindi l bondoi
Bangani l bandvi
Jaunpuri l bandvi
Nagpuriya l bandoi
Sirmauri l bandoi



56
98. mosquito
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 Lvbaq
Jaunsari-Khanaad l mvljhvi
Jaunsari-Chapnu l mvljhvi
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 Lvbaq
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 Lvbaq
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l mvljhvi
Jaunsari-Chakratha l molljhoi
Hindi l moljhoi
Bangani 2 guoIc
Jaunpuri l molljoi
Nagpuriya l molljoi
Sirmauri l moljhoi

99. ant
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 LimqI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 LimqI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 6 ljInqI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 LImIu
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 LImIo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ljInI
2 ljviLpI
6 ljInI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 LIImoiIja
Hindi l ljII
Bangani 3 LimoII
5 LimoII
Jaunpuri 3 LImIu
Nagpuriya 5 LIimuIu
Sirmauri gjoI

100. spider
Jaunsari-Korwa 4 lshvinavvl
Jaunsari-Khanaad l moLc
Jaunsari-Chapnu 4 ljvina
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ljIndov
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dnIndavIo
3 dnIndavIo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l mvLoqI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l moLoa
Hindi l moLoqI
Bangani 3 dIndaI
Jaunpuri l moLoa
Nagpuriya l moLoa
Sirmauri 5 ljundIaIa

101. name
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 nav
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 nav
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 nav
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 nav
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 nav
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l nam
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 nau
Hindi l nam
Bangani l nam
2 nau
Jaunpuri 2 n
Nagpuriya 2 n
Sirmauri 2 nau

102. man
Jaunsari-Korwa l admI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l adomI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l admI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l adomI
MixedJB-Maindrath l adom:
3 mapuj
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l admI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 moid
Hindi l adomI
Bangani 2 mcid
Jaunpuri l admI
Nagpuriya 4 monoLhI
Sirmauri l admI

103. woman
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bcLuqI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bcLuqI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bcLuqI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bcLuqI
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 bcLuqI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 bILuqI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 bclLuI
Hindi l iol
Bangani 3 ljhuo
Jaunpuri 4 bciban
Nagpuriya 5 donanu
6 II
Sirmauri lIioc


57

104. child
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 IaqoLvo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 IaqoLvo
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 IaqoLvo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 ljhcqu
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 nonauI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 ljoiv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 5 IaIL
Hindi l boljha
Bangani 6 nana
pclai
Jaunpuri S nja:I
Nagpuriya 5 Iu
Sirmauri 3 lsho:u

105. father
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 babv
3 babv
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 bavv
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 babv
3 babv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 baba
3 baba
MixedJB-Maindrath l ba
2 baba
3 baba
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bavv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 baba
3 baba
Hindi 2 bap
Bangani 2 baba
3 baba
Jaunpuri 4 babajI
Nagpuriya 2 bobo
3 bobo
Sirmauri 2 baba

106. mother
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 I:dI
3 I:dI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 I:dI
3 I:dI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 I:dI
3 I:dI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 I:dI
3 I:dI
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 IdIIv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 bu:
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 IdI
3 IdI
Hindi l mv
Bangani 2 ido
3 ido
Jaunpuri l madI
2 madI
Nagpuriya l ma
4 bu
Sirmauri l ma

107. older brother
Jaunsari-Korwa l dvdv
2 dvdv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dvdv
2 dvdv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dvdv
2 dvdv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 boqodadv
MixedJB-Maindrath l dvdv
2 dvdv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dvdv
2 dvdv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 bnadI
Hindi l dvdv
2 dvdv
3 boqabnvI
Bangani l dada
2 dada
Jaunpuri 3 bnaIdI
Nagpuriya l dIda
Sirmauri 4 bnoj:a

108. younger brother
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bnajv
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bnajv
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bnajv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bnajv
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 bnvj
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 bnvjv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 nondia bnajo


58
Hindi l ljhovbnvI
Bangani l ljhoubnaju
Jaunpuri 2 bnaIdI
Nagpuriya 4 bnuIa
Sirmauri 2 bhaj:u

109. older sister
Jaunsari-Korwa l dadI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dadI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dadI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dadI
MixedJB-Maindrath l dadI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dadI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l dadI
Hindi l dIdI
Bangani l dadI
Jaunpuri l dIdI
Nagpuriya l dIdI
Sirmauri 2 dIdI

110. younger sister
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bvjI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bvjI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bvjI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bvjI
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 bvjI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bnvjv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 baI
Hindi l ljoIbohIn
Bangani 3 bajo
Jaunpuri 4 bnuII
Nagpuriya 4 bnuII
Sirmauri 2 baj:c

111. son
Jaunsari-Korwa l bca
3 lshv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bca
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bca
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l bcv
MixedJB-Maindrath l bcv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bcaI
3 ljoia
Jaunsari-Chakratha l bca
Hindi l bca
2 I:qoLa
Bangani l bca
Jaunpuri l bca
Nagpuriya 4 Iu
Sirmauri l bca

112. daughter
Jaunsari-Korwa l bcI
3 lshuI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bcI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bcI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l bcI
MixedJB-Maindrath l bcI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 ljoiI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l bcI
Hindi l bcI
2 I:qoLI
Bangani l bcI
Jaunpuri l bcI
Nagpuriya 4 II
Sirmauri l bcI

113. husband
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 Lhvnd
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 Lhvnd
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 Lhvnd
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 Lhnd
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 Lhuand
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 Lhavan
Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 Lauoq
Hindi l polI
Bangani 5 maIIL
Jaunpuri 5 maIIL
Nagpuriya 5 maIIL
Sirmauri 6 ghoiuaIa

114. wife
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 doiu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 doiu
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 doiu
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 doiu
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 doiu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 duiu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 doiu
Hindi l polnI


59
Bangani 3 ljhuo
Jaunpuri 4 gnoiuaII
Nagpuriya 4 gnoiuaII
Sirmauri 4 gnoiuaII

115. boy
Jaunsari-Korwa l IoqoLa
Jaunsari-Khanaad l IaqoLou
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bca
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 Luvsv
MixedJB-Maindrath l IoqoLa
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 ljoiv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 ljhoa
Hindi l IoqoLa
Bangani l IaLa
2 bca
Jaunpuri 5 nja:I
Nagpuriya 6 Iu
Sirmauri l IaLa
116. girl
Jaunsari-Korwa l IoqoLI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l IoqoLI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bcI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 gjapuqI
MixedJB-Maindrath l IoqoLI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 ljhoiI
6 ljhoiI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 ljhoI
Hindi l IoqoLI
Bangani l IaLI
2 bcI
IaLI
Jaunpuri 5 nja:II
Nagpuriya 6 II
II
Sirmauri l IaLI
IaLI

117. day
Jaunsari-Korwa l din
2 dus
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 dus
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dus
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dusv
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dus
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l din
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dus
Hindi l din
Bangani 2 dusc
Jaunpuri l din
Nagpuriya l din
Sirmauri 2 dcs

118. night
Jaunsari-Korwa l ial
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ial
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ial
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ialI
MixedJB-Maindrath l ial
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ial
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ial
Hindi l ial
Bangani l ial
Jaunpuri l ial
Nagpuriya l ial
Sirmauri l ial

119. morning
Jaunsari-Korwa l dIjv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dIjv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dIjv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dIjv
MixedJB-Maindrath l dIjv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ivlLc bciv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 ialIja
Hindi 4 suboh
Bangani 3 iallI
Jaunpuri 4 subci
Nagpuriya 4 subIci
Sirmauri l dIjv

120. noon
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 dusvv
3 gomo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 gomo
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dusvv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dusv
3 gnomo
MixedJB-Maindrath l dopai
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 gvmq


60
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dusa
Hindi l dopohoi
Bangani 2 dusc
Jaunpuri l dophoiu
Nagpuriya l dophoiu
Sirmauri l duphiIja

121. evening/afternoon
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bcuLc
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bcuLc
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bcuLc
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 phIiI
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 phIiI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bcqLc bciv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 5 paljho
Hindi l svjda
Bangani 2 bjaILo
6 bjaILo
Jaunpuri 6 bjoLhnu
Nagpuriya 6 bjaLunI
Sirmauri 6
bjaq]uLha

122. yesterday
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 bcjv
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bIjv
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 bcj
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bcjv
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 bja]u
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 bcjadu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 poi
Hindi l L:I
Bangani 4 bjaIa
Jaunpuri 4 bjaII
Nagpuriya 5 poisI
Sirmauri 6 hIdo

123. today
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 cIv
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 cIv
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 cIv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 cliv
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 iliv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 ilsv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 aIa
Hindi l ad
Bangani 3 iloia
Jaunpuri l ad
Nagpuriya l ad
Sirmauri l ad

124. tomorrow
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 dlIjv
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 dlIjv
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 dlIjv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 dlIjv
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dolI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bqv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 dolIja
Hindi l L:I
Bangani 2 dolI
Jaunpuri 4 bnoI
Nagpuriya 4 bnoI
Sirmauri 2 dl:I

125. week
Jaunsari-Korwa l hvplv
l svplv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l hvplv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l hvplv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l hvplv
MixedJB-Maindrath l hvplv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l hvplv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l hola
Hindi l h:phla
Bangani l hola
Jaunpuri l h:phla
Nagpuriya l h:phla
Sirmauri l hapla

126. month
Jaunsari-Korwa l mInv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l mInv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l mInv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l mInv
MixedJB-Maindrath l mInv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l mvhInv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l mInv
Hindi l mohIna
Bangani l mchpu


61
Jaunpuri l mcno
Nagpuriya l mcpu
Sirmauri l moIna

127. year
Jaunsari-Korwa l saI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 bviIj
3 bviIj
Jaunsari-Chapnu l saI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 boiIj
MixedJB-Maindrath l saI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l saI
2 bviIj
3 bviIj
Jaunsari-Chakratha l jaI
Hindi l saI
2 uoi
Bangani l saI
Jaunpuri l saI
Nagpuriya l saI
Sirmauri l saI

128. old
Jaunsari-Korwa l puiapv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l puiapv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l puiapo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l puiapo
MixedJB-Maindrath l puiapo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l puiapv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 baa
Hindi l puivnv
Bangani l puiapo
Jaunpuri l puiapu
Nagpuriya l puiapu
Sirmauri l puivnv

129. new
Jaunsari-Korwa l nvjv
2 nvjv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l njv
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 nv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 n
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 nvvo
3 nvo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 nv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 no
Hindi l noja
2 noja
Bangani 3 n
Jaunpuri l noju
2 noju
Nagpuriya l nojo
2 nojo
Sirmauri 3 noa

130. good
Jaunsari-Korwa l vljhv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l vljhv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l vljhv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l aljhv
MixedJB-Maindrath l aljhv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l vljh
Jaunsari-Chakratha l aljho
Hindi l :ljljha
Bangani 3 boqIja
Jaunpuri l alljhu
Nagpuriya 2 bnoIu
Sirmauri l oljh:a

131. bad
Jaunsari-Korwa l Lhviab
Jaunsari-Khanaad l Lhviab
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Lhviab
2 bcLai
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bcLai
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 ivdI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 Laljoq
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 LoljIo
Hindi l Lhoivb
Bangani 4 id I
Jaunpuri l Lhoivb
Nagpuriya 5 gondu
Sirmauri 6 buia

132. wet
Jaunsari-Korwa l gIIv
2 bnIdI
3 bnIdI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l gIIv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l gIIo


62
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 5 sIno
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 iudI
4 iudI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 iudI
4 iudI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l gIIo
Hindi l gIIa
Bangani 4 iudIgo
Jaunpuri l gIIu
Nagpuriya 2 bnIdu
Sirmauri 2 bnIdI
3 bnIdI

133. dry
Jaunsari-Korwa l suLv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l suLha
Jaunsari-Chapnu l suLo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l uLo
MixedJB-Maindrath l uLv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l suLj
3 suLj
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 juLhIjc
3 juLhIjc
Hindi l suLha
Bangani 2 juLndo
Jaunpuri l suLu
Nagpuriya 3 suLhju
Sirmauri l juLa

134. long
Jaunsari-Korwa l Ivmbv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l IvmI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Iamo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l Iambo
MixedJB-Maindrath l Iamo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l Iom
Jaunsari-Chakratha l Iamba
Hindi l Iombo
Bangani l Iamb
Jaunpuri l Iombu
Nagpuriya l Iombu
Sirmauri l Ivmbv



135. short
Jaunsari-Korwa l ljhovIo
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ljoI
2 nvndiI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ljoo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ljoo
MixedJB-Maindrath l ljhoo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 nvdio
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 nonia
Hindi l ljhoa
Bangani 3 ]oduo
Jaunpuri l ljhou
Nagpuriya l ljhou
Sirmauri 4 holsoa

136. hot
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 laloIv
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 lalo
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 lalo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 lalo
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 lalo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 lalo
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 lalo
Hindi l goiom
Bangani 2 lalo
Jaunpuri 2 lalu
Nagpuriya 2 lalu
Sirmauri 2 lala

137. cold
Jaunsari-Korwa l lhvnqo
2 cu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 cu
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 cui
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 jau
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 cj]o
3 cj]o
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l lhvnqo
Jaunsari-Chakratha l hopqo
Hindi l hopqv
Bangani 3 jII
Jaunpuri l hopqo
Nagpuriya l hopqu
Sirmauri 3 jo]a



63
138. right
Jaunsari-Korwa l dahinv
l dajnv
2 davv
3 dajnv
3 dajno
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dajno
3 dajnv
3 dajno
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 dcj
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 ovo
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 davo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dvnv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l dona
Hindi l dahinv
Bangani 5 suIolo
Jaunpuri l dcpu
Nagpuriya l dcpu
Sirmauri 4 soa

139. left
Jaunsari-Korwa l bajv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bavv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bajv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l bavv
MixedJB-Maindrath l bavo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bavo
Jaunsari-Chakratha l baua
Hindi l bvjv
Bangani 2 buIla
Jaunpuri l baju
Nagpuriya 3 bo
Sirmauri 4 qcia

140. near
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 ncqo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 ncqo
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 ncqo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 ncqo
MixedJB-Maindrath l nvdIL
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l nvdIL
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 ncu
Hindi l n:zdIL
Bangani l nozdIL
Jaunpuri l nozdIL
Nagpuriya 2 scmpI
Sirmauri 3 nIc

141. far
Jaunsari-Korwa l dui
Jaunsari-Khanaad l duio
2 duio
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dui
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l duic
2 duic
MixedJB-Maindrath l duio
2 duio
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dui
Jaunsari-Chakratha l duic
2 duic
Hindi l dui
Bangani l duic
2 duic
Jaunpuri l dui
Nagpuriya l dui
Sirmauri 2 duiLI

142. big
Jaunsari-Korwa l bvqvIo
Jaunsari-Khanaad l boqv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l baqo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l boqo
MixedJB-Maindrath l bvqv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l baqo
Jaunsari-Chakratha l boo
Hindi l boqv
Bangani l bo
Jaunpuri l bou
Nagpuriya l boqv
Sirmauri l ba

143. small
Jaunsari-Korwa l ljhoa
2 nvndio
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 nvndio
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ljhoo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ljhoo
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 nvdoio
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 nvdoio
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 nondo


64
Hindi l ljhoa
Bangani 3 ]oqu]o
Jaunpuri l ljhou
Nagpuriya l ljhou
Sirmauri 4 ghaIa

144. heavy
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 gviuo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 goiu
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 goiuo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 goicLo
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 goicLo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 goiu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 goiu
Hindi l bnaiI
Bangani 2 goLc
Jaunpuri 2 goiu
Nagpuriya 2 goiua
Sirmauri 2 guiLha

145. light
Jaunsari-Korwa l hvqoLo
Jaunsari-Khanaad l hvqoLo
Jaunsari-Chapnu l hvqoLo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 hoLoqo
MixedJB-Maindrath l hv]oLo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l hvqoLa
Jaunsari-Chakratha l hoILo
Hindi l hoILv
Bangani l hcILo
Jaunpuri l hoILu
Nagpuriya l hoILu
Sirmauri l ho]Lo

146. above
Jaunsari-Korwa l upoicIo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 ugvIo
Jaunsari-Chapnu l upio
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ugcIu
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 uloIc
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 ugoIo
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 ubo
Hindi l upoi
Bangani 4 maI
Jaunpuri 5 lj
Nagpuriya 6 molhI
Sirmauri gaj

147. below
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 nIpgoIo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 nIgoIo
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 nIg]
3 lj
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 nIpgoIo
4 dojnI
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 dnvn:I
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 5 gahu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 5 galho
Hindi l nIljc
Bangani 6 loIc
Jaunpuri l nis
Nagpuriya muI
Sirmauri 6 lo]

148. white
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 ljIo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 uLo]u
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ljIo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 ljIu
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 cjnlo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 clu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 juLIa
Hindi l so!cd
Bangani 2 jIl
Jaunpuri l saphcd
Nagpuriya l saphcd
Sirmauri 5 goia

149. black
Jaunsari-Korwa l LaIo
Jaunsari-Khanaad l Lau
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Laqo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l Lavo
MixedJB-Maindrath l La]o
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l Laqu
Jaunsari-Chakratha l Lao
Hindi l LvIv
Bangani l La]o
Jaunpuri l LaIu
Nagpuriya l LaIu


65
Sirmauri l La]o

150. red
Jaunsari-Korwa l IaI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l IaI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l IaI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l IaI
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 ialo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l IaI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l IaI
Hindi l IaI
Bangani l IaI
Jaunpuri l IaI
Nagpuriya l IaI
Sirmauri l IaI

151. one
Jaunsari-Korwa l cL
Jaunsari-Khanaad l cL
Jaunsari-Chapnu l cL
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l cL
MixedJB-Maindrath l cL
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l cL
Jaunsari-Chakratha l cL
Hindi l cL
Bangani l cL
Jaunpuri l cL
Nagpuriya l cL
Sirmauri l cL

152. two
Jaunsari-Korwa l do
Jaunsari-Khanaad l do
Jaunsari-Chapnu l duj
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l duj
MixedJB-Maindrath l do
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l duj
Jaunsari-Chakratha l do
Hindi l do
Bangani l do
Jaunpuri l do
Nagpuriya l duI
Sirmauri l do

153. three
Jaunsari-Korwa l lIn
Jaunsari-Khanaad l lIn
Jaunsari-Chapnu l lIn
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l lIn
MixedJB-Maindrath l lIn
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l lIn
Jaunsari-Chakratha l lIn
Hindi l lIn
Bangani l lIn
Jaunpuri l lIn
Nagpuriya l lIn
Sirmauri l lIn

154. four
Jaunsari-Korwa l ljvi
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ljvi
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ljvi
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ljvi
MixedJB-Maindrath l ljvi
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ljvi
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ljvi
Hindi l ljvi
Bangani l ljvi
Jaunpuri l ljvi
Nagpuriya l ljvi
Sirmauri l ljvi

155. five
Jaunsari-Korwa l paljh
Jaunsari-Khanaad l paljh
Jaunsari-Chapnu l paljh
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l paljh
MixedJB-Maindrath l pvnlj
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l palj
Jaunsari-Chakratha l palj
Hindi l pvnlj
Bangani l palj
Jaunpuri l palj
Nagpuriya l palj
Sirmauri l palj

156. six
Jaunsari-Korwa l ljho
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ljhc


66
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ljho
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ljhc
MixedJB-Maindrath l ljho
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ljhvI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ljhc
Hindi l ljhc
Bangani l ljhc
Jaunpuri l ljhc
Nagpuriya l ljhc
Sirmauri l ljho

157. seven
Jaunsari-Korwa l svl
Jaunsari-Khanaad l svl
Jaunsari-Chapnu l svl
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l svl
MixedJB-Maindrath l svl
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l svl
Jaunsari-Chakratha l svl
Hindi l svl
Bangani l svl
Jaunpuri l svl
Nagpuriya l svl
Sirmauri l sal

158. eight
Jaunsari-Korwa l vh
Jaunsari-Khanaad l vh
Jaunsari-Chapnu l vh
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l vh
MixedJB-Maindrath l vh
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l vh
Jaunsari-Chakratha l vh
Hindi l vh
Bangani l vh
Jaunpuri l vh
Nagpuriya l vh
Sirmauri l vh

159. nine
Jaunsari-Korwa l n
Jaunsari-Khanaad l n
Jaunsari-Chapnu l n
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l n
MixedJB-Maindrath l n
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l n
Jaunsari-Chakratha l n
Hindi l n
Bangani l n
Jaunpuri l n
Nagpuriya l n
Sirmauri l n

160. ten
Jaunsari-Korwa l dos
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dos
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dos
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l doj
MixedJB-Maindrath l dv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dos
Jaunsari-Chakratha l dos
Hindi l dos
Bangani l doj
Jaunpuri l dos
Nagpuriya l dos
Sirmauri l dj

161. eleven
Jaunsari-Korwa l gjaiv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l gjaiv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l gjaiv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l gjaiv
MixedJB-Maindrath l gjaiv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l gjaiv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l gjaioh
Hindi l gjaioh
Bangani l gjaiv
Jaunpuri l gjaioh
Nagpuriya l gjaioh
Sirmauri l gjaio

162. twelve
Jaunsari-Korwa l baiv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l baiv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bvio
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l bvio
MixedJB-Maindrath l baiv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l baiv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l bvioh
Hindi l bvioh


67
Bangani l bvioh
Jaunpuri l bvioh
Nagpuriya l bvioh
Sirmauri l bvio

163. twenty
Jaunsari-Korwa l bI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bIs
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bIs
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l bI
MixedJB-Maindrath l bI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bIs
Jaunsari-Chakratha l bIs
Hindi l bIs
Bangani l bIj
Jaunpuri l bIs
Nagpuriya l bIs
Sirmauri l bIj

164. one hundred
Jaunsari-Korwa l s
Jaunsari-Khanaad l s
Jaunsari-Chapnu l s
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l s
MixedJB-Maindrath l o
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 pajlj bIsv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l s
Hindi l s
l s:u
Bangani l j
Jaunpuri l s
Nagpuriya l s
Sirmauri l j

165. who?
Jaunsari-Korwa l Lupo
Jaunsari-Khanaad l Lup
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Lupo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l Lupo
MixedJB-Maindrath l Lupo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l Lup
Jaunsari-Chakratha l Lup
Hindi l Ln
Bangani l Lupc
Jaunpuri 2 Lo
Nagpuriya 2 Lu
Sirmauri l Lup

166. what?
Jaunsari-Korwa l La
Jaunsari-Khanaad l La
Jaunsari-Chapnu l La
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l La
MixedJB-Maindrath l La
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l Lv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l La
Hindi 2 Ljv
Bangani l La
Jaunpuri 2 Lja
Nagpuriya 2 Lja
Sirmauri l La

167. where?
Jaunsari-Korwa l LoLc
2 LoLc
3 LoLc
4 LoLc
Jaunsari-Khanaad l LoLc
2 LoLc
3 LoLc
4 LoLc
Jaunsari-Chapnu l LoLc
2 LoLc
3 LoLc
4 LoLc
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 LojLc
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 LojLc
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l LoLv
2 LoLv
3 LoLv
4 LoLv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l LoLv
2 LoLv
3 LoLv
4 LoLv
Hindi l Lohv
Bangani 3 LilLc
Jaunpuri 2 LoLh
Nagpuriya 2 LoLh
Sirmauri 4 Llhc


68

168. when?
Jaunsari-Korwa l LoIv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l LoIv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l LoIv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 Loliv
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 Lvliv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l LvdI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l LoIa
Hindi 3 Lob
Bangani 2 Lclia
Jaunpuri 3 LoboiI
Nagpuriya 3 Loboi
Sirmauri 3 Lbc

169. how many?
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 Loljho
2 Loljho
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 Lljhc
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 Luljoqo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 Loljoq
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 Loljho
2 Loljho
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 Lvljc
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 Lolja
Hindi l Lilnc
Bangani 3 clI
Jaunpuri l LolnaL
Nagpuriya 3 LolI
4 LolI
Sirmauri 4 Lcl:c

170. what kind?
Jaunsari-Korwa l Lvjo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 Ljpu
4 Ljpu
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Loo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 Lajpc
MixedJB-Maindrath 5 Lo]o
6 Lo]o
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 Lpu
5 Lpu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 LojnoI
Hindi l Lsv
2 Lsv
Bangani l Lcj
2 Lcj
5 Lcj
Jaunpuri LonoIhoju
Nagpuriya LonoLc
Sirmauri 2 Lc]a
6 Lc]a

171. this
Jaunsari-Korwa l jvu
Jaunsari-Khanaad l jv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l jc do
3 jc do
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 jo
MixedJB-Maindrath l jc
5 jc
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 j
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 cdu
Hindi l joh
Bangani 2 jo
Jaunpuri 4 joLh
Nagpuriya 2 ju
Sirmauri 5 c

172. that
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 scu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 u
Jaunsari-Chapnu 4 scdo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 o
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 scu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 s
Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 scdu
Hindi l vo
Bangani 4 cdo
Jaunpuri 5 loLh
Nagpuriya 2 su
Sirmauri 4 IdI

173. these
Jaunsari-Korwa l jc
Jaunsari-Khanaad l jc
3 aI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l jc
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l jc
MixedJB-Maindrath l jc


69
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l jc du
Jaunsari-Chakratha l cdu
Hindi l jc
Bangani 2 jo
Jaunpuri l jc
Nagpuriya 2 jo
Sirmauri l jc

174. those
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 sc
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 sc
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 sc
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 5 jc
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 sc
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 s du
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 scdu
3 scdu
Hindi l uc
Bangani 4 jo
Jaunpuri l uc
Nagpuriya l uo
Sirmauri 2 sc

175. same
Jaunsari-Korwa 4 bviabvi
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 cLlaic
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 cLIapo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 5 cLnajono
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 bviabvi
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 bviabvi
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 cLsc
Hindi l soman
Bangani 2 cLsc
Jaunpuri 2 cLsc
Nagpuriya 2 cLsc
Sirmauri 6 cLdc]a

176. different
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 ljhcdu
4 ljhcdu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 5 d balc
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 ljhcudv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l phvivL
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 ljhvo
4 ljhvo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 ljhvpu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 6 oLbnanlc
Hindi l !oioL
Bangani oIog
Jaunpuri oIog
Nagpuriya oIog
Sirmauri l !oioL

177. whole
Jaunsari-Korwa l sjdu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 puia
2 saia
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 puia
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 ncpu
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 badIjv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 puiu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 5 sabul
Hindi 2 puiv
5 sabul
Bangani 4 badIjv
Jaunpuri l sdu
Nagpuriya 2 puiu
Sirmauri 5 sabul

178. broken
Jaunsari-Korwa l lulIjc
Jaunsari-Khanaad l luI
3 luI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l uo
3 uo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l uogo
MixedJB-Maindrath l uv
3 uv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l uI
3 uI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l uIjc
Hindi l uv
3 uv
Bangani 2 ljoodo
Jaunpuri l uIju
Nagpuriya l uIjo
Sirmauri 3 ljua


70
179. few
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 anv
2 anoqo
Jaunsari-Khanaad lol
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 LopIjo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 cLpI
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 ijv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 LvpILo
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 LvpILo
Hindi l lhoqa
Bangani 5 ujIja
Jaunpuri l lhoI
Nagpuriya 6 dcio
Sirmauri l lhoqa

180. many
Jaunsari-Korwa 6 svLioqu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 bviI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bvulo
2 bvulo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 bnoiI
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bnviI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 bnviI
Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 muLLo
Hindi l bohul
Bangani biILja
Jaunpuri 4 muLlu
Nagpuriya 5 bIda
Sirmauri 2 bnuIla

181. all
Jaunsari-Korwa l svb
2 saio
Jaunsari-Khanaad l svb
Jaunsari-Chapnu l svb
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 bnaddc
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 bvdc
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l svbv
2 svbv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 muLLc
Hindi l sob
Bangani 2 saic
Jaunpuri l sob:I
Nagpuriya l sob:I
Sirmauri l sb:c
182. eat!, he ate
Jaunsari-Korwa l Lhav
Jaunsari-Khanaad l Lha
Jaunsari-Chapnu l Lhao
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l Lha
MixedJB-Maindrath l Lhao
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l Lha
Jaunsari-Chakratha l Lhvo
Hindi l Lhvo
Bangani l Lhao
Jaunpuri l LhaIIc
Nagpuriya l Lhava
Sirmauri l Lhapo

183. bite!, he bit
Jaunsari-Korwa 3 uLoIv
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 uLI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 Laa
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 uLpv
MixedJB-Maindrath l Lhau
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 uLI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l La
Hindi 2 Lav
Bangani 2 La
Jaunpuri 2 LaopI
Nagpuriya 2 LaI
Sirmauri 2 Laa

184. he is, he was hungry
Jaunsari-Korwa l bnuL IagI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bnuL IagI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bnuL IagI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l bnuLiI IagI
MixedJB-Maindrath l bnuL Iagc
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bnuL IagI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l bnuLhioIagI
Hindi l bnuLhv
Bangani l bnuLhioIagI
Jaunpuri l bnuLhIogoI
Nagpuriya l bnuLhIogoI
Sirmauri l bnuL Iagic


71
185. drink!, he drank
Jaunsari-Korwa l pIo
Jaunsari-Khanaad l pIo
Jaunsari-Chapnu l pI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l pI
MixedJB-Maindrath l pIIau
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l pI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l pInda Iag:jc
Hindi l pIjo
Bangani l pInlaioIagI
Jaunpuri l pIpa Iogju
Nagpuriya l pijopIu
Sirmauri l pIlho

186. he is, he was thirsty
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 lIj IagI
3 lIj IagI
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 lIj IagI
3 lIj IagI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 lIj IagI
3 lIj IagI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 lIj IagI
3 lIj IagI
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 lIsvIIagI
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 lIs IagIIc
3 lIs IagIIc
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 lIsioIagI
Hindi l pjvsv
Bangani 2 lIj IagI
3 lIj IagI
Jaunpuri 2 lIs Ia
Nagpuriya 2 lIs IogI
Sirmauri 3 ljIj Iagio

187. sleep!, he slept
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 sulI iac
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 slI i
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 solI dv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 sulI Ivgv
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 sulI iv
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 sulI iv
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 sulIioua
Hindi l so:
Bangani 2 suloioIagI
Jaunpuri 3 jjcnoIogju
Nagpuriya 4 sjopu
Sirmauri 2 sul ia

188. lie down!, he lay down
Jaunsari-Korwa 6 paloivpvqo
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 sulI gv
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 slI dv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 sulI Ivgaic
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 sulI go
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 sulI gj
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 sulI gv
Hindi l Icv
Bangani 3 pIol Ija d o
Jaunpuri 4 pcigojo
Nagpuriya 5 poI
Sirmauri 2 sulia

189. sit down!, he sat down
Jaunsari-Korwa l buho
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bvh
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bvhI dv
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 bvj
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 bujo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bvhI dv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l bchIdao
Hindi l bho
Bangani 2 boj
Jaunpuri l bclhodI
Nagpuriya l bcha
Sirmauri 3 boIda

190. give!, he gave
Jaunsari-Korwa l dcunqu
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dc
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dcdc
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dc
MixedJB-Maindrath l dcjdo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dcdI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l dc
Hindi l dc
Bangani l dc
Jaunpuri l dc
Nagpuriya l dc
Sirmauri l oqa dc



72
191. it burns, it burned
Jaunsari-Korwa l dj Ivgv
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 agic IagI
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 agic IagI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dj Ivgv
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 odI Iago
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 phuLIpoIagc
Jaunsari-Chakratha 5 ljIjuIioua
Hindi 6 doIlv
Bangani 6 doIdIioIagI
Jaunpuri 3 phuLjopu Iogju
Nagpuriya phuLcpu
Sirmauri 6 dI ia

192. don't die!, he died
Jaunsari-Korwa l mviIgn
Jaunsari-Khanaad l mviI gjvIvv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l mviI go
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l moiIgv
MixedJB-Maindrath l mviI go
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l mviI ivj
Jaunsari-Chakratha l moiIna
Hindi l moigojv
Bangani l maiIguI
Jaunpuri l moigojo
Nagpuriya l muiI
Sirmauri l migIa

193. he killed
Jaunsari-Korwa l maiv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l maiv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l mai pa
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 4 dapIpv
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 Luo
2 pIo
3 pIo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l maiI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l maiv
Hindi l maia
Bangani 3 IpIpIo
Jaunpuri l maiju
Nagpuriya l maiI
Sirmauri l maia

194. fly!, it flew
Jaunsari-Korwa l uqaj Iagn
Jaunsari-Khanaad l uqaj go
Jaunsari-Chapnu l uqaj go
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l udvIagv
MixedJB-Maindrath l uqvj Iago
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l uqjapoIagI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l uqaupqa IagIjc
Hindi l ugojI
Bangani l uqIjandIioI IagI
Jaunpuri l uqopa Icgju
Nagpuriya 2 uipu
Sirmauri l uia

195. walk!, he walked
Jaunsari-Korwa l ljaIo
Jaunsari-Khanaad l ljaIo
Jaunsari-Chapnu l ljaIo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l ljvI
MixedJB-Maindrath l ljaIo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l ljvI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ljoIo
Hindi l ljoIo
Bangani l ljaIo
Jaunpuri l ljoIo
Nagpuriya l ljoIo
Sirmauri l ljvI

196. run!, he ran
Jaunsari-Korwa l dqo
Jaunsari-Khanaad l duvq
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dauqo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dqo
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 dnvu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l doq
Jaunsari-Chakratha l do
Hindi l dqo
Bangani l duoLu
Jaunpuri l do
Nagpuriya l da
Sirmauri l d


73
197. go!, he went
Jaunsari-Korwa l dv
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dv
Jaunsari-Chapnu l daj
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dv
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 nojo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l dv
Jaunsari-Chakratha l dao
Hindi l dvo
Bangani 2 dcjuuc
Jaunpuri l dao
Nagpuriya l daua
Sirmauri l dv

198. come!, he came
Jaunsari-Korwa l au
Jaunsari-Khanaad l au:
Jaunsari-Chapnu l au
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l au
MixedJB-Maindrath l ao
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l a:u
Jaunsari-Chakratha l ao
Hindi l vo
Bangani 3 aiuajo
Jaunpuri 4 audI
Nagpuriya 5 aua
Sirmauri 2 a

199. speak!, he spoke
Jaunsari-Korwa l bI
Jaunsari-Khanaad l bI
Jaunsari-Chapnu l bI
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l bI
MixedJB-Maindrath l boIo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l bI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l boIo
Hindi l boIo
Bangani l boIo
Jaunpuri l boIo
Nagpuriya l bIo
Sirmauri l bI
200. listen!, he heard
Jaunsari-Korwa l upo
Jaunsari-Khanaad l supo
Jaunsari-Chapnu l upo
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l upI
MixedJB-Maindrath l supo
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l sup
Jaunsari-Chakratha l suno
Hindi l suno
Bangani 2 jundaioIagI
Jaunpuri 3 supa Ioju
Nagpuriya 4 supopu
Sirmauri 3 jupIIu

201. look!, he saw
Jaunsari-Korwa l dcLh
2 hci
Jaunsari-Khanaad l dcLh
Jaunsari-Chapnu l dcLh
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l dcLh
MixedJB-Maindrath l dcLho
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 hci
Jaunsari-Chakratha l dcLho
Hindi l dcLho
Bangani l dcLho
Jaunpuri l dcLhI
Nagpuriya l dcLhI
Sirmauri l dcLha

202. I (1st sg)
Jaunsari-Korwa l mc
3 au
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 au
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 au
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 3 au
MixedJB-Maindrath 4 bvu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 mj
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 au
Hindi l m
Bangani 3 au
Jaunpuri 5 mcn
Nagpuriya l mc
Sirmauri 2 mo



74
203. you (2nd sg, informal)
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 lu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 lu
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 lu
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 lu
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 lu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 2 lu
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 lu
Hindi l lum
Bangani 2 lu
Jaunpuri l lum
Nagpuriya l lum
Sirmauri 2 lu
204. you (2nd sg, formal)
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 lu
Jaunsari-Khanaad 3 lum
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 luc
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 lu
MixedJB-Maindrath 3 lum
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 lum
Jaunsari-Chakratha 3 lum
Hindi l vp
Bangani 2 lu
Jaunpuri l vp
Nagpuriya l vp
Sirmauri 2 luc

205. he (3rd sg, masculine)
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 c
Jaunsari-Khanaad 4 a:
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 c
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 jc
3 jc
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 cu
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 5 s
Jaunsari-Chakratha 6 sa
Hindi l uo
l uoh
Bangani 3 jo
Jaunpuri l uo
Nagpuriya l uo
Sirmauri 6 sc

206. she (3rd sg, feminine)
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 cj
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 jc
Jaunsari-Chapnu 5 I:
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 jcI
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 cj
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 4 sc
Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 sc
Hindi l uoh
Bangani 3 jo
Jaunpuri l uo
Nagpuriya l uo
Sirmauri 4 sc
207. we (1st pl, inclusive)
Jaunsari-Korwa l hvm
Jaunsari-Khanaad l vm
Jaunsari-Chapnu l hvmc
2 hvmc
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l hvm
MixedJB-Maindrath l amc
2 amc
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l vm
Jaunsari-Chakratha l amc
2 amc
Hindi l hom
Bangani l amc
2 amc
Jaunpuri l hom
Nagpuriya l hom
Sirmauri 2 om:c

208. we (1st pl, exclusive)
Jaunsari-Korwa l hvm duj
Jaunsari-Khanaad l vmc
2 vmc
Jaunsari-Chapnu l hvmc
2 hvmc
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l hvm
MixedJB-Maindrath l amc duj
2 amc duj
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l vm dujI
Jaunsari-Chakratha l amc dujai
2 amc dujai


75
Hindi l hom
Bangani l amc duja
2 amc duja
Jaunpuri l hom
Nagpuriya l hom duI
Sirmauri 2 om:c duInc

209. you (2nd pl)
Jaunsari-Korwa l lum
Jaunsari-Khanaad l lum
Jaunsari-Chapnu 2 luc
Jaunsari-Bhandroli l lum
MixedJB-Maindrath l lum
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal l lum
Jaunsari-Chakratha 2 lu
Hindi l lumIog
Bangani 2 lu
Jaunpuri 2 lu
Nagpuriya l lum
Sirmauri 2 luc
210. they (3rd pl)
Jaunsari-Korwa 2 jc
Jaunsari-Khanaad 2 jc
Jaunsari-Chapnu 3 scu
Jaunsari-Bhandroli 2 jc
MixedJB-Maindrath 2 jc dc
4 jc dc
Jr-Glmix-Lakhamandal 3 sc
Jaunsari-Chakratha 4 sodc
Hindi l uc
Bangani 2 jc
Jaunpuri l uc
Nagpuriya l uc
Sirmauri 4 sI dI








76
Appendix B
Home Town Test & Recorded Text Test
Recorded Text Testing Procedures, Scores and Responses
Recorded Text Test Procedures
17

The extent to which speakers of related linguistic varieties understand one another can be
studied by means of tape-recorded texts. Such studies investigate whether speakers of one variety
understand a narrative text of another variety and are able to answer questions about the content
of that text. The accuracy with which subjects answer these questions is taken as an index of
their comprehension of that speech form. From the percentage of correct answers, the amount of
intelligibility between speech forms is inferred. The recorded text testing used in this survey is
based on the procedures described in Casad (1974) and Blair (1990).
Short, personal experience narratives are deemed to be most suitable for recorded text
testing in that the content must be relatively unpredictable and the speech form should be natural.
Folklore or other material thought to be widely known is avoided. A three to five minute story is
recorded from a speaker of the regional vernacular, and then checked with a group of speakers
from the same region to ensure that the spoken forms are truly representative of that area. The
story is then transcribed and a set of comprehension questions is constructed based on various
semantic domains covered in the text. Normally, a set of fifteen or more questions is initially
prepared. Some of the questions will prove unsuitable perhaps because the answer is not in
focus in the text, or because the question is confusing to native speakers of the test variety.
Unsuitable questions are then deleted from the preliminary set, leaving a minimum of ten final
questions for each RTT. To ensure that measures of comprehension are based on subjects
understanding of the text itself and not on a misunderstanding of the test questions, these
questions must be recorded in the regional variety of the test subjects. This requires an
appropriate dialect version of the questions for each RTT at each test location.
In the RTTs used in this study, test subjects heard the complete story text once, after which
the story was repeated with test questions and the opportunities for responses interspersed with
necessary pauses in the recorded text. Appropriate and correct responses are directly extractable
from the segment of speech immediately preceding the question, such that memory limitations
exert a negligible effect and indirect inference based on the content is not required. Thus the
RTT aims to be a close reflection of a subjects comprehension of the language itself, not of his
or her memory, intelligence, or reasoning. The average or mean of the scores obtained from
subjects at one test location is taken as a numerical indicator of the intelligibility between
speakers of the dialects represented.
In order to ensure that the RTT is a fair test of the intelligibility of the test variety to
speakers from the regions tested, the text is first tested with subjects from the region where the
text was recorded. This initial testing is referred to as the hometown test. The hometown test
serves to introduce subjects to the testing procedure in a context where intelligibility of the
dialect is assumed to be complete since it is the native variety of test subjects. In addition,

17
This description of recorded text test procedures is adapted from that found in Appendix A of OLeary (ed. 1992).


77
hometown testing insures that native speakers of the text dialect could accurately answer the
comprehension questions used to assess understanding of the text in non-native dialect areas.
Once a text has been hometown tested with a minimum of ten subjects who have been able to
correctly answer the selected comprehension questions, with an average score of 90% or above,
the test is considered validated.
It is possible that a subject may be unable to answer the test questions correctly simply
because he or she does not understand what is expected. This is especially true with
unsophisticated subjects or those unacquainted with test-taking. Therefore a very short pre-test
story with four questions is recorded in the local variety before beginning the actual testing. The
purpose of this pre-test is to teach the subject what is expected according to the RTT procedures.
If the subject is able to answer the pre-test questions, it is assumed that he or she would serve as
a suitable subject. Each subject then participates in the hometown test in his or her native variety
before participating in RTTs in non-native varieties. Occasionally, even after the pre-test, a
subject fails to perform adequately on an already validated hometown test. Performances of such
subjects are eliminated from the final evaluation, the assumption being that uncontrollable
factors unrelated to the intelligibility of speech forms are skewing such test results. In this study,
subjects performing at levels of less than 80% on their hometown test were eliminated from
further testing.
When speakers of one linguistic variety have had no previous contact with that represented
by the recorded text, test scores of the subjects from the test point tend to be more similar
especially when the scores are in the higher ranges. Such consistent scores are often interpreted
to be closer reflections of the inherent intelligibility between speech forms. If the sample of
subjects (a minimum of ten) accurately represents the speech community being tested in terms of
the variables affecting intelligibility, and the RTT scores show such consistency, increasing the
number of subjects should not significantly increase the range of variation of the scores.
However, when some subjects have had significant previous contact with the speech form
recorded on the RTT, while others have not, the scores usually vary considerably, reflecting the
degree of learning that has gone on through contact. For this reason, it is important to include a
measure of dispersion which reflects the extent to which the range of scores varies from the
mean the standard deviation. On an RTT with 100 possible points (that is, 100 percent), a
standard deviation of more than 12 to 15 is considered high. If the standard deviation is relatively
low, say 10 and below, and the mean score for subjects from the selected test point is high, the
implication is that the community as a whole probably understands the test variety rather well,
either because the variety in the RTT is inherently intelligible or because the variety has been
acquired rather consistently and uniformly throughout the speech community. If the standard
deviation is low and the mean RTT score is also low, the implication is that the community as a
whole understands the test variety rather poorly and that regular contact has not facilitated
learning of the test variety to any significant extent. If the standard deviation is high, regardless
of the mean score, one implication is that some subjects have learned to comprehend the test
variety better than others. In this last case, inherent intelligibility between the related varieties
may be mixed with acquired proficiency which results from learning through contact.
The relationship between RTT scores and their standard deviation can be seen in the
following chart:


78
Standard Deviation
HIGH LOW


Average


HIGH
Situation 1
Many people understand
the story well, but some have
difficulty.
Situation 2
Most people
understand the story.
Score

LOW
Situation 3
Many people cannot under-
stand the story, but a few are able
to answer correctly.
Situation 4
Few people are
able to understand the
story.

High standard deviations can result from other causes such as inconsistencies in the
circumstances of test administration and scoring, or differences in attentiveness or intelligence of
subjects. Researchers involved in recorded text testing need to be aware of the potential for
skewed results due to such factors, and to control for them as much as possible through careful
test development and administration.
Questionnaires administered at the time of testing can help researchers discover which
factors are significant in promoting contact, which facilitates acquired intelligibility. Travel to or
extended stays in other dialect regions, intermarriage between dialect groups, or contacts with
schoolmates from other dialect regions are examples of the types of contact that can occur.
In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the
results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from
potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of their relative difficulty
and complexity, or of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different
texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be
interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in light of other
indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of
contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher
with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of
the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording.
Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.
In contrast to experimentally controlled testing in a laboratory or classroom situation, the
results of field-administered methods such as the RTT cannot be completely isolated from
potential biases. Recorded texts and test questions will vary in terms of their relative difficulty
and complexity, or of the clarity of the recording. Comparisons of RTT results from different
texts need to be made cautiously. It is therefore recommended that results from RTTs not be
interpreted in terms of fixed numerical thresholds, but rather be evaluated in light of other
indicators of intelligibility such as lexical similarity, dialect opinions, and reported patterns of
contact and communication. In general, however, RTT mean scores of around 80% or higher
with accompanying low standard deviations are usually taken to indicate that representatives of
the test point dialect display adequate understanding of the variety represented by the recording.
Conversely, RTT means below 60% are interpreted to indicate inadequate intelligibility.


79

FEAR STORY
This story was given by an educated man and mother-tongue speaker of Jaunsari,
born and brought up in Korwa village of Chakrata Tahsil of Dehradun district in
Uttaranchal state. It was collected on 9 March 2004.
\n 1

\p HC L k C HL E o y t |
\g This story cm I cm tell one time me childhood to-me fear got was
\f This story is about a scaring incident in my childhood days.
QUESTION 1
\q What happened in his childhood?
\a Got Scared
\n 2
\p : L L U HL A |
\g cm is of happened what our village one person died
\f What happened is ,one person from our village got dead

QUESTION 2
\q Who died there?
\a One person

\n 3
\p:A SL U w : k n Uy y L S|
\g Cm we his wood bring did people of fearedwheninsidedead-bodycarrieroutsidewhenI his face dead saw
\f When I went for his cremation, that time they took out the dead body from inside and I saw the face of the dead
person.
QUESTION 3
\q What did he see there?
\a Dead body/face

\n 4
\p : : E y LC L : J |
\g when when cm I fear no why of there pm lot people was
\f That time I did not get scared because lot of people were there
QUESTION 4
\q Why he was not scared?
\a Many people were there

\n 5
\pA oL L k F AtoU,
\g and next me what of happened when I half waytill went,

\pEL A CL S : k |
\g after that my big-brotherpm when him return sendwhen
\f And what happened after that is, when I went up to half way, my brother came and we returned from there



80
\n 6
\pLy w|
\g wood bring my elder-brotherwent
\f My elder brother went for fire wood

\n 7
\pF CL Yt L w, : Yt L AU w|
\g I when rhyme theregrasscm went when grasscmbeforemy sister- in-lawwaswent
\f When I was in there, I went for grass, but my sister-in-law reached there first
QUESTION 5
\q Where did he go?
\a Grass place

\n 8
\p Yty -:|
\g when Grass-sm finished late
\f That day our work finished very late

\n 9
\p ES: E L Y L J:YtyL Lt,
\g my sister-in- law has there evening cm grassforweightwasand I-has small hadbag,

\p:A U L :S|
\g when others village ofwith- us
\f When we were going with village people, that time my sister- in law was carrying grass and I was having a small bag.

QUESTION 6
\q What was in my sister-in-laws hand?
\a Grass

\n 10
\p A : Aj` L t w k E A `L`:A ALC L tA|
\g and then way pm road went when upper cameroad on when-weour home downpmwaycame
\f When we reached the upper road the village people also went through that way.

\n 11
\p kCL J E :L Eyy HL kU A:|
\g when there dead body take-go down little place water cm
\f When they were going to down side, there was little water on the way
QUESTION 7
\q What was there on the way?
\a Water

\n 12
\p Aj`` HL ` L t: A: L j ` `L `
\g it upper one phedu of tree that pm shade was fall road down

\p k CL kL : HL A |
\g when then to-him that there near reached when one person was
\f When I reached there, one man was sleeping on the road where shadow of a tree was there.


81
QUESTION 8
\q Which tree is that?
\a Phedu (Name of the tree)

\n 13
\pk HL- CL L Uyy y U,
\g when very-much therecm reach his leg touchhappen

\p o o :,k J o EC|
\g then I think thought tell-that man dead his personpm deadsleeping
\f When I reached there I touched on his leg, that time I thought this is that persons dead body.
QUESTION 9
\q Where did his body touch?
\a Legs

\n 14
\pJ E L w y,J k LYy |
\g and I more gone fear- andme cm like cold waterof pot pour
\f I was so scared like somebody poured cold water on me
QUESTION 10
\q What did he feel because of fear?
\a Like somebody poured cold water

\n 15
\pA S A j:g|
\g and my sister-in-law then me her back-hide
\f And my sister-in-law hid me on her back side
QUESTION 11
\q Where did his sister-in-law hid him?
\a Her back side

\n 16
\p A A L A y Ey,A A L|
\g and when we more come run here-and come home

\pA A C L :L A H-Hy w,L A SyH-H|
\g and pass we bring home tell-of we like-that fearlike-pmof told like-that happened
\f When we reached home by running, we explained them how we got scared.

\n 17
\p: L : LEL y C yU-kE|
\g when-my elder-brothercm that-daywine too drinkwhenhis tell of I axe takethereing-go
\f Then my elder brother, who was drunk, said I will take axe and go there.
QUESTION 12
\q What did he say?
\a I will take axe and go there.

\n 18
\p :AC wL L k|
\g then-others said pm go-no
\f Then other people said dont go there
QUESTION 13
\q What did other people say?
\a Dont go



82
\n 19
\p : k kCL Yt Yt: CL C S S kA|
\g then like there incident was there-
cm
all-came food eat go
\f After the incident all people went there for food
QUESTION 14
\q Why did the people go there?
\a They went for food

\n 20
\p k : w A EL: k A L
\g like this when went of cm happened evening when other people could understand of

\p A : A L U L S |
\g them then pm of village pm was him day wine drunk was
\f Then all came to know in the evening that the person was from another village and got drunk at the day and was
lying there in the way.
QUESTION 15
\q When did he drink?
\a Day time

\n 21
\p A: AA: L A Agj C k w , kE A |
\g And they when his talk pm and Good thing ha that got no, life person here was died
\f Then he said it is a good thing, that was not a dead person but a living man.
QUESTION 16
\q What he told?
\a Good thing
\n 22
\p : H L E kU o L w y |
\g then this like of I life me more got was feared em
\f Like this many time in my life I got scared.


83
Subject Background Information, RTT Scoring Chart Key and Post-HTT/RTT Questions
The following background information was obtained for each test subject (designated with a subject ID number):
1. Date
2. Name
3. Sex
4. Age
5. Education
6a. Birthplace
6b. Brought up
6c. Current residence / how long
6d. If moved, how long
7a. Mother tongue
7b. Language now spoken in home
8. Fathers mother tongue
9. Mothers mother tongue
10. Spouses mother tongue
11. Lived or stayed in another place / how long
12. Travelled to another place
13. Remarks

RTT scoring chart key:
Q1, Q2,: Score for each question of the story
10 = fully correct
5 = partially correct
0 = incorrect
TTL: Total score for each subject
PCT: Percentage for each subject
Average score: Average score of all subjects
Standard deviation: Statistical measurement for range of scores
Above 12 Is high
Below 10 Low
No: Number of subjects who took the test

Codes Used in the Transcription of Texts (Code and its Meaning)
\n :Sentence number
\p :Transcription of text in Devanagiri script
\g :Word-by-word English gloss of transcribed text
\f :Free (natural) English translation of text
QUESTION :Question number
\q :English translation of question
\a :Expected answer for question
[rhyme] :Rhyming word with the previous word
PM Prefix marker
CM Crase marker
RHYM :Rhyme of the language


84

Post-HTT Questions:
1. Where do you think the person who told this story is from?
2. a. Is the speech good?
b. [if not good] What is not good about it?
3. Is this the way people talk in your village?
4. Did you hear any mixing with another language?
Post-RTT Questions:
1. a. In what language do you think the story was told?
b. Where do you think the storyteller is from?
c. What helps you know the storyteller is from that place?
2. a. Is the speech good?
b. [if not good] What is not good about it?
3. a. Is the speech pure?
b. [if not pure] In what way is the speech not pure?
4. a. Is the storyteller's speech a little different or very different from your speech?
b. [if different] In what way is it different (pronunciation, words, style)?
5. How much of the story did you understand?
(If subject did not name a place for the story, the following questions are ignored)
6. How many times have you gone to the area where you said the storyteller is from?
7. How often do people from that area come to your village?




85
Home Town Testing in Korwa
Subject Biodata
No. Sex Age Edu
Born
in
Brought
up
Now
How
long
MT Lg at home
Father & mother's
mt
Spouse's mt
Lived in
other place
Travel outside
area
1 M 62 6 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Delhi, Calcutta
2 M 18 0 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun No
3 F 15 5 Chottu Chottu Korwa 1-month Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No No
4 F 55 0 Sainch Sainch Korwa 40-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun
5 M 25 0 Dekangi Dekangi Korwa 15-Year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun No
6 M 24 8 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun Dehradun,
Haridwar
7 M 63 6 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun No
8 M 48 5 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Saran H.P, Delhi
9 M 30 5 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Delhi, Dehradun
10 M 45 5 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Delhi, Dehradun No
11 F 35 0 Konu Konu Korwa 20-years Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun Dehradun
12 F 30 0 Miram Miram Korwa 15-Year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Agra No
13 F 25 8 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Sheinapure Dehradun
14 M 32 12 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun Haridwar, Delhi
15 M 33 8 Korwa Korwa Korwa Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Haridwar



86
Home Town Test Scores
No. Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 TTL PCT
1 M 62 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
2 M 18 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
3 F 15 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
4 F 55 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
5 M 25 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
6 M 24 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
7 M 63 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
8 M 48 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
9 M 30 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
10 M 45 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
11 F 35 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
12 F 30 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
13 F 25 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
14 M 32 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
15 M 33 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
Average: 100
Standard Deviation: 0
Number: 15



87
Post Home Town Test Responses
No. Sex Age Edu Story Type Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1 M 62 6 Fear story HTT Next village {2km} Good Yes Pure
2 M 18 0 Fear story HTT Our elder brother Good Yes Pure
3 F 15 5 Fear story HTT Here Good Yes Pure
4 F 55 0 Fear story HTT I dont know Good Yes Pure
5 M 25 0 Fear story HTT Korwa Good Yes Pure
6 M 24 8 Fear story HTT Korwa Very good Yes Pure
7 M 63 6 Fear story HTT Korwa Good Yes Pure
8 M 48 5 Fear story HTT Korwa Good Yes Not pure
9 M 30 5 Fear story HTT I know Good Yes Pure
10 M 45 5 Fear story HTT Here Good Yes Not pure
11 F 35 0 Fear story HTT Here Good Yes No
12 F 30 0 Fear story HTT Here Good Yes Not pure
13 F 25 8 Fear story HTT Belum Good Yes Not pure
14 M 32 12 Fear story HTT Here Good Yes Pure
15 M 33 8 Fear story HTT He knows Good Yes Pure, little bit hindi



88
Recorded Text Testing in Maindrath
Subject Biodata
No. Sex Age Edu Birthplace
Brought
up
Now
How
long
MT
Lg at
home
Father's mt Mother's mt Spouse's mt
Lived in
other
place
Travel
outside
area
1 F 32 0 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No
2 F 40 5 Denad Maindrath Maindrath 25 -Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Dehradun Bangalore,
Shimla
3 F 23 12 Arakott Maindrath Maindrath 2 -Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Rishikesh
4 F 23 8 Silaund Maindrath Maindrath 4 -Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Jammu-
2Yrs
Jammu
5 M 57 2 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun
6 M 40 12 Near Maindrath Maindrath 15 -Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun
7 F 18 9 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No HP
8 F 20 0 HP border Maindrath Maindrath 5 - Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun
9 M 24 1 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun
10 F 35 0 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath 14 - Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun
11 F 45 0 Hinoud Maindrath Maindrath 30 - Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun
12 M 22 0 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari HP-2month Dehradun
13 M 40 2 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari HP-2month Dehradun
14 M 35 10 Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun,
Haridwar
15 M 24 MA Maindrath Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Delhi Dehradun,
Delhi,
Jammu


89
Recorded Text Test Scores
No. Sex Age Edu Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Q13 TTL PCT
1 F 32 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
2 F 40 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 5 10 10 115 88
3 F 23 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 120 92
4 F 23 8 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 120 92
5 M 57 2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 0 115 88
6 M 40 12 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
7 F 18 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 10 125 96
8 F 20 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 125 96
9 M 24 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
10 F 35 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
11 F 45 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
12 M 22 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
13 M 40 2 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 120 92
14 M 35 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
15 M 24 MA 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 130 100
Average: 97
Standard Deviation: 4.8



90
Post Recorded Text Test Responses
No. Sex Age Edu Q1a Q 1b Q 1c Q2 Q3 Q4 a Q4b Q5 Q6 Q7
1 F 32 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure Not different NA Almost Two times Many time
2 F 40 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Little Hindi
mixing
Not different NA Full Many time Many time
3 F 23 12 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Little Hindi
mixing
Little Words different Half None Not coming
4 F 23 8 Jaunsari Below
Chakrata
Lg Good Pure Little Ours is little mix with
Hindi
Full Sometime Sometime
5 M 57 2 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Little Hindi
mixing
Little Speaking 75% Two times Sometime
6 M 40 12 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure Little Speaking Full Many time Sometime
7 F 18 9 Garhwali Garhwali Lg NA NA Little NR 80% None Sometime
8 F 20 0 Bawari Bawari Lg Good Pure Little NR NR NR NR
9 M 24 1 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure Little Some words 80% None Sometime
10 F 35 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure Little Some words Half NR Sometime
11 F 45 0 Jaunsari Don't know Lg Jaunsari/Bawari
mix
NA More Some words Full NA Sometime
12 M 22 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure More Some words Below
half
NR Sometime
13 M 40 2 Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure Little Words, Speaking Half Sometime Many time
14 M 35 10 Jaunsari-
Bawari
Jaunsari Lg Good Pure More Words different Full Sometimes Sometime
15 M 24 MA Jaunsari Jaunsari Lg Good Pure NR NA Full Sometimes Sometime


91
Appendix C
Questionnaires
Sociolinguistic Questionnaire (SLQ)
A. Interview Information
1. Date:
2. Name:
3. Age:
4. Gender:
5. Education:
6. a. Birthplace:
b. Brought up:
c. Current residence:
d. (If moved from a distance) How long in current place:
7. a. Mother tongue:
b. Language in home:
8. Spouses MT:
9. Mothers MT:
10. Fathers MT:
11. Lived or stayed in another place:
12. Travel outside area; how often:
13. Researchers observation:

B. Sociolinguistic Questionnaire (SLQ)
A. Language use
1. What language do you use-
a. In the home?
b. With your village friends
c. In the market
d. With Govt. officials
e. With outsiders
* Jaunsari
*Non-Jaunsari
f. In your private prayers/Puja
g. In festivals times
h. During your work time
Objective: Find out the reported language use in different domains.
2. What language do your children use when talking to their friends?
3. What language do you use when you speak with a Sirmauri/Pahari person?


92
B. Language attitudes
4. Do young people in your community speak Jaunsari as well as old do?
Objective: Find out their perception of speech change between the younger and older
generations.
5. Would you be happy if your children speak only Hindi?
Objective: Find out the attitude of old people towards the use of state language.
9.a. Which language do you like best-For speaking (Jaunsari or Hindi)?
b. Which language do you like best-For education (Jaunsari or Hindi)?
c. Which language do you like best-For your community growth/social development
(Jaunsari or Hindi)?
Objective: Attitude towards mother tongue/LWC (in social domains)
18. If there were a literacy class in your village to read and write in Jaunsari, would you
participate/involve? If yes, how?
Objective: Attitude towards mother tongue literacy.
C. Language variety perceptions
6. Where do you think the most pure Jaunsari is spoken? Why?
Objective: Find out the well-accepted speech variety.
Objective: Language attitudes towards the well-accepted speech variety
7. Are there any Jaunsari people who speak Jaunsari language different from yours, If
yes/where? Objective: Find out the difference in language use
8. Is there any difference between Jaunsari and bawari? How much?
12. How different is your language from other languages [Hindi, Sirmauri, Garhwali, Jaunpuri,
etc,]?
13. How much do you understand the other Pahari languages [Sirmauri, Garhwali, Jaunpuri,
etc,.]?
D. Bilingualism
14. When a person is talking with you in Hindi, how much do you understand?
15. When you hear Radio/TV programme in Hindi how much do you understand?
16. When you read Hindi materials from books how much do you understand?
Objective: To find out the reported levels of bilingualism in Hindi
E. Literature
17. When your children start the study in school, do they face any difficulty in
understanding the things in Hindi? What kind of problem?
21. If you receive any books in Jaunsari language, would you read? How much do you
understand?
18


18
This question was only asked in Bawar region (Maindrath).


93
F. Language Vitality
10. Is there any one in your village who speaks only Jaunsari?
11. When the children of your community grow up and have their own children (after 100
years), do you think those children will speak your Jaunsari?
a. If those children don't speak Jaunsari, is it good?
Objective: To have an idea about the future of the language
19. Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone who does not speak Jaunsari?
(If the person is single--will you marry someone who does not speak Jaunsari?)
20. Would you allow your son or daughter to marry someone other than Jaunsari tribe?
Objective: To assess the marriage patterns/attitudes, which will affect the language
maintenance.

Abbreviations

NA Not Applicable
NR No Response
Edu Education
Mt Mother tongue
Lg Language
G Garhwali
S Sirmauri
H Hindi
HP Himachal Pradesh
Sub ID Subject ID
MAH Maindrath
KOR Korwa
KND Khanaad
CHP Chapnu


94
Jaunsari Questionnaire
Chapnu
Subject Biodata

Sub ID Sex Age Edu
Brought
up
Now
How
long
MT
Lg at
home
Father's
mt
Mother's
mt
Spouse's
mt
Lived in
other place
Travel outside
area
CHP01 M 21 9 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Almoura, Nagvibar Bageshwar,
Haridwar
CHP02 M 27 0 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Himachel HP, Mussoorie
CHP03 M 48 5 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Mussoorie Chamoli
CHP04 F 26 0 Kurvali Chapnu 8 - year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
CHP05 F 28 0 Kathra Chapnu 20-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun
CHP06 M 55 0 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
CHP07 F 44 0 Barad Chapnu 25-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Haridwar
CHP08 M 26 5 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Garhwal Dehradun
CHP09 F 45 0 Bokeli Chapnu 30-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
CHP010 F 19 8 Chapnu Chapnu NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Haridwar
CHP011 F 60 0 Kothad Chapnu 40-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA



95


Questionnaire responses in Chapnu

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e1 1e2 1f 1g 1h 2 3
CHP01 M 21 9 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
CHP02 M 27 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
CHP03 M 48 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
CHP04 F 26 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari
CHP05 F 28 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari
CHP06 M 55 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
CHP07 F 44 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
CHP08 M 26 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
CHP09 F 45 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari
CHP010 F 19 8 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi
CHP011 F 60 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari



96


Questionnaire responses in Chapnu (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 4 5 6 7 8 8-a 9-a 9-b 9-c 10 10-a 11 11-a
CHP01 M 21 9 Yes No Chakrata-Tiuni Bawar Yes More different Hindi Hindi Hindi Yes More ladies Yes Good
CHP02 M 27 0 Yes Good Here Chakrata Yes Little different Hindi Hindi Hindi No NA No Hindi
CHP03 M 48 5 Yes Good Here Little different Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Hindi No NA Yes Bad
CHP04 F 26 0 Yes Good Here Dont know Yes Bawar different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Dont know Yes Good
CHP05 F 28 0 Yes Good Here Dont know Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Dont know Yes No
CHP06 M 55 0 Yes Good Don't know NA Yes More different NA Don't know NA NA NA Yes Good
CHP07 F 44 0 Yes Good Here NA Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Good
CHP08 M 26 5 Yes Good Here After this hills Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Yes Old people Yes Good
CHP09 F 45 0 Yes Good Here NA Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes NA Yes No
CHP010 F 19 8 Yes Not good Here NA Yes More different Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Yes All knows Yes Good
CHP011 F 60 0 Yes Not good Here NA Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes NA Yes Very bad



97
Questionnaire responses in Chapnu (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 12 13 14 15 16 17 17-a 18 18-a 19 20
CHP01 M 21 9 More different More different Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes I can help Yes Yes
CHP02 M 27 0 More different More different Full Full NA Yes Lg problem Yes I will go Yes Depends children
CHP03 M 48 5 Different I dont know Full Full Full Yes Understanding Yes I can give No No
CHP04 F 26 0 Little bit Hindi NA Little bit Full NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Depends on children
CHP05 F 28 0 NA NA Little bit NA NA Yes Lg problem Yes I will go Depends No
CHP06 M 55 0 Little different No Little bit Little bit NA Yes NA Yes I will go Yes Yes
CHP07 F 44 0 Little different I can understand Half Full NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Yes
CHP08 M 26 5 More different Little bit NA NA NA Yes Understanding Yes NA No No
CHP09 F 45 0 NA Different NA NA NA Yes Understanding Yes Uneducated No No
CHP010 F 19 8 Little different Different NA Full Full No NA Yes NA Yes Yes
CHP011 F 60 0 Very different No NA NA NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go No No




98
Khanaad
Subject Biodata

Sub ID Sex Age Edu
Brought
up
Now How long MT Lg at home Father's mt Mother's mt Spouse's mt
Lived in
other place
Travel outside
area
KND01 M 52 0 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Delhi
KND02 F 55 5 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Mussoorie-
1month
Dehradun
KND03 F 26 0 Kanumad Khanaad 11-Yrs Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
KNDO4 M 61 0 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
KNDO5 M 35 0 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun
KNDO6 F 32 0 Gudala Khanaad 18-Yrs Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun-4
month
NA
KNDO7 F 55 0 Ashtad Khanaad 25-Yrs Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Haridwar NA
KND08 M 18 11 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
KND09 F 18 8 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Mussoorie
KND10 M 40 5 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Chamoli
KND11 M 34 5 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Uttarkashi, Delhi
KND12 M 19 8 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
KND13 F 20 5 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Saharanpur
KND14 M 57 7 Khanaad Khanaad NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA



99

Questionnaire responses in Khanaad


Sub ID Sex Age Edu 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e1 1e2 1f 1g 1h 2 3
KND01 M 52 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi
KND02 F 55 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
KND03 F 26 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari
KNDO4 M 61 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari
KNDO5 M 35 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi
KNDO6 F 32 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi
KNDO7 F 55 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari
KND08 M 18 11 Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
KND09 F 18 8 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
KND10 M 40 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi
KND11 M 34 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
KND12 M 19 8 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
KND13 F 20 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari
KND14 M 57 7 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi


100


Questionnaire responses in Khanaad (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 4 5 6 7 8 8-a 9-a 9-b 9-c 10 10-a 11 11-a 12
KND01 M 52 0 Yes No In villages Bawar Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Not good We can't understand
KND02 F 55 5 Yes No Here Little different Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Not good Very different
KND03 F 26 0 Yes No Here Bawar Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dont know Yes No NA
KNDO4 M 61 0 Yes No Here No Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Not good Very different
KNDO5 M 35 0 Yes Good Here Little different Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Not good Very different
KNDO6 F 32 0 Yes No Here No Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Very bad Very different
KNDO7 F 55 0 Yes Good Here No Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari NA NA Yes Not good Very different
KND08 M 18 11 Yes Not good Chakrata Area [little bit] Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari NR NA No Good Complete different
KND09 F 18 8 Yes No Here No Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Uneducate peope Yes Not good Very different
KND10 M 40 5 Yes Good Here No Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari No NA No Good Very different
KND11 M 34 5 Yes Not good Here Very different Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Bad Very different
KND12 M 19 8 Yes Not good Chakrata Bawar Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes No Not understand
KND13 F 20 5 Yes Good Here Area [little bit] Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA Yes Bad Very different
KND14 M 57 7 Yes Not good Here Different area Yes NA Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Yes NA Yes Bad Very different



101


Questionnaire responses in Khanaad (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 13 14 15 16 17 17-a 18 18-a 19 20
KND01 M 52 0 NA 75% Full NA Yes Understanding Yes I can help Yes No, should be same caste
KND02 F 55 5 No Little bit Full Half Yes Understanding Yes I can help Yes No
KND03 F 26 0 NA Nothing Nothing NA Yes Understanding Yes Why not? Yes No
KNDO4 M 61 0 No Nothing NA NA Yes Understanding Yes Iam old Yes Yes
KNDO5 M 35 0 No Little bit Little bit NA Yes Lg problem Yes Why not? No No
KNDO6 F 32 0 No Little bit Little bit NA Yes Till 1-year Yes I can help Depends No
KNDO7 F 55 0 No Little bit Little bit NA Yes Lg problem Yes I can help No No
KND08 M 18 11 No Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes All facilitiy Yes No
KND09 F 18 8 No Full Full Full Yes Understanding Yes I will come Yes Yes
KND10 M 40 5 No Full Full Half Yes First time Yes I can help Yes No
KND11 M 34 5 NA Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes All facilitiy Yes Yes
KND12 M 19 8 No 75% Half Full Yes up to 4th Yes I will come Yes Yes
KND13 F 20 5 No Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes I will come Yes Yes
KND14 M 57 7 Little bit Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes full co operation Yes No




102
Korwa
Subject Biodata

Sub ID Sex Age Edu Brought up Now How long MT Lg at home Father's mt Mother's mt Spouse's mt
Lived in
other place
Travel outside area
KOR01 F 45 0 Kodi Korwa 35-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Delhi Delhi
KOR02 F 30 5 Korwa Korwa 13-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun Dehradun
KOR03 M 40 5 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
KOR04 M 36 10 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
KOR05 M 31 0 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
KOR06 M 28 4 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No HP, Delhi
KOR07 F 28 2 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun
KOR08 F 55 0 Likhad Korwa 40-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Dehradun Dehradun, Haridwar
KOR09 M 21 0 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No NA
KOR10 F 20 0 Sench Korwa 11-year Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun
KOR11 M 40 0 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun
KOR12 M 55 0 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Dehradun, Haridwar
KOR13 M 30 8 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Saharan pur Lucknow
KOR14 F 45 5 Korwa Korwa NA Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari No Haridwar, Dehradun



103


Questionnaire responses in Korwa

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e1 1e2 1f 1g 1h 2 3
KOR01 F 45 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari
KOR02 F 30 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi
KOR03 M 40 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
KOR04 M 36 10 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi
KOR05 M 31 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Hindi
KOR06 M 28 4 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Hindi
KOR07 F 28 2 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari
KOR08 F 55 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Garhwali little
KOR09 M 21 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
KOR10 F 20 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari
KOR11 M 40 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Nobody is coming
KOR12 M 55 0 Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
KOR13 M 30 8 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi
KOR14 F 45 5 Jaunsari Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari/Hindi


104


Questionnaire responses in Korwa (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 4 5 6 7 8 8-a 9-a 9-b 9-c 10 10-a 11 11-a
KOR01 F 45 0 Yes Good Here Lakhamandal Yes More different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari I
am
NA Yes Bad
KOR02 F 30 5 Yes No Here Kosy side Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Very
bad
KOR03 M 40 5 Yes No Here Very different Yes Bawar
different
Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Bad
KOR04 M 36 10 Yes No All are saying
good
Different area Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Little bit all knows Yes Bad
KOR05 M 31 0 Yes No Here No Yes Bawar
different
Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Little bit all knows Yes Bad
KOR06 M 28 4 Yes No Here No Yes Little different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes All I can understand Yes Bad
KOR07 F 28 2 Yes No Don't know NA Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Some people Yes Not
good
KOR08 F 55 0 Yes Good Here Bawar Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Hindi No NA Yes Bad
KOR09 M 21 0 Yes No Here No Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes NA Yes Good
KOR10 F 20 0 Yes Good Here Dont know Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people,
Uneducated
Yes No
KOR11 M 40 0 Yes Good Here Dont know Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes All knows Yes Good
KOR12 M 55 0 Yes Good Here Different area Yes Little different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people, Ladies Yes Good
KOR13 M 30 8 Not
all
No Here Bawar Yes Little different Jaunsari Jaunsari Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Bad
KOR14 F 45 5 Yes No Here Those who gone
outside
Yes More different Jaunsari Hindi Jaunsari Yes Old people Yes Bad


105


Questionnaire responses in Korwa (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 12 13 14 15 16 17 17-a 18 18-a 19 20
KOR01 F 45 0 Very different No Little Full NA NA NA Yes I am old No No
KOR02 F 30 5 Very different No Half Little NA Yes Lg problem Yes I will go Yes No
KOR03 M 40 5 No difference Very different Full Full Full No NA Yes I will go Yes Yes
KOR04 M 36 10 Very different Different Full Full Full Yes Till class 3 Yes All support Yes Yes
KOR05 M 31 0 Depends I can understand Half Full Little Yes Difficult Yes I can help Yes Yes
KOR06 M 28 4 Dont know I dont know Full Full Little Yes They cannot speak Yes All facilities Yes Yes
KOR07 F 28 2 Very different Very different Little Little NA Yes Difficulty No NA Yes Yes
KOR08 F 55 0 Very different Different Little Little NA Yes Little difficulties Yes I will go No No
KOR09 M 21 0 Little different Little bit Full Almost NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Yes
KOR10 F 20 0 No No Little Little NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Depends on children
KOR11 M 40 0 Very different Different Little NA NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Yes
KOR12 M 55 0 Little different No Half Full NA No NA Yes Why not? I will go Yes Yes
KOR13 M 30 8 H-more, G-little G- I can understand Full Full Little Yes Understanding Yes I will go No No
KOR14 F 45 5 NA G- I can understand Full Full NA Yes Understanding Yes I am old Yes Yes



106
Maindrath (Bawar)
Subject Biodata

Sub ID Sex Age Edu Brought up Now How long MT Lg at home Father's mt Mother's mt Spouse's mt
Lived in
other place
Travel outside area
MAH01 M 24 17 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No
MAH02 F 32 0 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No
MAH03 F 40 5 Daned Maindrath 25-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Dehradun No
MAH04 F 23 12 Arakkote Maindrath 2-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Rishikesh
MAH05 F 23 8 Siluond Maindrath 4-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Jammu Jammu
MAH06 M 57 2 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No
MAH07 M 40 12 Maindrath Maindrath 15-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Dehradun Haridwar, Delhi
MAH08 F 18 9 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari HP No
MAH09 F 20 0 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No
MAH10 M 24 1 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No
MAH11 F 35 0 Kutikanes Maindrath 14-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No No
MAH12 F 45 0 Aannoud Maindrath 30-Yrs Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun
MAH13 M 22 0 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari HP Dehradun
MAH14 M 40 2 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari HP HP, Delhi
MAH15 M 69 0 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Dehradun, Delhi
MAH16 M 35 10 Maindrath Maindrath NA Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari No Haridwar, Dehradun


107
Questionnaire responses in Maindrath

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e1 1e2 1f 1g 1h 2 3 4 5
MAH01 M 24 17 Bawari Bawari Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes Good
MAH02 F 32 0 Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Depends Hindi Yes Good
MAH03 F 40 5 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes Good
MAH04 F 23 12 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Mixed Hindi Yes Not good
MAH05 F 23 8 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Yes Yes
MAH06 M 57 2 Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Jaunsari/Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Yes Yes
MAH07 M 40 12 Bawari Bawari Depends Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Depends Bawari Hindi Yes Yes
MAH08 F 18 9 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Not good
MAH09 F 20 0 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Bawari/Hindi Bawari/Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Yes Good
MAH10 M 24 1 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Good
MAH11 F 35 0 Bawari Bawari Bawari/Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes Not good
MAH12 F 45 0 Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari B/H Mixed Yes Good
MAH13 M 22 0 Bawari Bawari Bawari Hindi Depends Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Mixed Bawari Yes Very bad
MAH14 M 40 2 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari/Hindi Yes Not good
MAH15 M 69 0 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Jaunsari Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes Yes
MAH16 M 35 10 Bawari Bawari Hindi Hindi Bawari Bawari/Hindi Bawari Bawari Bawari Depends Mixed Yes Very bad


108
Questionnaire responses in Maindrath (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 6 6-a 7 8 8-a 9-a 9-b 9-c 10 10-a 11 11-a 12
MAH01 M 24 17 Here NA No Yes Little Hindi Hindi Bawari No NA Yes Very bad Garhwali,
Sirmauri-50%
MAH02 F 32 0 Here NA Little different NR NA Bawari Hindi Bawari Yes Ladies, Uneducated Yes Bad More different
MAH03 F 40 5 Here NA No Yes More Hindi Hindi Hindi No NA Yes Good More different
MAH04 F 23 12 Here NA Dont know Yes Little Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Old people Yes Good More different
MAH05 F 23 8 Kunnad NA No Yes More Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Old people Yes Very bad More different
MAH06 M 57 2 Here NA Depends on hills Yes Little Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes All knows Yes Not good Different
MAH07 M 40 12 Bawari NA Little different Yes Little Bawari Hindi Hindi No NA Yes Very bad Garhwali,
Sirmauri-35%
MAH08 F 18 9 Bawari NA Little different Yes Little Hindi Hindi Bawari Yes Old people Yes Bad Different
MAH09 F 20 0 Here NA Yes Yes Little Hindi Hindi Hindi Yes NA Yes Good More different
MAH10 M 24 1 Here NA Yes Same No Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Old people Yes Good Little bit
MAH11 F 35 0 Here NA Little different Yes Little Bawari Bawari Bawari Yes Ladies, Uneducated Yes Good More different
MAH12 F 45 0 Bawar NA No Yes More Bawari Hindi Bawari Yes Old people Yes Good NA
MAH13 M 22 0 Bawar NA Villagewise little different Yes More Bawari Bawari Bawari May be NA Yes Good Little
MAH14 M 40 2 This area NA Little different Yes 30% Bawari Hindi Bawari Yes Old people Yes Not good More different
MAH15 M 69 0 NA NA Little different Yes Little Bawari Hindi Bawari No NA Yes Not good More different
MAH16 M 35 10 Bawar NA No Yes More Bawari Hindi Hindi Yes Old people Yes Not good More different


109
Questionnaire responses in Maindrath (Cont..)

Sub ID Sex Age Edu 13 14 15 16 17 17-a 18 18-a 19 20 21
MAH01 M 24 17 Little bit Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes I was doing No No Yes
MAH02 F 32 0 Sirmauri-understand Full Full NA Yes NA Yes NA Yes Yes They can understand
MAH03 F 40 5 No Full Full NA Yes Lg problem Yes I will go Yes Yes Yes
MAH04 F 23 12 No Full Full Little bit Yes Understanding Yes I will help Yes No I can not understand
MAH05 F 23 8 No Full Little Little bit Yes NA Yes I can't say Yes Yes Little bit I can understand
MAH06 M 57 2 Little bit Full Full Full No Understanding Yes All prefer Hindi Yes Yes Why not?
MAH07 M 40 12 NA Full Full Full No Understanding Yes I can help Yes No Yes
MAH08 F 18 9 G-Little Full Full Full Yes Lg problem Yes I can help Yes Yes Little bit
MAH09 F 20 0 No Full Half NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Yes I will read
MAH10 M 24 1 Little bit Full Full NA No NA Yes I will go Yes Yes I can understand
MAH11 F 35 0 No Full NA NA Yes Understanding Yes NA Yes No Yes
MAH12 F 45 0 More different Full Half NA Yes Speak ,write Yes I will go Yes Yes Why not
MAH13 M 22 0 No Full Half NA Yes Understanding Yes I will go Yes Depends on children All can read
MAH14 M 40 2 Little bit Full Half NA Yes Understanding Yes NA Yes No We can understand
MAH15 M 69 0 I can understand Full Full NA No Understanding Yes NA Yes No Yes
MAH16 M 35 10 No Full NA NA Yes Understanding Yes I can help No No Yes


110
Appendix D
Sentence Repetition Testing
Hindi SRT Scoring Sheet
Sub ID: Mother tongue:
Name: Language at home:
Sex: Lived or stayed in other places:
Age: How long?
Education: Travel out side area:
Practice sentences

P1. 4U - 7 =ll!

P2. -74 =U + 7!

P3. 7- l7+l 4ll 7!

SRT Scoring key
o A word omitted
w A wrong word
s Word substituted for another
>or< Any change of word order
~ ~ A word distorted
+ A word or phrase added
R Word or phrase repeated

1. Ul4 - UlUl 7l l^l!
2. 4l" +l - ^l 4'
3. 7 U4l 7 U 7!
4. 7- =Ul 7l -4l Ul!
5. + 47l l4 4 -
6. +ll ^ll^l 4U 4 4l =l}!
7. }" 4-4 7 lU+l 7 =l}l!
8. 7l U -l Ul} U !



111
9. ^l U 7l 7 lU4l 4 Ull=}
10. l - 4U 7 + 7 Ul!
11. 4U l - 7 ^ll , 7+ 4l - + 7l +4l!
12. =+l l4 - +l l, 47 U l"4l^ 4 7 !

13. H 4 - -l lU U Ul!

14. + 47l l4 =l 7l - 7+ l4l + 7 -ll 7!

15. +- 7 l lU- 4 -l llUl -l 4 lU} +l Ul}!
SRT SCORING KEY
General comments:
1) Gender, number and tense is clearly marked in Hindi on the verb; thus, any variation of
vowels, nasalisation and often consonant combination will change the meaning.
2) There are Urdu/Hindi words, which are interchangeable. Where they do not change the
meaning, one for the other is not counted wrong. These are noted in the elaborated transcription of
the final SRT form.
Specific comments:

The following chart summarises the scoring system and suggests ways to mark the
different type of errors. Such markings are used on the training sheets.

3 points Perfect, no error in the sentence
2 points One error in the sentence
1 points Two errors in the sentence
0 points Three or more errors in the sentence

o A word omitted from the sentence
w A wrong word or word ending (grammatical error), including s word
substituted for another
> or < Any change of word order (counts as one error)
~ ~ A word distorted so as to alter meaning
+ A word or phrase added to sentence
R A word or phrase repeated (counts as one error)



112
For repeated words, if it was just a tripup (they corrected it and went on), the researchers
tended not to count this as a mistake. If they intentionally repeated the word, or if they repeated
the word elsewhere in the sentence, the researchers counted it as a mistake.
When a phrase was misplaced either forward (<) or backward (>), the researchers counted
it only as one mistake for the sentence, not one mistake per word.
Sometimes, if the sentence was full of errors, the researchers just drew a squiggly line
under it, not noting each error. If the subject simply died on the sentence (stopped trying or
never said anything), the researchers simply drew a straight line under it.
The rest of the specific comments can be found detailed for each sentence in the elaborated
transcription of the final SRT form.


113
SRT BIODATA AND SCORE FOR KORWA & KHANAAD
Sub ID Sex Age Edu. S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 TTL Level
KOR01 M 37 12 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 340 4
KOR02 F 45 0 2 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 07 1
KOR03 F 30 5 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 0 027 3
KOR04 M 40 5 0 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 024 2+
KOR05 M 32 10 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 341 4
KOR06 M 32 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 239 4
KOR07 M 28 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 0 2 1 3 0 029 3
KOR08 F 28 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 0 0 029 3
KOR09 F 55 0 3 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 0 1 1 3 0 0 023 2+
KOR10 M 21 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 3 033 3+
KOR11 F 20 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 3 0 0 3 0 2 0 025 2+
KOR12 M 41 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 038 4
KOR13 M 50 5 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 142 4
KOR14 M 40 5 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 135 3+
KOR15 M 38 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 344 4+
KOR16 M 33 8 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 341 4
KOR17 M 30 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 243 4
KOR18 M 20 0 3 3 1 3 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 016 2
KOR19 F 50 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 0+
KOR20 F 18 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 344 4+
KOR21 F 20 0 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 0 2 1 2 1 0 027 3
KOR22 F 25 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 036 3+
KOR23 M 40 0 2 1 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 029 3
KOR24 M 25 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 141 4
KOR25 M 55 0 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 3 2 0 0 2 1 2 026 3
KOR26 F 40 0 3 0 2 3 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 019 2
KOR27 F 25 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 019 2
KOR28 M 25 0 3 3 3 3 2 3 0 3 0 0 2 1 1 0 024 2+
KOR29 M 40 0 3 2 2 3 2 3 0 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 128 3
KOR30 M 38 1 3 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 019 2
KOR31 F 33 0 3 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 017 2
KOR32 F 26 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 1 134 3+
KOR33 F 17 5 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 1 0 2 3 3 0 2 029 3
KOR34 F 24 0 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1 0 1 2 0 0 024 2+
KOR35 M 50 0 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 0 027 3
KOR36 F 40 0 3 2 2 3 2 2 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 018 2


114
KOR37 M 30 10 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 o o34 3+
KOR38 M 27 10 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 038 4
KOR39 M 21 BA 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 039 4
KOR40 M 40 10 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 241 4
KOR41 M 60 5 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 037 3+
KOR42 F 32 0 3 0 1 3 2 1 2 3 0 0 2 2 3 1 023 2+
KOR43 F 60 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 05 1
KOR44 F 36 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 0 029 3
KOR45 F 36 0 3 2 2 3 2 3 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 1 024 2+

SRT bio data and scores (Cont..)

KOR46 F 45 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 036 3+

KHD01 M 52 0 3 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 0 3 2 3 2 2 134 3+
KHD02 F 55 5 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 338 4
KHD03 M 61 0 1 1 2 3 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 013 1+
KHD04 F 26 0 0 2 2 3 3 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 017 2
KHD05 M 35 0 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 018 2
KHD06 F 35 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 1
KHD07 F 59 0 2 1 2 2 3 0 1 2 0 1 1 o o o o15 2
KHD08 F 22 0 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 0 2 3 1 0 026 3
KHD09 F 32 0 3 3 3 3 2 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 019 2
KHD10 F 35 0 3 3 3 3 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 0 024 2+
KHD11 F 50 0 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 0 1 1 2 0 0 024 2+
KHD12 F 28 0 3 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 017 2
KHD13 F 60 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 0 3 2 3 2 0 032 3+
KHD14 M 18 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 344 4+
KHD15 F 18 8 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 2 0 032 3+
KHD16 M 34 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 1 0 031 3
KHD17 M 41 5 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 2 0 2 1 1 0 1 225 2+
KHD18 F 22 10 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 0 135 3+
KHD19 M 19 8 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 o35 3+
KHD20 M 34 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 035 3+
KHD21 F 20 8 1 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 06 1
KHD22 M 26 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 037 3+
KHD23 M 34 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 032 3+
KHD24 M 22 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 039 4
KHD25 M 32 12 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 244 4+
KHD26 M 23 4 3 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 031 3


115
KHD27 M 24 5 2 3 2 3 3 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 017 2
KHD28 M 23 0 3 3 3 3 2 3 0 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 237 3+
KHD29 M 45 10 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 137 3+
KHD30 M 22 BSC 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 0 2 135 3+
KHD31 F 33 5 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2 035 3+
KHD32 M 17 5 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 136 3+
KHD33 M 26 0 2 3 2 3 3 2 1 1 0 2 0 0 3 0 022 2+
KHD34 M 22 10 3 0 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 0 234 3+
KHD35 M 15 9 3 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 023 2+
KHD36 M 15 4 3 3 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 015 2
KHD37 M 22 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 036 3+
KHD38 M 32 0 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 018 2
KHD39 M 65 7 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 3 2 2 134 3+
KHD40 M 60 0 2 2 2 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 014 2
KHD41 M 40 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 033 3+

Abbreviations

KHD Khanaad
KOR Korwa
Sub Id Subject Identity
TTL Total
Edu Education



116
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