Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:

Aerial Photograph of the Kennedy Expressway. N.d. Photograph. Vito Palmisano, Chicago. This is a photograph of the Kennedy Expressway from the air. This is useful because it can be used as a visual for my website. This is available to the public and is a primary source.
Aerial View of O'Hare Airport. 2008. Photograph. Chicago. Beyond Burnham: An Illustrated History Of Planning for the Chicago Region. Lake Forest, IL: Lake Forest College, 2009. 186. Print. This is a photograph of OHare airport in 2008; it shows the population living around the airport and size of the international airport. This is important because it explains the impact the expressway has had on the airport, but in a visual manner. This is a primary source.

Blue Line & Kennedy Expressway. 1999. Photograph. Chicago. This is a picture of the Kennedy Expressway in winter with traffic by the Jefferson Park Blue Line Station. This is useful because it shows the impact the Kennedy has had on transportation 30 years later. This is open to the public and is a primary source. Brandel, Jenifer. "WBEZ 91.5 Chicago." Curious City. The Andrew Plummer Collection, 1 Aug. 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. This article discusses the reversible lanes on the Kennedy, but more important is the picture of the construction of the Kennedy. This is a picture from the Andrew Plummer Collection and is from the 1950s. This photo is available to the public through the website and the picture is a primary source. Cameron, Robert. St.Stanislaus Kostka Church. 1992. Photograph. Chicago. ST. STANISLAUS KOSTKA. Web. <http://spuscizna.org/bieniasz/chicago-page5.html>. This is a photograph of St. Stanislaus Kostka church in Chicago. This is useful because it shows how the church looks after the Kennedy was created in the background. This is avalible to the public and is a primary source. "Celebrating the Congress-Northwest Expressway." Interview by Robert Teska. Chaddick Institute Beyond Burnham: Oral History Series. Chaddick Institute for Metropolitan Development, n.d. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. <http://las.depaul.edu/chaddick/Programs/Burnham/OralHistory.asp>. This is an interview from the Chaddick Institute Beyond Burnham: Oral History Series, from the specific title "Celebrating the Congress-Northwest Expressway". This is important because it talks about how Chicagoans were moved during the construction of the Kennedy and how it affected them financially. This is a primary source.

Chicago Kennedy Expressway at Kimball. 1966. Photograph. Chuckman's Collection, Chicago. This is a photo from 1966 of the Kennedy Expressway at Kimball. This is useful because it is a visual used to show what the Kennedy looked like within the first 10 years of opening. This is available to the public and is a primary source. Chicago Kennedy Expressway CTA Jefferson Park. 1970. Photograph. Chuckman's Collection, Chicago. This picture is a picture taken from the Jefferson Park Blue line station in Chicago, Illinois in 1970. This source will be helpful because it shows one of the results of the expressways, the CTA route through the expressway. The source is available to anyone in need or interested in expressways years ago. A blue line and a Metra train are visible in the picture. This is a primary source because it is a firsthand account. "Chicago Past." Chicago Past. N.p., 9 Sept. 1958. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. This is a picture of the Kennedy Expressway under construction at Jackson Boulevard. This is very important to my project because it is a historical, original picture. This is public domain online. This is a primary source. Copelin Commercial Photographers. Architecture by Street Name : Ingleside Ave. through Jackson Blvd., Image 23. 1958. Photograph. James S. Parker Collection, Chicago. This is a photograph of the construction of the Kennedy a couple of years before it opened. This is useful because it shows the actual construction at street level. This is available to the public through special collections and is a primary source. CTA Kennedy L near Montrose Ave. 1960s. Photograph. Chicago. This is a picture of the CTA train in the middle of the Kennedy Expressway near Montrose. Both sides of the Kennedy are seen from this photo, which is what makes it important and useful because there are not many pictures like this and it shows the Kennedy in the beginning. This is a primary source that is available to the public. Edens/ Kennedy Junction 1967-Chicago Snowstorm 1967. 1967. Photograph. Chicago. This source is a photograph of the Kennedy and Edens Junction located in Chicago. This source is useful because it shows how the expressways and city have evolved over the past 50 years as the expressways stay in their original locations. This source was documented for anyone interested, open to the public. The source is a primary source because it is a first hand account.

"Expressway Plan Submitted." Chicago Tribune (1963-Current file): 1. Oct 29 1967. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune (1849-1989). Web. 24 Feb. 2013 . This is a newspaper article from the Chicago Tribune about the new plan for Chicago that involved connecting the Kennedy Expressway to a new expressway called The Crosstown. This is a primary source available to the public.
Grossman, Ron. "In Rush, Expressways Transformed City." Chicago Tribune. N.p., 18 Dec. 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. This source is about Chicago expressway construction. This is an article available to the public and originally was posted in the Chicago Tribune newspaper. This is important to my topic because it is giving information significance today in Chicago. An important feature in this news article is the quotes given throughout it. This is a primary source.

Hart, Clay. Another Day, Another Mile, Another Highway. Clay Hart. 1969. Vinyl recording. This song is written and performed by Clay Hart in 1969 titled, Another Day, Another Mile, Another Highway. This highways and life back then with them. This is a primary source that is avalible to the public. Kennedy Expressway at Loop. 2010. Photograph. Chicago. This is a photo of the Kennedy Expressway towards downtown very close to the Loop. This is useful because it shows the a long term impact of the creation of the Kennedy. Kennedy Expressway at Night. 2007. Photograph. Daily Herald, Chicago. This is a photograph of the Kennedy Expressway close to the Dan Ryan Expressway at night. This is useful because I can use it for my website as a visual. This is available to the public and is a primary source. Kennedy Expressway Crash. 2011. Photograph. CBS, Chicago. CBSChicago Local News. CBS, 25 Mar. 2011. Web. <http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2011/03/25/crash-stops-traffic-onkennedy-leaves-1-injured/>. This is a photograph of a crash on the Kennedy Expressway that almost killed a women. This is useful because it explains how dangerous the Kennedy can be. It is available through CBS online and is a primary source.

Kennedy Expressway Expanding. Chicago Tribune (1963Current file): 16. Mar 04 1980. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune (1849-1989). web. 17 Dec. 2012 This newspaper article, featured in the Chicago Tribune in 1980, explains how the Kennedy expressway located in Chicago was expanding due to the growing traffic. This was written for the intended audience of Chicago citizens who would be affected by this change and construction. This article has a picture that shows a map of where the construction of the expansion on the expressway in Chicago would take place. This is a primary source because this is a firsthand account of someones experience of this event. This article will help because it shows a change taking place relating to expressways.

"Kennedy Expressway." Redeye [Chicago] 5 Nov. 2010: 8. Print. This is a photo from the Redeye newspaper of a Kennedy Expressway sign. This is useful for my project because it is a visual, these signs are important because they located at a heavy travel area of the Kennedy Expressway. This is a primary source and is available to the public. Kennedy Expressway Heading West. 2011. Photograph. Chicago. This image is of traffic leaving downtown. This shows the long-term impact the Kennedy has had on Chicago. This is available to the public and is a primary source. "Kennedy Expressway Signs are Going Up." Chicago Tribune (1963-Current file): 2. Dec 06 1963. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune (1849-1989). Web. 24 Feb. 2013 . This is an image of the Kennedy Expressway in the beginning years. It shows new signs being put up on the Kennedy. This is a primary source and is available to the public. This is useful because it is another visual for my website. "Kennedy Expressway Sign." Flickr, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. This picture is of a Kennedy Expressway sign and interstate sign. This is helpful because it adds another visual to the website. This is a primary source and is open to the public. Nickeas, Peter. Two in Critical Condition after Wrong-way Crash on Kennedy. 2012. Photograph. Chicago Tribune, Chicago. Chicago Tribune Breaking News. Chicago Tribune, 22 Feb. 2012. Web. .<http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2012/02/22/crash-shutsdown-outbound-kennedy-expressway/>. This is a photograph of a accident on the Kennedy that badly injured two people. The picture is useful because it gives the reader an idea of just how dangerous the Kennedy can be. This is through the Chicago Tribune and is a primary source.

"Northwest Expressway: 2 More Years." Sun-Times [Chicago] 3 Oct. 1957: n. pag. Print. This is a newspaper about the construction of the Kennedy. This is useful because it shows me the process of creating the Kennedy Expressway. This is a primary source and is available through special archives at the Chicago History Museum. "Northwest Express Route Still 7 Years in Future." Herald-American [Chicago] 17 Dec. 1950: n. pag. Print. This is a newspaper article from the Herald-American newspaper in the 1950s. This is discussing how the Kennedys plans were going to take seven years. This is useful because it tells me things about Chicago from before the Kennedy Expressway. This is a primary source and is available through special archives. O'Hare Airport Map. 1960. Photograph. Chaddick Collection. Beyond Burnham: An Illustrated History of Planning for the Chicago Region. Lake Forest, IL: Lake Forest College, 2009. 79. Print. This is a photograph of an advertisement for OHare airlines to inform people of the new expressway that leads into the airport. This is important because it adds to the argument that the Kennedy Expressway affected travel within Chicago and the Chicago land area. This is a primary source. Pierini, David. One Hurt in Crash on the Kennedy. 2011. Photograph. Chicago Tribune, Chicago. This is a photo from the Chicago Tribune showing a car crash that caused the Kennedy to be closed down on both sides. This is useful because it shows the impact of the Kennedy. This is available to the public and is a primary source. Photo Shot Of Old Forester 1960's Billboard. 1960's. Photograph. Chicago. This is a picture of the Kennedy Expressway in the 1960s. It shows the traffic and all the different types of old cars. This is useful because it shows the Kennedys impact on Chicago. This is available to the public and is a primary source. Plummer, Andy. The Kennedy Expressway. N.d. Photograph. The Plummer Collection, Chicago. This is a picture of the Kennedy Expressway in the construction process. It is from Historian Andy Plummer and is available to the public. It is a primary source. "Portion of Expressway to Be Opened." Chicago Tribune [Chicago] 15 Dec. 1957: n. pag. Print. This newspaper article shows a map of the Kennedy and the different locations that it will be opening at specific times. This is a primary source and is available through special archives at the Chicago History Museum.

Professor Joseph Schwieterman "Interview with a Professor from DePaul University." Personal interview. 11 Mar. 2013. This is a personal interview from a professor at DePaul University who studies expressways and railroads in Chicago. This is important to my project because this man knows so much about the planning of the Kennedy all the way through todays news on Chicago roads. This is a primary source. Ritter, Jim. "Exit, The Kennedy." Sun-Times [Chicago] 16 June 1991: n. pag. Print. This is a newspaper article about the Kennedy and how the Kennedy is a very good expressway. This is useful because it shows me a long term impact thirty years later. This is a primary source available through special archives.
Series of Maps Showing the Expansion of the Expressway System. N.d. Photograph.Beyond Burnham: An Illustrated History of Planning for the Chicago Region. Lake Forest, IL: Lake Forest College, 2009. 81. Print. This is a series of maps depicting the spread of the Expressway system in Chicago from the mid-50s through 2008. This is important because it shows that change that has occurred on the land visually. This is a primary source.

Skubski, Steve Z. "Kennedy Expressway History." Personal interview. 15 Feb. 2013. This is an interview about the general history of the Kennedy History and how the Kennedy Expressway changed Chicago from the view of a construction worker who grew up with a father who helped construct the Kennedy. This is important because it gives insight about the Kennedy from a unique point of view. This is a primary source. Svitek, Patrick. "Little Effect on Rush Hour Expected from Tuesday's Snow." Chicago Tribune. N.p., 04 Feb. 2013. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. This is a news article by the Chicago Tribune with a picture of heavy traffic on the Kennedy Expressway in snowy conditions. This is important because this picture can be used as a visual in the results of the Kennedy page. The picture is a primary source and is available to the public.
Traffic on the Kennedy. 2012. Photograph. Tim Boyle/Getty Images, Chicago.CBSChicago Local News. CBS, 25 Feb. 2012. Web. <http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2012/02/25/woman-badlyinjured-when-struck-by-vehicle-on-kennedy-expressway/>. This is a photograph of daily traffic on the Kennedy Expressway. This is useful because it gives the reader a visual aid in understanding the severity of traffic on the Kennedy Expressway. This is a photograph available to the public and is a primary source.

Vesselinovitch, Andrew. Kennedy Expressway, towards Downtown. N.d. Photograph. Chicago. This is a photo of the Kennedy Expressway looking towards downtown Chicago. This is useful because this is another visual for the website. This picture is available to the public and can be found online. This is a primary source. Washburn, Gary. "Kennedy is Most Dangerous Road." Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune, 02 Sept. 1989. Web. 27 Feb. 2013 This is an article from the Chicago Tribune talking about the Kennedy, it is one of the most dangerous expressways, and explaining why it is dangerous. This is a primary source that is available to the public. Washburn, Gary. "Most Accidents Reported on Kennedy, Ryan." Chicago Tribune (1963Current file): Jul 13 1987. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune (18491989). Web. 24 Feb. 2013 . This is a newspaper article that contains a picture of a map showing the most dangerous part of the Kennedy Expressway. This is useful because it shows me something negative that came from the Kennedy Expressway. This is a primary source and is available to the public. Weingroff, Richard F. "Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956: Creating the Interstate System." Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956: Creating the Interstate System. United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration, 28 Mar. 2011. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. This is a government webpage talking about the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 and what the plans were for The United States of America. This is useful because it serves as some background information about how Chicago got the funding to create the Kennedy Expressway. This is a secondary source. Young, David. "Kennedy Leads in Deaths." Chicago Tribune (1963-Current file): 1. Aug 16 1978. ProQuest. Web. 4 Apr. 2013 . This is a newspaper article about the amount of accident on the Kennedy. This is useful because it shows a result of the Kennedy that was not intended. This is avalible through the Chicago Tribune historical archives and is a primary source. 1956. Photograph. Kansas Department of Transportation, Kansas. Essential to the National Interest. United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration, 7 Apr. 2011. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. <http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/06mar/07.cfm>. This is a government webpage the explains the highway act and how it first started. The photo used is of Kansas claiming to have the first completed project of the act in 1956.

This is important because it gives background information and visuals. This photo is a primary source.

1956. Photograph. Missouri Department of Transportation, Missouri. Essential to the National Interest. United States Department of Transportation - Federal Highway Administration, 7 Apr. 2011. Web. 12 Mar. 2013. This is a government webpage that explains the highway act and how it first started. The photo used is of Missouri claiming to have the first completed project of the act in 1956. This is important because it gives background to the projects foundation. The photo is a primary source.
Secondary Sources:

"Chicago Kennedy with View of Downtown." N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. This is a picture of Chicago's Kennedy expressway with a view of downtown. This is useful because it can go on my website to add as a visual in the section where is talks about the effects today. This is available to the public and is a secondary source because it was generated on a computer. Chicago Metropolitan Region: 1900-2010. N.d. Photograph. http://www.newgeography.com/content/002346-the-evolving-urban-form-chicago, Chicago. This is a chart of the population of Chicago and the surrounding areas from 1900 to 2010. This is useful because it shows the change that has taken place in Chicago and shows the times when population dropped or rose. This is available to the public and is a secondary source. Chicago Metropolitan Region Population. N.d. Photograph. http://www.newgeography.com/content/002346-the-evolving-urban-form-chicago, Chicago. This is a pie chart depicting the population of Chicago in 2010. This is useful because it shows where the population is located. This is a secondary source that is available to the public. Cox, Wendell. "The Evolving Urban Form: Chicago." Newgeography.com. Flint Interactive, 18 July 2011. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. This website gives a very detailed history of Chicago's population in the city and surrounding suburbs from 1900 present. This website has many graphs and charts which help

understand the information. This is available to the public. It is a secondary source. Darden, Autumnn. "Greater Chicago Area Residents Moving to Suburbs." Greater Chicago Area Residents Moving to Suburbs. MoveBuilder, 18 Mar. 2011. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. This website contains information on the population drop in Chicago in recent years. This is useful because it help supports one of the impacts of the Kennedy Expressway. This is a secondary source that is available to the public. Department of Public Works and Buildings. "Highway Map of Cook County, 1970."Highway Map of Cook County, 1970. N.p., 2005. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. <http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/11172.html>. This is a map of Cook County. This is useful because is shows where the Kennedy Expressway is located all throughout Chicago. This is another visual. This is a secondary source that is available to the public. "Expressways." Chicago Chicago Public Works a History. Ed. Daphne Christensen. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, 1973. 156-67. Print. This section in the book consists of the expressways that run through or near Chicago. This chapter talks a little bit about where each expressway is located and what they are good for, in addition to 4-7 pictures of each. The article had a very useful description for each picture given. The intended audienceof this book is anyone who is interested in the layout and creation of Chicago. Chicagos expressways have a major impact on Chicago considering the fact that they all, in at least one spot, run through the city.
Howard, Robert. "Illinois Plans Super-Highway to Cross State." Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963): 4. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune (1849 1989). Jul 25 1944. Web. 2 Dec. 2012 .

This news article discusses the creation of the midwests first superhighway to cross a state. The construction of the superhighway was created after World War two. The superhighway known as U.S. 66 goes through Bloomingdale, Joliet, Springfield, and connects into St. Louis, Missouri.

Integrated Chicago Districts Map. 2009. Photograph. Chicago. This is a map of the different districts of Chicago. This is useful because it also shows the Kennedy Expressway, so it identifies which districts it runs through. This is opened to the public and is a secondary source. Interstate Identities: Dan Ryan, Kennedy. Perf. Roz Varon. ABC7 News- Traffic. ABC7 News, 17 Feb. 2012. Web. 9 Mar. 2013. This video from ABC7 News discusses the history of the Kennedy Expressway and how the placement of it occurred. This is important because it is a media clip that can be used on the website. This is a secondary source that is avalible to the public.

"John F Kennedy Expressway (I-90 and I-94)." John F Kennedy Expressway (I-90 and I-94). Eastern Roads, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. This is a website that gives background information about the Kennedy Expressway. This is useful because it will help with the background. This is a secondary source that is available to the public.

"John F. Kennedy Expressway." N.p., 30 Oct. 2008. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://www.angelfire.com/rnb/miscil/kennedy.html>. This is a website about the Kennedy Expressway. It is useful because there are many pictures and there is background information about the Kennedy. This website is available to the public and is a secondary source. Kemp, Roger L. "Chicago Area Officials Explore Suburb-to-Suburb Public Transit Links."Cities And Cars: A Handbook of Best Practices. Jefferson, NC: McFarland &, 2007. 71-75. Print. The Chicago chapter talks about the possibility of having a new motive of transportation coming in the future. This book is a secondary source. The book will be useful for my NHD project because it explains how the surrounding suburbs move around using public transportation.
Map of Expressways in Chicago. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. This is a picture of a map of North Eastern Illinois expressways. This is available to the public. It is a secondary source because it is a map. This will help with my project because it shows exactly where the Kennedy expressway is located!

McClendon, Dennis. "Chicago-Area Expressways in 2003." Chicago-Area Expressways in 2003. The Encyclopedia of Chicago, 2005. Web. 01 Jan. 2013 This article talks about how the expressways in and around Chicago were built; how long it took and why. The intended audience of this document is anyone interested in it because it is located in an encyclopedia. An important aspect of this document is a map of the major expressways in northeast Illinois, including Chicago. The expressways had a major impact on Chicago. McClendon, Dennis. "Expressways." Expressways. The Encyclopedia of Chicago, 2005. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. This article from the Encyclopedia of Chicago talks about all of the different expressways in Chicago and surrounding Chicago. The intended audience of this article is anyone interested in expressways in the Chicago land area. In the document it mentions advantages to some of the

travel routes and how they came to be. Because there are so many different expressways that lead in and out of Chicago the city has been able to flourish and become more populated. This source is a secondary source; the information was collected after the construction of the expressways.

McClendon, Dennis. "Chicago Growth 1850-1990." N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://tigger.uic.edu/depts/ahaa/imagebase/chimaps/mcclendon.html#1940>. This website displays information about Chicago's population from 18501990. This is helpful because I can determine if population in Chicago changed while expressways were being created and then afterward. This is available for the public. This is a secondary source. "O'Hare Campus." O'Hare Campus. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://directory.depaul.edu/maps/print/ohare.aspx>. This site has a map of the Kennedy Expressway and OHare Airport. It shows how the Kennedy goes right into the Airport. This is useful because it can be used to help convey the point about the Kennedy being a major reason for OHare to be one of the worlds busiest airports. This is available to the public and is a secondary source.
Pacyga, Dominic A. Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2009. Print. 337-38. This source will help me with my project because it contains background information and facts about the expressways in Chicago, particularly the Kennedy Expressway. This is a secondary source because the author got his information from other sources. This book intended audience is anyone interested in the history of Chicago and expressways.

"Properties Claimed for Construction of Dan Ryan Expressway, 1953 1954." Properties Claimed for Construction of Dan Ryan Expressway, 1953 1954. The Chicago Historical Society, 2005. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. This source is about how Chicago used eminent domain to knock down neighborhoods in order to make room for the construction of the expressways. This article is a secondary source. This is available for anyone who is interested in the topic of Chicago Expressways or eminent domain. Schmidt, John R. "Why the Kennedy Curves at Division Street." WBEZ 91.5. WBEZ 91.5, 22 Aug. 2012. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. This article discusses the reason when the Kennedy expressway in Chicago curves at Division street. The intended audience of this article is the Chicago citizens and people interested

in Chicago Expressway's. The article shows a map with the original plan for the Kennedy and then the new plan. The reason for the curve was to avoid a catholic church that would have been knocked down if Chicago followed through with their original plan.

Schwieterman, Joseph P., Alan P. Mammoser, and John A. Shuler. Beyond Burnham: An Illustrated History of Planning for the Chicago Region. Lake Forest, IL: Lake Forest College, 2009. Print. This is a book titled Beyond Burnham; this book encompasses the ideas for the layout of Chicago road ways. Within the book contain information on the Kennedy Expressway funding and lay out plans. This is important to my project because it talks briefly about how the Kennedy changed Chicago. This is a secondary source. "The Kennedy Expressway." The Kennedy Expressway. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. This is a website with peoples opinions of the Kennedy Expressway, this is useful for the peoples thoughts section of the website because it gave me quotes from people about the way the felt about the Kennedy. This is a secondary source that is available to the public. I-90/94 Kennedy Expressway. 2007. Photograph. Chicago. Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. Web. <http://www.cmap.illinois.gov/image/image_gallery?uuid=94cea9cba99a-438c-9705-814fe28ebb19&groupId=20583&t=1297265059870>. This is a chart showing the amount of traffic on the Kennedy Expressway in a specific area in 2007. This is created by the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning and is avalinle through the internet. It is a secondary source because the information was gathered by different sources in order to produce the chart. I-90/94 Kennedy Expressway. 2011. Photograph. Chicago. Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. Web. <http://www.cmap.illinois.gov/image/image_gallery?uuid=8446cdaa4235-4d0a-a6cb-ba068731e7f9&groupId=20583&t=1338841309800>. This is a chart of the traffic on the Kennedy expressway in 2011. This is from the Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning. This is a secondary source that is avalible to the public.