Canadian Mathematics Competition

An activity of the Centre for Education in Mathematics and Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario

Euclid eWorkshop # 4

Trigonometry

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Euclid eWorkshop #4

T RIGONOMETRY

T OOLKIT
Name 1. Sine Law Formula a b c = = = 2R where R is the radius of the circumcircle sin A sin B sin C
B a R A b C

2. Cosine Law

a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B c2 = b2 + a2 2ab cos C The area of triangle ABC = | ABC | = 1 1 1 ab sin C = bc sin A = ac sin B . 2 2 2 3s2 . 4

3. Area relations

4. Area of an equilateral triangle

The area of an equilateral triangle of side length s is

5. Herons formula

| ABC | =

s(s a)(s b)(s c) where s =

a+b+c . 2

6. Trigonometric Identities

tan = sec = csc =

1 sin = cot cos 1 cos 1 sin

sin2 + cos2 = 1 tan2 + 1 = sec2 cot2 + 1 = csc2 7. Related Angle Identities sin(180 ) = sin cos(180 ) = cos y = A sin(kx + d) y = A cos(kx + d) y = tan x 2 For the sine and cosine graphs that the amplitude is A, the period is , k d and the phase shift is . k

8. Draw graphs of

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Euclid eWorkshop #4

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S AMPLE P ROBLEMS
1. Calculate the roots of 2 sin3 x 5 sin2 x + 2 sin x = 0 in the range 0 x 2 . Solution We factor this equation 2 sin3 x 5 sin2 x + 2 sin x = 0 sin x(2 sin2 x 5 sin x + 2) = 0 sin x(2 sin x 1)(sin x 2) = 0 1 5 So sin x = 0, or 2. But | sin x| 1. So x = 0, , 2 , , . 2 6 6 2. An airplane leaves an aircraft carrier and ies due south at 400 km/hr. The carrier proceeds at a heading of 60 west of north at 32 km/hr. If the plane has 5 hours of fuel, what is the maximum distance south the plane can travel so that the fuel remaining will allow a safe return to the carrier at 400 km/hr? Solution The rst step in solving this problem is to draw a diagram (as shown). If we let x be the number of hours that the plane ies south then the distance that the plane ies south is 400x. The plane then ies a distance 400(5 x). in the remaining time while the total distance the carrier ies is 5(32). Using these distances the cosine law states: (400(5 x))2 = 1602 + (400x)2 2 160 400x cos 120 .

160

t 400(5 x) 400x

1 If we replace the cos 120 with and divide through by 6400 we get: 2 621 25(5 x)2 = 4 + 25x2 + 10x or x = . Thus, the maximum distance is approximately 955.4 km.. 260 3. In triangle ABC the point D is on BC such that AD bisects A. Show that
A

AB AC = . BD CD

B D

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Euclid eWorkshop #4

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Solution The ratios suggest use of the sine law. We call ADC = . So if we use the sine law in the triangles ADC and A A sin sin CD BD AB AC 2 2 ADB we have = and = . But sin = sin(180 ) and so = . sin AC sin(180 ) AB BD CD This result is known as the angle bisector theorem.
2 4. For the given triangle ABC , C = A + 60 . If BC = 1, AC = r and AB = r , where r > 1, prove that r < 2.

1 60 + C
Solution

r2 r A

This problem was the last problem in the 1996 Euclid, an indication that it is quite difcult. Many difcult problems involve the use of several tools, and this will involve the sine law, the cosine law and an inequality. We represent the angles of the triangle as: A = ; C = + 60 ; B = 120 2. So the sine law states sin( + 60 ) r2 = 1 sin sin cos 60 + sin 60 cos = sin 3 1 = cot + 2 2 Since all 3 angles in the triangle are positive, we can see that 0 < < 60 . In this range the tangent function is increasing, and its reciprocal, the cotangent function, is decreasing. The cosine law gives r2 = 1 + r4 2r2 cos(120 2) But (r2 1)2 0 or r4 + 1 2r2 (2). 1 Substituting (2) into (1) gives r2 2r2 2r2 cos(120 2) which implies cos(120 2) . Thus 2 30 and 3 1 3 3 1 r2 = cot + + 2 and we are done. 2 2 2 1 2 (1).

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Euclid eWorkshop #4

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P ROBLEM S ET
1. (a) If 2 sin(2) + 1 = 0, nd the smallest positive value of (in degrees). (b) For , nd all solutions to the equation 2(sin2 cos2 ) = 8 sin 5. 2. In ABC , M is a point on BC such that BM = 5 and M C = 6. If AM = 3 and AB = 7, determine the exact value of AC .

A 7 B 5 M 3 6 C

3. In determining the height, M N , of a tower on an island, two points A and B , 100 m apart, are chosen on the same horizontal plane as N . If N AB = 108 , ABN = 47 and M BN = 32 , determine the height of the tower to the nearest metre.

B N 100 m A
4. A rectangle P QRS has side P Q on the x-axis and touches the graph of y = k cos x at the points S and R as 5 shown. If the length of P Q is and the area of the rectangle is , what is the value of k ? 3 3
y

S P O Q

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Euclid eWorkshop #4

T RIGONOMETRY

5. The graph of the equation y = a sin kx is shown in the diagram, and the point

3 ,2 is the minimum point 4 indicated. The line y = 1 intersects the graph at point D. What are the coordinates of D?
y y = a sin kx y=1 D O x

3 4

, 2

6. A square with an area of 9 cm2 is surrounded by four congruent triangles, forming a larger square with an area of 89 cm2 . If each of the triangles has an angle as shown, nd the value of tan .

3 cm as shown in the diagram. What is the

7. A rectangular box has a square base of length 1 cm, and height cosine of angle F AC ?
F

H D 1 C

8. In the grid, each small equilateral triangle has side length 1. If the vertices of of small equilateral triangles, what is the area of W AT ?

W AT are themselves vertices

A T
9. In triangle ABC , AB = 8, and CAB = 60 . Sides BC and AC have integer lengths a and b, respectively. Find all possible values of a and b.

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