Media Ownership General What is Media Ownership? By Sheila S.

. Coronel, PCIJ The fall of Ferdinand Marcos in a 'people power' uprising in 1986 transformed the structure of media ownership in the Philippines. Marcos controlled the media by limiting the ownership of newspapers and broadcast stations to his kin and cronies, and by imposing a regime of censorship over what used to be one of the freest presses in Asia. When Marcos fell, the system of media controls that he had established was dismantled overnight. Once they were set loose, the media blossomed. Suddenly, there were two dozen daily newspapers publishing out of Manila alone, compared to only halfa-dozen during the Marcos years. The three major nationwide TV networks became six. At the same time, radio stations were set up as if air waves were running out of fashion. Twelve years after people power, there are 156 television stations (excluding cable and UHF) operating in various parts of the country; 402 radio stations, 25 nationally circulating dailies and over 200 other weekly or fortnightly newspapers. The new freedoms unleashed by the 1986 uprising gave journalists wide latitude to report on events and issues. The Philippine media are not only free, they are also extremely powerful. Sheila S. Coronel is winner of the 2003 Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature and the Creative Communication Arts. She is also one of the founders of the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. In 2006 she was named the inaugural director of The Toni Stabile Center for Investigative Journalism at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism. She is an alumna of the College of the Holy Spirit, in Mendiola, Manila, Philippines. Other Definitions: Private media ownership has both positive and negative qualities. Private media ownership can result in better quality products due to competition. The threat of losing market share to a competitor forces firms to put forth their best products. Furthermore, large media firms achieve efficiencies due to economies of scale. (In microeconomics, a situation in which a producers cost per unit of a product falls as more of that product is produced.) Lastly, the very fact that these firms are not owned by governments allows perspectives that dissent from official sources to be shared. On the other hand, private ownership leads to media firms placing profit above public interest.

Concentration of media ownership (also known as media consolidation or media convergence) is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media. Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms. Globally, large media conglomerates include Viacom, CBS Corporation, Time Warner, News Corp, Bertelsmann AG, Sony Corporation of America, NBC Universal, Vivendi, Televisa, The Walt Disney Company, Hearst Corporation, Organizaes Globo and Lagardre Group. As of 2010, The Walt Disney Company is the largest media conglomerate in the US, with News Corporation, Time Warner and Viacom ranking second, third and fourth respectively. In nations described as authoritarian by most international think-tanks and NGOs like Human Rights Watch (China, Cuba, Russia), media ownership is generally something very close to the complete state control over information in direct or indirect ways. Who Owns the Media? Here in the Philippines, I could say that we have 3 major owners of the Media Industry. Here they are: 1. Mr. Eugenio Lopez III The Lopez family has always been a major player in Philippines business and politics. They ran a multimillion peso business empire until 1972. When their economic power caught the ire of former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, he closed down all their businesses when he declared Martial Law. In 1986, President Cory Aquino assumed the presidency and she gave them back their businesses. They were able to rebuild them from scratch. Today, the Lopez family runs a business empire which affects virtually every aspect of the average Filipino's life.... from electrical power....to water and phone services...to broadcasting, movies and recording. 47-year old Gabby Lopez is one of the heirs to his family's conglomerate of businesses. He studied political science in Bowdin College in Maine, USA and has an MBA from Harvard Business School. He is CEO and Chairman of the family's broadcast networks ABSCBN. 2. Mr. Felipe Gozon

Felipe Gozon is the current chief executive and chair of GMA Network Inc., one of the largest media networks in the Philippines. A lawyer by profession, the Yale-educated Gozon is seen as the network executive who has successfully turned-around GMA from its state as the one of the leading television networks in the Philippines to its current stature, at some point toppling the longdominantABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation in 2004 from their Mega Manila stronghold until today in the Mega Manila ratings. Under his watch, the network has also experienced stability in terms of revenues, mostly from advertising and other revenue sources. Atty. Felipe L. Gozon obtained a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of the Philippines and a Masters of Laws degree from Yale University. 3. Mr. Manny V. Pangilinan Manuel V Pangilinan (born July 14, 1946 in Manila, Philippines), also known as Manny Pangilinan and MVP, is a Filipino businessman. He is the Chairman of the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, from 1998 up to the present. Pangilinan spent his elementary and high school days at San Beda College. He graduatedcum laude from the Ateneo de Manila University with a Bachelor of Arts degree inEconomics. He received his MBA degree in 1968 from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.[2] He is also the owner of ABC/TV5 network, Cignal Digital TVand Smart Communications. He was the former Chairman of the Board of Trustees ofAteneo de Manila University. What Does Concentration of Media Ownership mean? What exactly does Concentration of Media Ownership mean? It means that a very small number of corporations are controlling an increasing amount of the media industryThough people may believe that by watching Fox, CNN, NBC, or ABC that they are receiving a different perspective, it is very likely that they really arent. The media distributes information that shapes the attitudes and opinions of people every day. Forms of Media Ownership State Ownership State ownership, also called public ownership, government ownership or state property, are property interests that are vested in the state, rather than an individual or communities. State ownership may refer to state ownership or control of any asset, industry, or enterprise at any level, national, regional or local(municipal); or to common (full-community) non-state ownership. The process of bringing an asset into public ownership is called nationalization or municipalization.

Public Service BBC The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcasting corporation. Its main responsibility is to provide impartial public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man. It is the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees, with about 23,000 staff. The BBC is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London and has major production centres in Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, London and Salford and smaller production centres throughout the UK. Source: Wikipedia.com Free Encyclopedia Free Market A free market is a market where the price of a good or service is determined by supply and demand, rather than by governmental regulation. A free market contrasts with a controlled market or regulated market, where price, supply or demand are distorted by regulation or direct control by government. An economy composed entirely of free markets is referred to as a free-market economy or free-market anarchism. Conclusions: Media ownership is transforming. There always be larger andpowerful conglomerates Drive for profit means less independent autonomy and creativity in media production Reliance on new media technology, destroys more traditional outlets of ditribution and retail

MEDIA AS BUSINESS Social media in business is no longer a choice. It has revolutionized business in a way that can no longer be ignored by those seeking to gain competitive advantage over their competitors. Social Media in Business Succeeding in the New Internet Revolution is a guide to the understanding of social medias business value as well as to its successful implementation within the realm of your organisation. Social media offers several key business opportunities that have been jubilantly capitalized on by iconic companies such as Cisco, Accenture, Groupon, Starbucks, Coca-Cola, SalesForce.com and NASA, but far too often overlooked by many others. It is time to set it right. Whatever industry you operate in, whether in health, science, banking, retail or IT, social media has something for everyone. In this phase of Internet evolution and revolution, companies need to understand the incredible business power social media can have and in parallel, the excessively downgrading effect its lack can inflict upon businesses. Social media

for business is here to stay, so embrace it now before you end up lagging behind everyone else.

If we look at what has occurred in the past decade, there are some important lessons to embrace about news businesses in the digital environment:

Anonymity and (4) No Accountability. He points to the #McDStories disaster, when customers shared negative stories about McDonalds on Twitter, as an example of how social media is having this negative effect. While the risks Wilson highlights are real in some cases, the risks of not using social media are even greater. So take Wilsons advice: consider the risks associated with social media and have a compelling reason for using it. But as all good business leaders know, risk taking is critical for progression. Its all about the calculated risks you take. MEDIA MONOPOLY Senator Byron Dorgan, Democrat of North Dakota, had a potential disaster in his district when a freight train carrying anhydrous ammonia derailed, releasing a deadly cloud over the city of Minot. When the emergency alert system failed, the police called the town radio stations, six of which are owned by the corporate giant, Clear Channel. According to news accounts, no one answered the phone at the stations for more than an hour and a half Three hundred people were hospitalized, some partially blinded by the ammonia . Pets and livestock were killed. Anhydrous ammonia is a popular fertilizer that also creates a noxious gas, irritating the respiratory system and burning exposed skin. It fuses clothing to the body and sucks moisture from the eyes. To date, one person has died and 40o have been hospitalized. Clear Channel is the largest radio chain in the United States. It owns 1,240 radio stations with only Zoo employees. Most of its stations, including the six in Minot, N. Dak., are operated nationwide by remote control with the same prerecorded material.' The Media Monopoly by Ben H. Bagdikian More than at any time in our history, we depend on the mass media to inform us about what is occurring, about the "news." It is the mass media which decide what *is* the news. "The mass media become the authority at any given moment for what is true and what is false, what is reality and what is fantasy, what is important and what is trivial." "Authorities have always recognized that to control the public they must control information." Thus, those in power have it in their interest to control the information "The Age of Enlightenment created a new kind of society... It acknowledged that the democratic

Commoditized news does not create economic value; you have to provide something unique if you are going to get the public to pay for it Consumer payments are becoming a more important revenue source than advertising and success come through creating more sources of revenue than merely audience sales and advertising sales Paid apps for news on smartphones and tablets are gaining better acceptance than general online payments, and new partners, networks, and value configurations are needed in the digital world.

It is also apparent that users expect more from digital environments than the print environment and that they are more willing to use and pay for news if it offers a better experience (convenience, simplicity, ease of reading/viewing, enjoyment), if they can influence the presentation and consumption and interact with content and other users, if content includes more analysis and access to additional material, if it includes audio-visual material, and if it offers various usability tools. Those factors mean that news organizations have to offer digital content that differs from the print newspaper in many ways. We have learned that to make money from news in the digital world companies have to focus on customer needs (not the needs of the news organization), must be realistic about financial expectations (you wont make as much money as in the 1990s and growth wont be highly rapid), and that you cannot just transfer the same content among platforms because each platform requires different types of presentations, story forms and navigation. Some news organizations are making good progress in getting things right and the public is increasingly seeing value provided by news on digital platforms and evidencing increased willingness to pay. Most news enterprises still have a long way to go, but we have no reason to be highly pessimistic about the future of news in the digital world. Social media, bad for business In the post, Wilson argues that social media equips the average person with four factors empowering bad behavior, particularly against companies: (1) No Guilt (2) The Mob (3) Relative

consent of the governed is meaningless unless the consent is informed consent." Thus *information* was crucial in a democracy. In the United States, the first amendment sought to guarantee a plurality of viewpoints, a plurality of information. "Diversity of expression was assumed to be the natural state of enduring liberty." But unfortunately, "Modern technology and American economics have quietly created a new kind of central authority over information -- the national and multinational corporation. By the 1980s, the majority of all major American media... were controlled by fifty giant corporations." These powerful information czars can easily drown out attempts by the less powerful to put forth dissenting viewpoints. "The fifty men and women who head these corporations... constitute a new Private Ministry of Information and Culture." Bagdikian argues that "...while it is not possible for the media to tell the population what to think [at least not overtly, B.R.], they do tell the public what to think about." The permissable range of discussion is defined by the mass media. "What is reported enters the public agenda... [Thus,] More than any other single private source and often more than any governmental source, the fifty dominant media corporations can set the national agenda." When we see "commercials" on television, it becomes harder and harder to distinguish them from outright propaganda. "News and public information have been integrated formally into the highest levels of financial and nonjournalistic corporate control. Conflicts of interest between the public's need for information and corporate desires for 'positive' information have vastly increased." Although it is true that within the dominance of the fifty corporados controlling the media there still is *some* mixture of news and ideas -- still "there are also limits... The limits are felt on open discussion of the system that supports giantism in corporate life and of other values that have been enshrined under the inaccurate label 'free enterprise.'" Sure, these slaves of mammon will allow a controlled range of debate. But "when their most sensitive economic interests are at stake, the parent corporations seldom refrain from using their power over public information." "When fifty men and women, chiefs of their corporations, control more than half the information and ideas that reach 220 million Americans, it is time for Americans to examine the institutions from which they receive their daily picture of the world."

Bagdikian gives numerous examples of the trend toward centralized control of the media. He cites the fact that "At the end of World War II... 80 percent of the daily newspapers in the United States were independently owned, but by 1989 the proportion was *reversed* [my emphasis], with 80 percent owned by corporate chains." The mass media "is being reduced to a small number of closed circuits in which the owners of the conduits... prefer to use material they own or that tends to serve their economic purposes." The chief executive officers of the twenty-three corporations "that control most of what Americans read and see... [are] almost without exception... economic conservatives." The believers in this economic mythology "know which side their bread is buttered on." Without unrestricted and accurate information, democracy begins to fail. If citizens cannot make *informed* choices they will be led to *badly formed* choices. "In a democracy, the answer to government power is accountability, which means giving voters full information and real choices." "When the same corporations expand their control over many different kinds of media... the experience has been that the common control of different media makes those media more alike than ever... Cable, once thought to be a fundamental alternative to programs on commercial television... is increasingly an imitation of commercial television." The author stresses that this concentration of media control into the hands of a few CEOs of a small group of mega-corporations is a topic that is *verboten* in the mass media. "...the public, almost totally dependent on the media... has seldom seen in their newspapers, magazines, or broadcasts anything to suggest the political and economic dangers of concentrated corporate control." The corporados can especially exert a subtle control over our information by emphasizing some items more than others. "Most owners and editors no longer brutalize the news with... [a] heavy hand... More common is something more subtle, more professionally respectable and more effective: the power to treat some unliked subjects accurately but briefly, and to treat subjects favorable to the corporate ethic frequently and in depth." This power of the media monopoly caused two negative effects on the quality of public discourse: 1. It allowed them to create the national atmosphere that they desired. 2. By choosing what issues to focus on, it had the effect of *de- focusing* on other issues. It had the effect "of undernourishing society of other news and ideas necessary for informed democratic decision making."

"With no ads, who would pay for the media? The good fairy? -- Samuel Thurm, senior vicepresident, Association of National Advertisers. Newspaper publishers are "...engaged in a strange act. They sell their boiled pine trees [i.e. newspapers] for about one-third less than they pay for them." The newspaper publishers pull off this magic through the help of advertising fees. "Americans do not get their newspapers and magazines at less than cost. They do not get their radio and television free. They pay for everything." Americans pay for the advertising which supports these media by paying *extra* for the goods being promoted in the advertisements. And ironically, "All of this is never made clear to them in the communications they most depend on -- the advertising-supported newspapers, magazines, and commercial broadcasting." Daily Papers (averages) * 1940 -- 31 pages, 12.5 pages ads (40%), 18.5 pages "news" * 1980 -- 66 pages, 43 pages ads (65%), 23 pages "news" Note in the above chart that most of the "news" pages added between 1940 and 1980 "...were not 'news' but were in a grey area between real news and ads, an area called 'fluff' in the trade. Most fluff is wanted by advertisers to create a buying mood." This blurring of the distinction between "news" and advertising is becoming more and more of a problem. More and more, "Revenue Related Reading Matter [fluff]" is pretending to be hard news. "Heavy sections of newspapers -- like fashions, food, and real estate -- were created as advertising bait. Sometimes the material in the special sections is genuinely useful and is produced by professional journalists. More often it is a mixture of light syndicated features and corporate press releases." And, according to Bagdikian, "Fluff continues to spread." You pay money for your newspaper, but publishers are not much interested in what type of paper you want. Or rather, they are much more beholden in their attitude toward their advertisers than they are towards their reading public. "Every serious survey, including those by the newspaper industry itself, makes clear that readers want more hard news." But publishers have consistently ignored their readership's wants in favor of submitting to the demands of their advertisers. "In the security of their domination of the market, newspaper publishers have been converting newspapers into agencies for merchants."

The history of advertisers' relationship with various media shows a consistent pattern. The normal sequence of events is for the advertiser to start out having a minimal influence and to wind up having a huge influence over the content of what is disseminated. For example: "Ads in early magazines were segregated in the back pages since editors assumed they were an intrusion on the reader. But in the 1890s... advertising agencies insisted that ads be moved from the back of magazines to the front... The influence of advertising on magazines reached a point where editors began selecting articles not only on the basis of their expected interest for readers but for their influence on advertisements. Serious articles were not always the best support for ads. An article that put the reader in an analytical frame of mind did not encourage the reader to take seriously an ad that depended on fantasy or promoted a trivial product." "As the 1920s progressed so did commercials." Because large quantities of radios had already been sold, the educational stations were no longer necessary as stimulants to the sale of radio receivers. Commercial stations "...used their influence in government to force educational stations to give up popular frequencies and broadcast times... In a dozen years the powerful system of noncommercial broadcasting in the United States had been destroyed... By the 1930s, radio made all its money from advertising and created its programs to support advertising." MEDIA AS AN ECONOMIC AGENT Listed below are the articles used by the researcher with this report. All of these were researched thoroughly and were derived from reliable sources. Proper credits were given to them.

The role of media on the economy Posted by Kyle, Yahoo! Contributor Network on March 12, 2009 It can be safely said that the media has a very important role in shaping the markets and the economy. The media has the potential to bring fame to a business, but it also has the power to bring that business down. The media is after stories that attract attention. It will not therefore settle for anything that is even less than mediocre. Either the story is extremely negative or

extremely positive, you can almost bet on the media to exert all means to get to the bottom of the story. After all, running such compelling stories is one way the network the news outlet is involved in is able to earn money. For example, when the media reports news of half of the population of the US believing that the economic situation will worsen and turn into something like the Great Depression, such a story is going to have millions of people glued to their TV sets, and this can mean more money from ad revenues. On the other hand, while the mother company is earning a lot of money from such stories, more and more Americans are like to spend less money and pulling out their stock investments, crippling the economy even more. Its a vicious cycle, but this is one situation that illustrates well how the media can affect the economy. Media Influence and how it affects our economy Posted by Mark Weller, Hub Pages The Sobering Facts It is a sobering fact of our modern lives, that the media plays a huge part in directing the events, attitudes and beliefs of society. The economy is but one area where the media has a huge and powerful influence. Is it really the media though that is the causal factor, or is it the corporations and the money people behind these media giants that are the true cause of influence? The media has grown and changed over the last century from the early days of telephone, to radio, to television and onto the modern internet. The huge increase in technology has also caused a huge increase in the power and influence of the media. There are 4 or 5 major corporations that "own" the media and those corporations are owned and run by the big money people. So it is not hard to imagine that the messages we get daily are very highly crafted, and designed to "guide" our society in a pre-determined direction. Media and the Economy The economy, being the one most important issue in everyone's lives, is the main area of attention in the media today. We get constant messages about shopping, housing, entertainment, diet and health and a host of other issues daily. Just take the issue of shopping. We are told that big retailers like Wal-Mart and Target are a great place to shop and millions do this daily. But think what this really means, we shop at Wal-Mart for example and purchase low cost products saving money. But where did those products come from and

where is that money going. Many of the products we purchase in these "low cost" retailers come from other countries and therefore the money we spend is leaving this country and going elsewhere. True, Wal-Mart then makes a huge profit but the folks that work there make minimum wages and have to buy their own medical coverage. Another result of this "trend" is to put the small local retailers out of business. They simply cannot compete with these giants. Small business suffers and many families and local business people lose everything they have worked hard for. Many times working their whole lives to build. And the media supports this trend. Now, where do you think the money for those ads comes from and who are the people with this huge amount of money that control the messages and ads that we see? Offshore Media We are told what to think, what to feel, what to eat, when to buy and when to sell. Everything we see and hear from the media has such a huge influence on the way we live our lives that it is inconceivable that the economy is not the main focus of the media. The economy is controlled by a very select few in the world, and the media is owned and controlled by those same people in the end. Just recently, I came across some disturbing information. According to "This American Life", several major media giants including Sam Zell's Tribune are outsourcing the news to content farms in the Philippines. The company used is Journatic and they use underpaid workers to create the news thousands of miles away from the US. Did you get that? The news at times is not even written on out shores! Social medias effect on world economy Posted on Monday, June 27, 2011 in World economy and social media By SocialF5 Any economy can be either good or bad from an individuals point of view. There must be a force, which can supersede one economic phase over others. In the current global economy, social media is the driving force. It's not only because it has changed the whole concept of online marketing, but it also has been providing millions of job opportunities since 2009 both online and offline. Emergence of social media has led people think of starting off their own social media companies and agencies. Instead of thinking of other business routes, people are considering to launch dedicated social media organizations and websites. Mashable, Radian6, Techcrunch, Social Media Today are the brightest examples in this context. Apart from that, emergence of startups in social media consulting business has become very common these

days, which provides a huge rate of employment in private sector. Ever since social media has grown its status from the basement to the penthouse, people have started to look at social media jobs respectfully. There was time, when people accessed social networking sites for chatting and personal interaction. But now these platforms are being used for a more serious cause, called business. Groupon alone has 4500 employees, followed by Facebook with 2000 employees, LinkedIn with 900 employees, and Twitter with 300 employees. The high growth of employment has definitely affected the overall economy in the world. How? Social media alone contributed 8.5% to the global economy since 2008. Apart from providing thousand of jobs, some social networking channels are inventing innovative ideas to earn revenue. For examples, gaming sector has got a huge boost from social media. Facebook Ads contributes a great deal into their approximate $4 billion revenue. Every industry is making money hand over fist from social media and theres no denial in that. Related Article: The Battle over Ratings by Luz Rimban, PCIJ Main point of the article is that the ratings game has become very competitive, downright unfair and at times dirty.

Publisher: International Journalists, 2009

Federation

of

Presently more women than ever are working in media. But they do not play an equal role in the reporting process and only few women journalist write or cover hard news. According to the Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP), a global survey taken every five years, 57% of all television news presenters were women by 2005, yet only 29% of news items were written by female reporters. In spite of the progress made over the last 25 years media still churns out female stereotypes that limit the power of women in society. In many countries women are strongly represented in newsrooms but media are still very male dominated when the top positions are examined. Women are marginalised in the news both in the content of the jobs they do and in the opportunities they have to make their way in the profession. They are even marginalised in the unions that represent them. This booklet provides useful inputs to the armoury of people within journalism who are fighting discrimination and championing journalistic standards. Battles for equality are being fought in every country. It takes argument, debate, training and practical commitment to confront discrimination. This handbook is a timely, illustrated and easyto-read guide for understanding the gender issues in media.The book will assist people working in the media to assess progress on gender equality, identify challenges, and contribute to local, regional and global debates leading to the formulation of concrete policies to promote gender equality and the advancement of women worldwide. A host of tips are provided in the manual for achieving more gender equality in media: Leadership: Map your workplace. Equal opportunity legislation should ensure that women journalists get the same access to jobs, promotion and training opportunities as men. Pay audits may be the only way to find out whether there is a gender pay gap within a company. Health and safety assessments are useful tools for assessing the depth and degree of the risks faced at work. Flexible work allows a person to complete a number of works but within working hours that suit. ILO Maternity convention 183 entitles all women to a minimum 14 weeks paid maternity leave. Late-night shift assignments should be compensated by late-night transport home for women and men.

C. Gender Equality In Media Gender equality is also known as sex equality or sexual equality or equality of the genders which implies that men and women should receive equal treatment unless there is a sound biological reason for different treatment. Advocating gender equality in media Getting the balance right is an illustrated resource handbook by UNESCO, which deals in gender issues in media. The document assesses the key challenges faced by female journalists and the need for concrete policies for ensuring more equality in mainstream media. ( UNESCO [United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] . Its purpose is to contribute peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education, science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the UN Charter. )

Dignity at work clauses help to combat bullying, harassment and discrimination faced by many in highpressure newsrooms and media companies.

religious groups, the working class, and women with different sexual orientations. d.1 Sex and Violence in Media What is the relationship between the risks in the real world and the symbolic violence of television? Television may lead to an increased dependence on established authority. Television must be judged as a total system and not by isolating one component of television fare from all others. The uniqueness of television in the world of mass media means that we cannot study its effects in the same way as we do other media. We cannot presume that what is portrayed on television will have the same effects on viewers as would similar portrayals in other media. This is particularly true of violence, the incidence of which on television has been a topic of concern and debate over the last ten years. In 1967, the Eisenhower Violence Commission was established to study violence in the United Stated. This same year marked the beginning of studies in violence on television by the communications research team at the Annenberg School of Communications of the University of Pennsylvania. Take a moment to test your own knowledge in this area by answering the following true-false statements. 1. kill. 2. All violence is basically alike. 3. Violence on television is like violence in movies or books. 4. Violence on television reflects a violent world. 5. The main danger of television violence is that it makes children (and perhaps other viewers) more aggressive and violent. 6. Scientists have no evidence so far that television viewing alone has any significant and systematic effect on behavior. These statements all sound correct, but are false. Let us examine why these statements are erroneous. 1. The goal of violence is to hurt or kill. Violence actually has two objectives, which we might call immediate and ultimate. The immediate foal of violence is fear. In order to be effective, violence need not hurt or kill. It is only necessary that violence generate fear of pain or death in its victim. The ultimate goal of violence is the power to control behavior of others. Having generated fear of pain or death in the victim, violence moves toward its ultimate goal of power. If fear is created, the aggressor has then gained the power to make the victim do The goal of violence is to hurt or

D. Other Issues on Sex and Gender Why gender should be an issue for the media Gender biases and prejudices in the media emerge through the 'choices' media managers, advertisers, and media professionals make each day. Media professionals' beliefs about gender to some extent undergird decisions on content, story choices, the angle to adopt and the choice of spokespeople. Gender inequalities, biases and prejudices manifest themselves in the numerous ways in the media. In the newsroom : Opportunities in the workplace.Women often comprise the rank and file of journalists and presenters in the print and broadcast media but few are in the top leadership positions. Equal professional opportunity. Women reporters are often assigned to health, education, and social issues, while men are given the political and economic assignments which are seen as part of the career path to senior editorial and media management positions. In the content : News sources. The majority of those who are quoted in stories on events of the day are men, although women and men live in the societies reported on and both have views on the events and issues. Women are made 'invisible' by the media's omission of their voices and images. Gender stereotypes. When women do appear in the media, they most often are portrayed as sex objects, as homemakers and as victims (of violence, poverty, natural disasters, war and conflict). Women become front-page and headline news when they engage in activities which are not in line with society's prescription of what women 'should' and 'should not' do. News focus. News on the violations of women's human rights and discrimination against women are few and far between. When the media does cover gender issues, these articles are often confined to special pages and segments in the media and tagged as 'women's issues', rather than being placed on the news pages as issues of concern to everyone. Invisible women. Certain categories of women receive even less attention in the media, such as elderly women, women from minority ethnicities and

something that he or she would not ordinarily do. This is true of all forms of violence, from muggings to war. Only in a relatively few pathological cases is violence itself the goal or purpose of a violent act. 2. All violence is basically alike. The presentation of a violent scene carries a message with it. A violent act might be committed to thwart injustice or brutality, or to perpetrate them. In each case, the message of the act will be vastly different. The outcry against television violence is not directed at acts of violence which, by helping people to distinguish just and unjust uses of power, serve a legitimate, dramatic purpose. Rather, the area of concern is violence that cultivates fear and prejudice, or the inhuman an unjust use of power. 3. Violence on television is different from all other mass media. The ubiquitous nature of television means that television violence will have different effects from violence that is read, seen, or heard selectively. 4. Violence on television reflects a violent world. Television distorts the violence found in reality. Highway and industrial accidents are the leading causes of violent death and injury in this country. One would never know that from watching television. Violence on television portrays how power works in society and who can get away with what. 5. The main danger of television violence is that it makes children (and perhaps other viewers) more aggressive and violent. The real effect of television violence is the result of the selective and stereotypical portrayals of power and people in society. Television show us who are the victims and who are the aggressors. It demonstrates who has power and who will have to acquiesce to that power. Television violence achieves the power that can be achieved because of it, are the main dangers of television violence to all viewers, children and adults alike. 6. Scientists have no evidence so far that television alone has any significant evidence regarding the effect of television viewing on the way people deal with reality. The evidence shows that heavy television viewing creates an exaggerated sense of danger, mistrust, and vulnerability. Television violence poses a serious effect on the viewers sense of safety. Research thus far has shown us that television has a very definite lesson to teach about the perpetrators and victims of violence. In a much broader sense,

television teaches a lesson about the social constructs of our world. Web sites and teen violence. A total of 1,588 10-to-15-year-olds were asked about the types of Web sites they visited. Youths who most frequently visited sites depicting real people fighting, shooting, or killing were five times more likely to report engaging in assaults, stabbings, robberies, and other violent behavior than were those who never visited violent Web sites. "Violence online may be particularly important to our understanding of seriously violent behavior among today's young people," the researchers write. They advise health care professionals to encourage parents to install software that blocks and filters violent sites as a way of reducing access to online violence. Video games and violence. Teens in both Japan, considered a "low violence" culture, and the United States, a "high violence" culture, who chronically play violent video games behave more aggressively than classmates who don't play these games, researchers say. Analyzing data from studies of 1,231 Japanese students (ages 12 to 18 years) and 364 U.S. students (ages nine to 12 years), the authors found that children who played violent video games early in the school year exhibited increases in physical aggression such as kicking, punching, and hitting three to six months later. The authors conclude that the two cultures' similar behavior "strongly supports the theory that playing violent video games is a causal risk factor for relative increases in later physical aggressiveness," and rules out the notion that naturally aggressive children prefer violent video games. d.2 Pornography, Cyber Sex and Child Pornography in the Internet PORNOGRAPHY is first and foremost massproduced representations ofsexuality which consumers use as a fantasy material for sexual arousal. It is not sex, but a medium that may assume various forms: words, still photographs, motion pictures or sound. Relationship of sexual violence and pornography: Bergen and Bogle examined womens experiences of sexual violence and their abusers use of pornography. Rape crisis center employees administered a survey to 100 women who had contacted the center after experiencing abuse or violence. Results showed that 28 percent of women interviewed indicated, their abusers used pornography. Approximately 40% said . . . pornography was part of the abusive incident. Finally, of those whose abusers used pornography, 43% of survivors believed . . . pornography affected the nature of abuse.

CYBER SEX also called computer sex, Internet sex, netsex, mud sex, TinySex and colloquially, cybering or conversex is a virtual sex encounter in which two or more persons connected remotely via computer network send each other sexually explicit messages describing a sexual experience. In one form, this fantasy sex is accomplished by the participants describing their actions and responding to their chat partners in a mostly written form designed to stimulate their own sexual feelings and fantasies. Because of many cases of cyber sex in the Philippines, President Benigno Aquino III has signed the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012-- which criminalises a wide range of cyber activities from hacking and identity theft to cybersquatting and spamming -- and announced the launch of the Office of Cybercrime. It is, however, the vague terms used to outlaw cyber sex and the update of the Revised Penal Code to criminalise libel communication via computers or "any other similar means which may be devised in the future", that is of most concern. Like Acta and Ceta, the act is seeking to control and curtail certain cyber behavior through criminalisation -- unlike Acta or Ceta, it is targeting nearly any cyber activity it can think of, referencing them with some of the vaguest terminology imaginable and thus leaving potential innocent parties open to investigation and action. INTERNET CHILD PORNOGRAPHY is only one of a number of problems related to either child abuse or the internet. It is unlike most crimes local police departments handle. Local citizens may access child pornography images that were produced and/or stored in another city or on another continent. Alternatively, they may produce or distribute images that are downloaded by people thousands of miles away. An investigation that begins in one police district will almost certainly cross jurisdictional boundaries. Therefore, most of the major investigations of Internet child pornography have involved cooperation among jurisdictions, often at an international level. MEDIA GLOBALIZATION Globalization' is commonly used as a shorthand way of describing the spread and connectedness of production, communication and technologies across the world. That spread has involved the interlacing of economic and cultural activity. ADVANTAGES -Global Mass Media Ties the word together -Increased flow of communications allows vital information to be shared between individuals and corporations around the world -Reduction of cultural barriers increases the global village effect.

-Spread of democratic ideals to developed nations The Global Media Twenty years ago people talked about Americanization of media in the world. Today people talk more about globalization because it is apparent that although American media play a prominent role in the global scene, media industries from a number of other countries are also heavily across the world. A handful of firms dominate the globalize part of the media system. The six largest are AOL, Time Warner (U.S.), Disney (U.S.), Vivendi-Universal (French), Bertelsmann (German), Viacom (U.S.), and Rupert Murdochs News Corporation (Australian). The other four main global firms are AT&T (U.S.), Microsoft (U.S.), and two media groups that are part of much large industrial corporations: General Electric/NBC (U.S.) and Sony/Columbia/ TriStar (Japanese) (Variety, 2002). Of the top 10 global media firms, then, six are American (counting News Corporations as Australian), mostly produce, distribute, and regulate almost all media outlets. These types of companies were growing and globalizing quickly. Time Warner and Disney generated around 15 percent of their income outside of the United States in 1900, a figure that rose to 3035 percent by 2002. THE INFORMATION SOCIETY An information society is a society where the creation, distribution, use, integration and manipulation of information is a significant economic, political, and cultural activity. The aim of the information society is to gain competitive advantage internationally, through using information technology (IT) in a creative and productive way Information society is seen as the successor to industrial society. Closely related concepts are the post- industrial society ( Daniel Bell), post fordism society, post modern society, Information Revolution, liquid modernity, and network society (Manuel Castels). Industrial Society Refers to a society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting large population with a high capacity for division of labor.

Post- Industrial Society Is a concept in economics describing when the service sector produces more wealth than the industrial or manufacturing sector in some countries. The concept was popularized by Daniel Bell. Post- Fordism Also named Flexibilism. Given by some scholars to what they describe as the dominant system of economic production, consumption and associated socioeconomic phenomena, in most industrialized countries since the late 20th century. It is contrasted with Fordism, the system formulated in Henry Fords automotive factories, in which workers work on a productive line, performing specialized tasks repetitively, definitions of the nature and scope of PostFordism vary considerably and a matter of debate among scholars. Information Revolution The term information revolution (sometimes called also the "informational revolution") describes current economic, social and technological trends beyond the Industrial Revolution. Late Modernity Late modernity (or liquid modernity) is a term that has been used to describe the condition or state of some highly developed present day societies. It regards their state as a continuation or development of modernity, rather than as a distinct new state, postmodernity. Network Society The term Network Society describes several different phenomena related to the social, political, economic and cultural changes caused by the spread of networked, digital information and communications technologies. A number of academics (see below) are credited with coining the term since the 1980s and several competing definitions exist. The intellectual origins of the idea can be traced back to the work of early social theorists

such as Georg Simmel who analyzed the effect of modernization and industrial capitalism on complex patterns of affiliation, organization, production and experience. THE GLOBAL VILLAGE AND FUTURE INTERCONNECTEDNESS Definition of Global Village >the world viewed as a community in which distance and isolation have been dramatically reduced by electronic media (as television and the Internet). (Merriam Webster Dictionary) >the modern world in which all countries depend on each other and seem to be closer together because of modern communications and transport systems. (McMillan Dictionary) Globalization: The Global Village >Globalization is about human interconnections that have assumed global proportions and transformed themselves. >Globalization as a concept refers to both the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. The processes and actions to which the concept of globalization now refers have been proceeding, with some interruptions, for many centuries, but the main focus of the discussion of globalization is on relatively recent times. The five phases of globalization: (Roland Robertson) Phase I: The Germinal Phase (Europe: early 15th c- mid-18th c) >Growth of national communities; expanding scope of the Catholic Church; accentuation of concepts of the individual and of ideas about humanity Phase II: The Incipient Phase (mainly Europe: mid-18th century1870s) >Sharp shift towards the idea of the homogeneous, unitary state; crystallization of conceptions of formalized international relations, of standardized citizenly individuals and a more concrete conception of humankind Phase III: The Take-Off Phase (1870s 1920s)

>Formalization of the problematic relationship between national societies, individuals, international society and humankind; early thematization of the problem of modernity; increasing global conceptions of acceptable national society; Phase IV: The Struggle-for-Hegemony Phase (1920s60s) >Establishment of the League of Nations and then the United Nations; establishment of principle of national independence; Phase V: The Uncertainty Phase (1960s 90s?) >Moon landing; accentuation of postmaterialist values; end of Cold War and rise of the problem of rights; widespread access to nuclear and thermonuclear weaponry; increasing number of global institutions and movements; Compression: The Growing Interconnectedness of the World At a theoretical level, the concept of global interconnectedness is closely allied to the perspective of systems theory. Systems theory derives in part from the structural functional analysis which was prevalent in the social sciences in the 1950s. Structural-functionalism faded from the scene during the 1960s, as a new generation of scholars felt that its vision of society was static and conservative. For some critics, it was seen as too holistic, incapable of appreciating human experiences and motivations. For others, it was too consensus-oriented, presenting an image of the ideal and fully functioning system as one of equilibrium, from which was derived the idea that any deviations from this crime, poverty, unemployment and other such social problems resulted from some systemic malfunction and could be fixed in much the same way that an illness of the body can be treated, or a broken machine can be repaired. Even more damning, perhaps, was the suggestion made by more radical scholars that the ideal society presented by the structural-functionalists mirrored modern, industrial, capitalist, Western society. This was most apparent in modernization theory, which emerged from structural-functionalism.

Modernization theory carried an often-implicit assumption that Western industrial societies represented a higher stage of development to which under-developed countries should aspire, and that international institutions should seek to boost the infrastructures of such countries to help them achieve such an aspiration. Globality: The Evolution of Global Consciousness The one word that suggests the emergence of something greater than the accident of interconnections is globalism, meaning a conscious process of globalization or a set of policies designed specifically to effect greater global rather than international interactions. >In many respects, globality is a far more useful term than globalization. It is certainly more concrete. As a process, globalization is fluid, hard to pin down, impossible to observe with any accuracy and thus pretty much meaningless from a research point of view. Globality, by contrast, is a quality, the quality of being global (Albrow 1996), and thus entirely measurable. Globalization as a general process, applicable to anything, is itself measured according to the amount of globality its subject exhibits. >Globality appears increasingly to permeate the affairs of all societies and multitudes of people across the world. Global Events, Global Experiences The rise of media and the printed word has contributed to the establishment of a consciousness beyond immediate physical territories for thousands of years. Globalization, however, has radicalized this process to the extent that distinctions of space and time are no longer as easy to denote. Indeed, through satellite television and the internet, individuals and groups are now increasingly adept at accessing and interpreting information from a wide range of sources, both historically (such as the reproduction and broadcast of past events) and spatially (through vivid and detailed photographic reproductions of different cities and landscapes). Such is the power of media technologies that individuals across the world are now able to simultaneously experience events beyond the

physical reach of the vast majority. In essence, globalization has allowed for the possibility of global events events that are intrinsically global in their reach, audience and impact. Since the 1960s, the opening of this global village has established broader and more structural social consequences, both in how knowledge is accessed and identity is constructed. First, media reproduction plays a significant role in rationalizing and rearticulating history. Photographs, literature and television dominate our experience of and engagement with certain places, people and moments in history. This creates a mediated worldliness, as media shape our sense of place in the world, and what lies beyond the sphere of our personal experience. MEDIA DEMASSIFICATION Definition of term/s: DEMASSIFICATION De-massify: To break (something standardized or homogeneous) into elements that appe al to individual taste orspecial interests: t o demassify the magazine industry into s pecial-interest periodicals. To customize a mass medium so as to meet the requirements of individual consumers. MEDIA DEMASSIFICATION Media or Second Wave

This is when a method of mass communication has to move from targeting a broad audience to a niche target. Publishers shifting their focuses from large, general-interest audiences to smaller, more specialized audience.

Media Demassification is the process in which we are taking the mass media and breaking it down to fit specific individuals. When a company breaks down into smaller entities, in order to reach a specific, targeted audience, this is Media Demassification. By breaking down, companies gain a stronger following. When targeting a specific audience, a media corporation has the ability to make different forms of media tailored to the specific interests of certain people. This turns one magazine into several, which adds revenue to their companies. In order to have a strong hold in the dynamic mass media industry, a company must have many avenues to follow and must be able to connect to everyone. When a company breaks down it opens up countless avenues and has the potential to drastically increase its revenue. The thinking behind this is that if a company can tailor to the specific interests of certain groups of people, it will be able to sell more, and turn more of a profit. It all comes down to the amount of money that can be made. When a company introduces other options, it opens the doors to success. Sell more and turn more profit. DE-MASSIFICATION EXPLAINED The three major mass media: print (newspapers, books, magazines), film (commercial films), and broadcast media (radio and television), arose out of the height of industrialization in the 20th century. During this time, the control and ownership of these media were confined either to the government or to a few private corporations and individuals. Being products of an industrial age these three major media were termed as "second wave" media and their operations were characterized by a smokestack-like, factory managed system where its media products and images were mass produced in the millions on the assumption that the target mass audience had more or less standardized and homogenized tastes. In effect, the choice of media content was limited to the tastes and preferences of this

According to Alvin Toffler, "The Second Wave Society is industrial and based on mass production, mass distribution, mass consumption, mass education, mass media, mass recreation, mass entertainment, and weapons of mass destruction. You combine those things with standardization, centralization, concentration, and synchronization, and you wind up with a style of organization we call bureaucracy." The demassification of media simply refers to the restructuring of media industry into smaller independent operating entities; Print (newspapers, books, magazines), film (commercial film), and Broadcast Media (radio and television.)

one mass majority group of times at the expense of diverse minority audiences whose tastes and preferences were ignored. "The demassification of the media demassifies our minds as well. During the second wave era the continual pounding of the standardized imagery pumped out by the media created what critics called a "massive mind". Today, instead of masses of people all receiving the same messages, smaller de-massified groups receive and send large amounts of their own imagery to one another. As the entire society shifts toward Third Wave diversity, the new media reflect and accelerate the process. This in part explains why opinions on everything from pop music to politics are becoming less uniform. Consensus shatters. On a personal level, we are all besieged and blitzed by fragments of imagery, contradictory or unrelated, that shake up our old ideas and come shooting at us in the form of broken or disembodied "blips". We live, in fact, in a "blip culture". (Source: The Third Wave by Alvin Toffler, Bantam Books, 1981 edition). NEWSPAPERS AND MASS MAGAZINES DEMASSIFIED Demassification can be defined in many ways. However, in the 1950s magazine companies were forced to demassify. This means that the magazine companies broke up their original magazine outline into smaller independent units. With every change in the media there are always negative effects. The critics of the demassification of the magazine industry believed that the traditional role of the magazine was no more. The demassification critics believed that the importance of the magazine has been lost due to the fact that now only bits and pieces of information are given to the readers instead of the whole story. Norman Cousins stated, The purpose of a magazine is not to tell you how to fix a faucet but to tell you what the world is about. Since the demassification of magazines, more stories are written about how to do things instead of informing readers about the world today. The only way the magazine companies would have survived against the assault of television was to demassify. In the end this is the way we know magazines today. Short stories that teach you, quick quizzes to

entertain you, and lots of advertisements to grab your attention. Even the Philippines is not spared from this phenomena. In a survey conducted in the third quarter of 2004 by A.C. Nielsen Media Research, covering 2,000 respondents aged 10 years and older from all socioeconomic classes in 31 cities in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, with a margin error of plus or minus 2 percentage points, it was found that overall readership for newspapers (broadsheet and tabloid) plunged by about 3% from 2003's 25.2%. Jay Bautista, Nielsen Media director, disclosed the findings. COMMERCIAL FILMS DE-MASSIFIED Even commercial films are not immune having suffered stiff competition from cable television's movie channels, then by the video cassette recorder and betamax machines in the 1980s, the video compact disc and dvd players in the 1990s, to the digital camera and soon, online movies in the internet in the coming years. RADIO DE-MASSIFIED Radio's influence for example, has diminished through the years with the advent of MTV, a music video cable channel launched in the 1980s, to MP3 in the 1990s, and more recently by the Apple I-Pod in the early 21st century. TELEVISION DEMASSIFIED Television's mass audience has also been splintered by the arrival of cable and satellite television and its myriad channels serving different splintered audiences, electronic video recording, and electronic games in the 1980s to the internet, dvds, computer online games, and soon television on mobile phones.

Demassification:
The progress from mass production to demassification due to more users

Negative Newspapers have short shelf life. The day after a newspaper appears its history. Waste circulation. You're paying to send your message to a lot of people who will probably never be in the market to buy from you. A highly visible medium. Your competitors can quickly react to your prices. There is competition for attention against large ads run by large companies. More waste from print media. Because radio listeners are spread over many stations, to totally saturate your market you have to advertise simultaneously on many stations. Creative and production costs can quickly mount up. Telemarketing can be extremely expensive. Piracy or underground media and communicating illegally are now massive.

Demassification is the process in which we are taking the mass media and breaking it down to fit specific individuals. For example, genres, fashions, styles, magazines etc. This new development in media is important because it is a form of entertainment for everyone. Now the audience has control versus producers or creators. Society uses technologies such as cell phones, computers, and social media sites based on their own needs. This concept is known as narrow casting. Demassification is a part of audience autonomy, which means that audiences are being characterized. We as an audience are being participants in our entertainment rather than passive observers. Although new media is vital for us old media is still important because there is still an audience for old media, which includes newspapers, radio, and broadcast. Old media still exists because the creators of it are the deciders of what is newsworthy and what is not. Effects of Media Demassification
Positive Sell more and turn more of a profit. There more options to different types of people. The distribution of your message is now unlimited to any geographic area. High reader involvement means more attention will be paid to your advertisement. The smaller the page (generally eight and half by eleven inches) permits even small ads to stand out. Radio is a universal medium. Can be enjoyed at home, at work, and while driving. Most people listen to the radio at one time or another during the day. In radio, it permits you to target your advertising dollars to the market most likely to respond to your offer. Also to create a personality for your business using only sounds and voices. Least inflated medium. During the past ten years, radio rates have gone up less than other media. Television permits you to reach great numbers of people on a national or regional level. Independent stations and cable offer new opportunities to pinpoint local audiences.