Resistivity and Induced Polarisation for Mapping of Buried Waste and Contaminated Ground

Examples from Sweden and South Africa

Torleif Dahlin, Engineering Geology, Lund University Hkan Rosqvist, NSR AB

Acknowledgements
Work presented was carried out by: Waterval; Anna Bengtsson (M.Sc. student), Maria Larsson (M.Sc. student), Andy Fourie (supervisor), Lynette Dollar (supervisor) Ekeboda; Sonja Jones (M.Sc. student), Bjrn Johansson (M.Sc. student), Peter Flyhammar (supervisor) Filborna; Filip Linders

Funding was provided by Sida-SAREC, Lund University, University of the Witswatersrand, Hrby Kommun, NSR AB ...

Outline
Method The IP phenomenon Example Waterval, South Africa Example Filborna, Sweden Example Ekeboda, Sweden Summary - Conclusions

Principle of resistivity surveying

(Robinson and (efter Robinson Coruh 1988) och Coruh 1988)

Automated Multi-electrode Data Acquisition

Processing and interpretation of 2D resistivity data

Pseudosection Iterative inverse modelling FD or FEM model Presentation of final resistivity model(s)

L1-norm or L2-norm optimisation

Interpretation using reference data Geologic interpretation

Coarse sediments Cable trench Clayey till

Shale Shale Dolerite

Induced polarisation phenomenon

Polarization: [1] redistribution of ions within electrical double layer of interconnected pore surface following application of electric current [2] relaxation of ions upon current termination Measured by: [1] decay of induced voltage in time-domain IP equipment
Schematic for polarisation of electrical double layer of interconnected pore surface around a single mineral grain

Chargeability (IP effect) ~ [2] phase shift () between Basis for recent theoretical models, surface area voltage & current waveforms in e.g. Lesmes and Morgan (2001); Leroy
frequency domain equipment
et al. (2008)

Alternative / Traditional Interpretation Frameworks / Pore Scale Models?

Ionic accumulation / mobility reduction at pore throats? Basis of recent theoretical models (Titov et al., 2002; Zadorozhnaya, 2008) Ion selective membranes enhanced by clay particles? (Madden and Marshall, 1959)

Resistivity and Induced Polarisation (IP) Measurement cycle

Resistivity is always measured when doing IP surveying. Background level correction important!

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg

Geology

Localisation in / over old quarry Weathered crystalline rocks with fault zones

Geoelectrical imaging Augering, sampling and analysis

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg example

Sandy soil/dry cover Culvert Soil Leachate Waste

Resistivity

Fresh Fault rock

Soil cover

IP

Waste Culvert

Soil cover

Normalised IP

Waste Culvert

Resistivity survey at Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg

50

100

IP survey at Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg

50

100

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 0.0-0.5 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 0.5-1.0 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 1.0-1.4 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 1.4-1.9 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 1.9-2.4 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 2.4-3.0 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 3.0-3.6 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 3.6-4.3 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 4.3-5.1 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 5.1-6.0 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 6.0-7.0 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 7.0-8.0 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 8.0-9.2 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 9.2-10.5 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 10.5-12.0 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 12.0-13.6 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 13.6-15.3 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Waterval waste deposit, Johannesburg, South Africa Depth 15.3-17.3 m

10 16 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 Resistivity(ohm -m )

Resistivity imaging and water conductivity/resistivity at Waterval waste dump, Johannesburg

108 mS/m 9,3 m

80 mS/m 12,5 m

223 mS/m 4,3 m

323 mS/m 3,1 m

Groundwater conductivity in earlier investigations 38-84 mS/m

(Rosqvist et al 2003)

Filborna, Helsingborg Resistivity & IP Waste Characterisation

Mixed waste deposit

Gypsum deposit

Filborna Resistivity

Mixed waste deposit

Gypsum deposit

Filborna Induced Polarisation (IP)

Mixed waste deposit

Gypsum deposit

Field Example Ekeboda Waste Deposit

Profil 1
Resistivitet RMS 3,0%

Example: Pseudosections resistivity / IP Ekeboda

Time windows: 10-110-210-310-410-510-610-710-810-910-1010 ms

Single cable layout abase = 2 m Llayout = 160 m Itx = 20-200 mA Rcontact = <103-104 2-3 stacks 10 IP time windows 2177 data points Less than a field day (unexperienced Signal levels students)
Range (mV) Median (mV)

Resistivity 1.1 786 8.8

IP 1 0.013 18 0.47

IP 10 0.003 2.5 0.093

Example Inverted Sections Resistivity / IP Ekeboda

Profil 1
Resistivitet RMS 3,0%

IP RMS 1,4%

Norm. IP RMS 1,4%

Comparison with Magnetometry

Field Example Ekeboda Waste Deposit

Gradient + bipole-dipole array L1-norm inversion

Ekeboda
Normalised IP ~ Extension of Deposited Waste?

Mirrored image

Summary - Conclusions
Resistivity can detect and map leachate contaminated ground / groundwater in 3D Resistivity results often ambiguous for mapping extent of waste IP can map / characterise buried waste in 3D IP more sensitive to noise than resistivity, but IP survey always includes resistivity Normalised IP measure of surface conductivity in soils and rocks (i.e. without fluid conductivity) IP decay contains information related to hydraulic properties of the ground, but more research needed Std inversion software does not use decay info Resistivity / IP survey excellent base for designing a drilling / digging and sampling / analysis program