Definition

The term generally refers to telecommunications all communication distance lengthens by common carrier waves as the TV, radio and phone. The communications have a subset that are data communications, these are the collection, exchange and process electronic data or information including text, images, voice and more. The current computing environment is both geographically dispersed organizational mind locating data communications into a strategic organizational function. Businesses seeking electronic communications essential to minimize time and distance constraints. Telecommunications play an important role when customers, suppliers, vendors and buyers constantly conduct business anywhere in the world constantly.

Telecommunication Systems

A telecommunication system is a collection of hardware and software compatible arranged to communicate information from one place to another. These systems can transmit text, graphics, voice, documents or information in full motion video.

Components of a telecommunications system

1. - HARDWARE: we have the example of the computer, multiplexers, modems and controllers. 2. - MEDIA: is the physical medium through which electronic signals are transferred eg telephone cable.

3. - Communication networks: are the connections between computers and communication devices. 4. - The device of the communication process: is the device that shows how communication occurs. 5. - Communication software: the software that controls the communication process. 6. - SUPPLIERS OF COMMUNICATION: are regulated utilities or private companies. 7. - Communication protocols: the rules for the transfer of information. 8. - Communication Applications: These applications include electronic data interchange such as teleconferencing or fax.

ELECTRONIC SIGNALS

The telecommunication facilities can lead two basic types of signals:

ANALOG

DIGITAL

ANALOG SIGNALS

Are continuous waves that carry information by altering the characteristics of the waves. These have two parameters: amplitude and frequency. For example, voice and all the sounds travel through the human ear in waves, the higher (amplitude) waves are more intense the sound and the closer they are to each other the higher the frequency or pitch. Example of analog waves: the radio, the telephone, recording equipment.

DIGITAL SIGNALS

Such signals constitute discrete pulses, indicating on-off, leading information in terms of 1 and 0, similarly to the CPU of a computer. This type of signal has several advantages over analog and hands tend to be affected by interference or noise.

Communication processors

MODEM A device that performs modulation processes (conversion of analog to digital waveforms) and demodulation (conversion of analog to digital wave).

Modems are always used in pairs, one end transmitter that converts digital data from a computer into analog signals and a receiving end which converts the analog signal back into digital signals.

The modems speed is measured in bits per second.

MULTIPLEXER

It is an electronic device that allows a single communication channel simultaneously drive transmissions of data from many sources, the goal is to minimize a multiplexer communication costs allowing efficient use of shared circuits. Example printer.

Interface processors

Specialized secondary computer handle all routine communications with peripheral devices, this is done in order not to waste the valuable time on routine core processor and thus devote more important tasks.

The functions of the internal processor includes: data encoding and decoding, error detection. The recovery, recording and interpretation of information. It also has the responsibility to control access to the network, and assign priorities to messages, among others.

HUB

Telecommunications is a computer that connects and terminal temporarily stores messages until a sufficient number d they are ready to be shipped economically

MEDIA

The media are trayectotes to communicate a datum from one place to another. Among the most important media are:

CABLE MEDIA

Twisted-pair wire

It is used in almost all business telephone wiring, is relatively inexpensive, easy to work with and widely available. It consists of copper wires twisted wire pairs d. Disadvantages: emitting electromagnetic interference, is relatively slow data transmission, could easily derive other receiver allowing to obtain the information without authorization.

COAXIAL CABLE

It consists of an insulated copper wire. It is commonly used to drive traffic d high speed data, like television signals, is a bit expensive, it is more difficult to work with and relatively inflexible.

OPTICAL FIBERS

The information transmitted through transparent glass fibers in the form of light waves in place of electric current.

This consists of thousands of thin filaments of glass fiber.

Fiber optic cables provide increased speed and data carrying capacity and is safer with respect to interference and distortions. A single glass fiber-like hair can lead to 30,000 telephone calls simultaneously

WIRELESS MEDIA

MICROWAVE

The communication is transmitted via high-frequency waves.

Global Positioning Systems A wireless uses satellites to enable users to determine their position anywhere on earth. It has been widely used for navigation of airlines and commercial vessels, and to find routes.

RADIO

No need metal wires, its waves tend to spread easily, the devices are fairly inexpensive and easy to install.

Disadvantages: can create electrical interference problems, are susceptible to anyone with similar equipment and as often meddle in communication.

INFRARED

A red light is typically not visible to the human eye. The most common application is infrared remote control units for televisions or VCRs cassette.

Advantage: no need for metal wires, the team is highly mobile and there is no electrical interference problems.

Disadvantage: it is very susceptible to fog, smoke, dust and rain.

Wireless means

Cellular radio technology. Mobile computing. Personal communications services. Personal digital agents.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEDIA

BAUD

BANDWIDTH: refers to the frequency range available in any communication channel. The channel capacity is divided into three bandwidths:

Narrow band transmissions is to slow and low capacity. Transmissions eg telegraph lines.

Voiceband: transmissions are made by telegraph.

BROADBAND: used for higher capacity transmissions. Ex Microwave and cable lines and fiber optics.

Transmission direction

Data transmission occurs in one of three directions:

SIMPLEX: a circuit used only in one direction. Eg The door bell, television and radio transmission.

HALF DUPLEX: single circuit also used but is used in both directions one at a time. AGAPE toqui eg, intercom.

FULL DUPLEX: uses two circuits for communications, one for each direction simultaneously. Eg The common phone.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

The data transmission can be: asynchronously or synchronously.

Asynchronous transmission: transmits or receives only one character at a time. This character is followed by a start bit and one stop bit that allows the receiving device knows where a character begins and ends.

Synchronous transmission: sending a group of characters by a communication connection in a continuous stream of bits while the data transfer is controlled by a time signal initiated by the sending device.

NETWORKS

DEFINITION

Computers interconnected by a transmission medium homogeneous, its primary purpose is to manage the information from a computer that is connected to another.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Corresponds to the distribution and physical connectivity of the network and not to be confused with the physical wiring of it. There are three network topologies:

Bus topology

The nodes are located along a length of twisted pair wire, coaxial cable or optical fiber. Advantage: easy to add or remove a node without causing a fault. Disadvantage: a defective bus causes complete network failure or a bus with inadequate bandwidth degrades network performance.

Ring topology

The nodes are located along the transmission path so that the signal passes through one station at a time before returning to its source node. Advantage: easy to add or remove a node to the network and does not mean that the network fails. Disadvantage: if one computer fails, causing damage to the entire network.

Star topology

It has a central node connected to each of the other nodes via a single connection point to point.

Any communication between one node and another, must pass through the central node, it is

simple to add a node to the network and a peripheral loss does not cause failure of the entire network. However, the mainframe must be powerful enough to handle communications because too many devices on the network can overload and cause performance degradation over the network. It is generally used when handling low data rate and low cost.

Network size

Because people need to communicate both long and short distance, it becomes important to the geographical size of the data communication networks. There are two network sizes:

LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)

Connect two or more communication devices within a short distance so that any user device on the network has the potential to communicate with any other device. Local area networks are usually intra organizational, private, managed internally and not subject to regulation by governmental regulatory bodies.

WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)

They are long-haul networks, broadband access and public generally, that cover large geographic areas and provide public telephone companies. The wide area networking include regional networks such as telephone companies or international networks as communication service providers worldwide. Some networks are wide area networks regulated trade, others are private. The Internet for example is a public wide area network concerning its administration and access resources.