Name : Hendra R NIM : 093204027

Class : Biologi International class

VORTICELLA AND PARAMECIUM REPRODUCTION

Reproduction of Vorticella

A. CONJUGATION IN VORTICELLA:

The temporary pairing of two individuals of different mating types for the purpose of exchange of nuclear material is called conjugation.

1. Unfavourable conditions induce conjugation in vorticella 2. Before conjugation Vorticella do longitudinal binaryfission 3. Longitudinal binaryfission in vorticella results in two unequal individuals 4. The larger one is called macroconjugant ,the smaller one is called microconjugant 5. Macroconjugant is stationary where as microconjugant is motile 6. Microconjugant fuses with the macroconjugant of different mating type 7. The macronuclei of macroconjugant and microconjugant disintegrate 8. The micronucleus of macroconjugant do meosis(meosis-I and meosis-II) and is devide into four nuclei.
9. micronucleus of microconjugant do meosis (meosis-I and meosis-II) ,one mitosis

divided and divided into eight nuclei 10. 11. 12. 13. Among the four nuclei of the macroconjugant three are disappeared Among the eight nuclei of the microconjugant seven are disappeared. The remaining nucleus of each conjugant divides into two unequal nuclei. The smaller nucleus is malepronucleus and larger is femalepronucleus.

14. The malepronucleus of the microconjugant enters into the macroconjugant and fuses with the female pronucleus of the macroconjugant. 15. The cytoplasm of microconjugant and macroconjugant are also unified along with the pronuclei,this is called amphimixis. 16. 17. The nucleus that is formed due to the amphimixis is called synkaryon. The macroconjugant along with synkaryon is called zygote.

18. The synkaryon of the zygote do three series of successive mitotic divisions to form eight nuclei. 19. Of the eight nuclei seven become macro nuclei and one become micronuclei.

20. The zygote with seven maro and one micro nuclei undergoes a series of three successive post conjugationfissions to form seven daughter vorticellae.

1. The macronucleus has been thinned and stretched. The numerous nutritional vacuoles are accumulated in the base, in a band that includes both individuals. Apparently the contractile vesicle no longer works. 2. In a fast process the macronucleus becomes strangled, divides in two and ceases distributing itself between the two cells. divides in two and ceases distributing itself between the two cells. The cilia are mostly immobile and the nourishing vacuoles were distributed between both individuals. The division of the macronucleus implies of course a process of simultaneous division of the micronucleus, that we cannot visually verify by its small size. 3. Both cells have already an independent macronucleus and a micronucleus. 4. It recommences the activity of the contractile vesicle 5. Both zooids leave its peduncle. Nevertheless the cilia's activity is still hardly incipient.

6. Nevertheless the cilia's activity is still hardly incipient.. 7. The ciliary area begins to regenerate. 8. The crown has already opened. 9. The right image shows the beginning of the differentiation of the "scopula"

From the moment at which the ciliary activity is reinitiated both zooids are mechanically working for its separation, because each one tends to advance in an opposite direction. Nevertheless the maturation of the base of the cell and the preparation of the telotroch that characterizes the migrant individuals will take another 19 minutes. See the three images above.

The telotroch, which will develop to maturity like the migratory individuals, will still take another 13 minutes to complete. See above.

PARAMECIUM REPRODUCTION
Paramecium is a small unicellular organism that is plentiful in freshwater ponds. It swims, rotating slowly, and often changing its direction. Under suitable conditions it may reproduce by dividing two or three times a day and so large numbers may build up. Paramecium has two means of reproduction, simple division and conjugation.

a. Division

: In favourable conditions the cell divides in two by a process called

binary fission. This forms two new cells, each of which rapidly grows any new structures required and increases in size. This whole process make take place two or three times a day if conditions were right.

b.

Conjugation

:This is a more complicated method. It involves two cells coming together to exchange nuclear material. The two cells then separate and continue to reproduce by simple division. It is similar in some ways to sexual reproduction in more complex animals.

1. Each individual has one large cell nucleus - Macronucleus - and one small nucleus - Micronucleus.

2. Once the two individual silverslippers line up with each other and make contact, the micronucleus undergoes meiosis resulting in four micronuclei in each of the two cells.
3. Next, three of the four micronuclei degenerate and teh material is digested by the cell. 4. The remaining micronucleus in each silverslipper divides once again, but this time by mitosis, resulting in two haploid micronuclei in each of the two cells. 5. By the time this has occured, most of the cell membrane dividing the two cells is gone. For all practical purposes, this is just one cell. The two halves (originally two cells) then exchange one of their micronuclei. Each partner retains one of its original nuclei, gives away the other one and receives the equivalent from the partner. 6. After that, the cell membrane between the two halves gets rebuilt. The two micronuclei (one original and one new) fuse into a single diploid micronucleus. 7. The Macronucleus, disintegrates and gates digested by the cell enzymes. At the same time, the micronucleus divides by mitosis to produce two identical diploid micronuclei in each sliverslipper individual. One of the micronuclei then becomes the real micronucleus while the other one grows and becomes the new Macronucleus.